CSC203: Computer Hardware: Maintenance,

Troubleshooting and Repair

Support Material
CSC203: Table of Contents

1. Basic Computer Technical Knowledge

1.1. How a Computer Works
1.2. Hardware
1.3. Software
1.4. Assignments/Activities
2. Computer Maintenance
2.1. Why Maintain?
2.2. Updating Software
2.3. Virus and Malware Prevention and Removal
2.4. Computer Hardware Maintenance
2.5. Peripheral Hardware Use and Maintenance
2.6. Assignments/Activities
3. Setting Up or Customizing a Computer
3.1. When a Computer Arrives
3.2. Partitioning a Hard Drive
3.3. Installing Operating Systems
3.4. Installing and Uninstalling Other Software
3.5. Setting Up User Accounts
3.6. Assignments/Activities
4. Computer Troubleshooting and Repair Basics
4.1. Improving Slow Performance
4.2. Stepwise guides for Common Problems
4.3. Understanding Error Messages
4.4. How to Search for Information
4.5. How to Distinguish a Software Issue from a Hardware Issue
4.6. Fixing Software Problems
4.7. Fixing Hardware Problems
4.8. Troubleshooting and Repairing Printers
4.9. Managing E-Waste
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 4.10. Assignment/Activities
5. Overall Assignments/Activities
6. List of Internet Resources
7. Bibliography

1. Basic Computer Technical Knowledge

1.1. How a Computer Works
A computer is a fabulous instrument that turns human inputs into electronic
information that it then can store or share/distribute through various output devices. A
computer performs (if instructed to do so) the steps shown in the diagram below, using
information that a user provides (such as a typed sentence):

Input Processing Storage

The information is digitized, The information is
Via keyboard, mouse
becoming a simple code that stored as a part of the
or microphone
the computer can store computer’s memory

Output Further Processing

Information is shared via If instructed to do so, the
monitor, printer, speakers or information is edited or enhanced
projector with input from the user

All of the equipment (hardware) and the instructions (software) needed to complete the
above steps are described in the next section.

Amazingly, the information that the user inputs into a computer is processed so that it
becomes a simple code made up of only two digits: zero and one! For all its complexity, a
computer is only able to handle these two choices. This is because it is based on electrical
signals that have only two options (such as either on or off). But computers compensate for
this very simple code by using it in huge quantities. A single unit of this zero/one code is called
a bit. Grouping 8 bits together makes a unit of information called a byte. Typing a single page
of typed text on a computer requires a minimum of about 20 kilobytes (20 KB or 20,000 bytes)
of information to be stored. Good quality digital photographs are usually 1 megabyte (1 MB or
1,000,000 bytes) or larger. So a computer is a very “busy” machine indeed!

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1.2. Hardware
1.2.1. Basic Hardware Components
Hardware is the physical equipment needed for a computer to function properly. The
basic hardware parts are briefly described here. Many computer Hardwares will already have
been exposed to computer hardware through other courses, but those desiring additional
information can find it in a variety of texts and online sources. A desktop computer is used in
the photos, but all of this equipment is also found (in a more compact arrangement) in a laptop
computer.

Case. The computer case (also called a tower or housing) is the box that encloses many of
the parts shown below. It has attachment points, slots and screws that allow these parts to
be fitted onto the case. The case is also sometimes called the CPU, since it houses the CPU
(central processing unit or processor), but this designation can lead to confusion. Please
see the description of the processor, below.

Power Supply. The power supply is used to connect all of the parts of the computer
described below to electrical power. It is usually is found at the back of the computer case.

Fan. A fan is needed to disperse the significant amount of heat that is generated by the
electrically powered parts in a computer. It is important for preventing overheating of the
various electronic components. Some computers will also have a heat sink (a piece of fluted
metal) located near the processor to absorb heat from the processor.

Motherboard. The motherboard is a large electronic board that is used to connect the
power supply to various other electronic parts, and to hold these parts in place on the
computer. The computer’s memory (RAM, described below) and processor are attached to
the motherboard. Also found on the motherboard is the BIOS (Basic Input and Output
System) chip that is responsible for some fundamental operations of the computer, such as
linking hardware and software. The motherboard also contains a small battery (that looks
like a watch battery) and the chips that work with it to store the system time and some
other computer settings.

Drives. A computer’s drives are the devices used for long term storage of information. The
main storage area for a computer is its internal hard drive (also called a hard disk). The
computer should also have disk drives for some sort of removable storage media. A floppy
disk drive was very common until recent years, and is still found on many older desk top
computers. It was replaced by CD-ROM and DVD drives, which have higher storage
capacities. The current standard is a DVD-RW drive, which can both read and write
information using both CD and DVD disks. The USB ports (described later) on a computer
can also be used to connect other storage devices such as flash drives and external hard

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drives.

Power Supply

Drives

Fan Housing. The

processor is
underneath on
the motherboard.

RAM

Cards

Figure 1 - Inside a Desktop Computer Case

Cards. This term is used to describe important tools that allow your computer to connect
and communicate with various input and output devices. The term “card” is used because
these items are relatively flat in order to fit into the slots provided in the computer case. A
computer will probably have a sound card, a video card, a network card and a modem.

RAM. RAM is the abbreviation for random access memory. This is the short term memory
that is used to store documents while they are being processed. The amount of RAM in a
computer is one of the factors that affect the speed of a computer. RAM attaches to the
motherboard via some specific slots. It is important to have the right type of RAM for a
specific computer, as RAM has changed over the years.

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 Processor. The processor is the main “brain” of a computer system. It performs all of the
instructions and calculations that are needed and manages the flow of information through
a computer. It is also called the CPU (central processing unit), although this term can also
be used to describe a computer case along with all of the hardware found inside it. Another
name for the processor is a computer “chip” although this term can refer to other lesser
processors (such as the BIOS). Processors are continually evolving and becoming faster and
more powerful. The speed of a processor is measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz
(GHz). An older computer might have a processor with a speed of 1000 MHz (equivalent to
1 GHz) or lower, but processors with speeds of over 2 GHz are now common. One
processor company, Intel, made a popular series of processors called Pentium. Many
reconditioned computers contain Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium 4 processors, with
Pentium 4 being the fastest of these.

Peripheral hardware. Peripheral hardware is the name for the computer components that
are not found within the computer case. This includes input devices such as a mouse,
microphone and keyboard, which carry information from the computer user to the
processor, and output devices such as a monitor, printer and speakers, which display or
transmit information from the computer back to the user.

1.2.2. Computer Ports

The peripheral hardware mentioned above must attach to the computer so that it can
transmit information from the user to the computer (or vice versa). There are a variety of ports
present on a computer for these attachments. These ports have gradually changed over time
as computers have changed to become faster and easier to work with. Ports also vary with the
type of equipment that connects to the ports. A computer Hardware should become familiar
with the most common ports (and their uses), as described below.

Serial Port. This port for use with 9 pin

connectors is no longer commonly used,
but is found on many older computers. It
Serial Port (left)
was used for printers, mice, modems and a
Parallel Port (right)
variety of other digital devices.

Parallel Port. This long and slender port is

PS/2 Ports
also no longer commonly used, but was the
most common way of attaching a printer to
a computer until the introduction of USB
ports (see below). The most common
parallel port has holes for 25 pins, but other USB Ports
models were also manufactured.
VGA Port
VGA. The Video Graphics Array port is TRS (mini-jack)
found on most computers today and is used Ports
Phone/Modem Jacks (top)
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Ethernet Port (bottom)

USB Ports

Figure 2 - Back of Desktop Computer Showing Ports

 to connect video display devices such as monitors and projectors. It has three rows of
holes, for a 15 pin connector.

PS/2. Until recently, this type of port was commonly used to connect keyboards and mice
to computers. Most desktop computers have two of these round ports for six pin
connectors, one for the mouse and one for the keyboard.

USB. The Universal Serial Bus is now the most common type of port on a computer. It was
developed in the late 1990s as a way to replace the variety of ports described above. It can
be used to connect mice, keyboards, printers, and external storage devices such as DVD-RW
drives and flash drives. It has gone through three different models (USB 1.0, USB 2.0 and
USB 3.0), with USB 3.0 being the fastest at sending and receiving information. Older USB
devices can be used in newer model USB ports.

TRS. TRS (tip, ring and sleeve) ports are also known as ports for mini-jacks or audio jacks.
They are commonly used to connect audio devices such as headphones and microphones to
computers.

Ethernet. This port, which looks like a slightly wider version of a port for a phone jack, is
used to network computers via category 5 (CAT5) network cable. Although many
computers now connect wirelessly, this port is still the standard for wired networked
computers. Some computers also have the narrower port for an actual phone jack. These
are used for modem connections over telephone lines.

1.3. Software
1.3.1. Software Types and Categories
As mentioned in section 2.1, computer software is the term used for the instructions
that have been programmed to allow a computer to process information. Software comes in
three main categories, described below:

Operating Systems. These are the basic software programs that are needed to for a
computer to work. They give a computer the basic information needed for it to process and
store information. Currently all common operating systems are also graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) which means they use graphics to help the user to easily input
instructions, and open other programs. The most common operating systems (OS) are the
Windows family of operating systems, from Microsoft. A computer Hardware is likely to
encounter Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 (the most recent
Microsoft OS) in a computer lab. Other operating systems are described in the next section.

Utility Software. This is a broad category of programs that allow a computer to perform
tasks that aren’t a part of the operating system, but are still practical and useful. For
example, a utility might instruct a computer on how to copy (burn) information to a CD-
ROM disk, or it might be an anti-virus program (see section 3.3).

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 Productivity Software. This is one term used to describe the type of software used to
perform standard office computer tasks. Word processing, presentation, spreadsheet and
database software are all common examples of productivity programs. The most common
set of productivity programs is Microsoft Office, offered by the Microsoft Corporation.

1.3.2. Proprietary Software vs. Open Source Software

The Microsoft operating system and productivity software packages mentioned above
are very common and used around the world in business and education. The Apple
Corporation also has very popular and successful operating systems used for their Macintosh
computers. Despite the success of these software products, they aren’t the best choices for
everyone. They are proprietary, which means that their use and modification are restricted.
They can be quite costly to buy licenses for, and they are not adaptable to meet local needs.
Some users, particularly in developing countries, illegally use unlicensed (also known as pirate)
copies of this software. This is legally unwise, and can also keep the user from accessing
important software updates.

Users who cannot afford proprietary software or prefer software that can be locally
modified, can choose to use open source (often called free and open source or FOSS) software.
For most of the standard computer uses, an open source software option is available. This
includes the Linux family of operating systems (which includes Ubuntu, a common operating
system in African countries) and the OpenOffice.org productivity programs. The Source Forge
website (www.sourceforge.net) is a good resource for finding and downloading open source
programs. While open source software often does not come with professional support
available, there are user groups found on the Internet who can offer assistance to puzzled
users. This training module does describe how to perform some tasks using the Ubuntu
operating system, but does not provide thorough coverage. Further assistance with Ubuntu is
available through the website: http://help.ubuntu.com.

When first setting up a computer lab, the steering committee for a computer project
should discuss the benefits of both proprietary and open source software and make an
informed and intentional choice on which way to go. The computer Hardware should then
make sure that he or she is aware of all policies related to software choices.

It is possible that a computer project will choose to use proprietary software for some
purposes and open source software for others. For example, a project might be able to obtain
used computers that have a Windows operating system legally installed (such as through a
Microsoft Authorized Refurbisher) but these computers do not include other Microsoft
programs. In this case the organization might choose to continue to run Windows on its
computers, but choose open source options for all utility and productivity software.

1.4. Assignments/Activities
Please Note: Throughout this module there are assignments that require a learner to have
access to computers and the Internet. Students who are not already working as computer
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 Hardwares may find performing these assignments to be difficult. These learners are
encouraged to consult with the staff of a local computer project or Internet café to gain access
to equipment and the Internet. It is even possible that short term internships could be arranged
that would be beneficial to both the learner and the computer project.

1.4.1. Study the exterior of a particular computer. See if you can identify the power supply,
the drives, and all of the ports described in this chapter.
1.4.2. Find a broken or disused desktop computer. Figure out how to open up the case.
Identify all of the hardware components that have been described in this chapter.
1.4.3. What type of software is used on the computer you use most frequently? Identify the
operating system, the productivity software, the Internet browser and the anti-virus
software. For each of these also state whether they are proprietary or open source. If you
are having trouble finding out information about some of your programs, here are some
tips: To find out about your computer’s operating system, right click on the Computer or
My Computer icon from your desktop or Start menu. Choose Properties. To find out about
a productivity program, open that program and then find a menu that includes the word
“About”. To find the About screen in Microsoft Office 2007, click on the Microsoft Office
Button, then click on Options  Resources  About.
1.4.4. How much RAM does the computer you use most frequently have? Also how fast is the
processor on this computer? To find this information, right click on the Computer or My
Computer icon from your desktop or Start menu. Choose Properties.
1.4.5. Have a discussion with a manager of a local computer lab about computer operating
systems. What operating systems are being used in that computer lab and why? What
factors went into the decision to choose an operating system?
1.4.6. Workshop Activity: In a group, observe the exterior of computer. How many ports and
hardware devices can your group identify? Ask the instructor for assistance with any items
that cannot be identified.
1.4.7. Workshop Activity: In a group, open up the case of a computer. Identify all of the
hardware components that have been described in this chapter.
1.4.8. Workshop Activity: Participate in a group discussion or a debate on the advantages and
disadvantages of using open source software.
1.4.9. Workshop Activity: Experiment with an operating system that you are not familiar with.
See if you can figure out how to change the background, open and close windows, open and
close programs, and perform any other computer tasks that you frequently perform with
other operating systems.
Table of Contents

2. Computer Maintenance
2.1. Why Maintain?
Think of a computer as being like a human body. We are advised to perform certain
tasks to keep our body in good shape. These maintenance tasks such as eating well, avoiding
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 some harmful activities and getting exercise keep our body in good condition. If we don’t
maintain our bodies, we might end up in the hospital with problems that result from the abuse
such as high blood pressure from eating too much salt, obesity from not exercising or lung
problems from smoking. Similarly, if we allow our computers to intake harmful materials (such
as dust) and programs (such as viruses) and we don’t keep our software in good condition
(updated) then the computer may also end up with significant problems that are then harder to
deal with. Proper maintenance of a computer, on the other hand, can keep it running smoothly
for years and years. Some of the different categories of computer maintenance are described
below.

2.2. Updating Software

Software programmers gradually develop updates for their software packages as they
discover problems with the software and design tools to address or fix these problems. This
can be true for any of the types of software described in section 2.3, but is typically most
common and important for operating systems. It is important for a computer user to find and
install software updates in order to have well performing computers. Updating software can be
done in a variety of ways, described below.
 Automatic Updates. If a computer is on a reasonably fast Internet connection, the
easiest way to keep it up to date is to allow the programs to automatically check for
updates and download and install them as needed. When setting up a new computer
with Microsoft Windows, this is the choice that the software recommends. It does not
require any action on the part of the user, and results in a computer system that is
current. To turn on automatic updates for a Windows operating system, find the
Systems and Maintenance options in the Control Panel.
 Automatic Alerts for Updates. If a computer is connected to the Internet, but the
connection is slow at some times of the day, another option is to have the computer
automatically check for updates but not download or install them until the user elects to
do so. For Microsoft Windows computers, if this option is selected, an alert appears in
the computer’s system tray stating that there are updates waiting, and then the user
can wait until the Internet is faster to install these updates.
 Manual Updating. A computer user can also turn off all automatic update checking and
choose to manually check for updates. For a computer that is rarely connected to the
Internet, this would be a good option as long as the user remembered to check when
connecting to the Internet. Also some programs do not have automatic update options,
and can only be updated in this manner. A program usually has a menu item titled
“check for updates” that a user can click on when connected to the Internet.
 Offline Updating. If a computer is in a location that never has access to the Internet, a
computer Hardware will need to download updates from a computer that is connected
to the Internet and then transfer them (via a disk or flash drive) to the computer in
question to be installed. This option is also useful if a computer lab has several
computers that all need the same update. Instead of having each computer download
the update separately, one computer could download the update and then it could be
shared amongst all of the computers. Offline updates for operating systems can easily
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 be found through Internet searches. Updates to download for Windows computers can
also be found through www.microsoft.com/downloads.

2.3. Virus and Malware Prevention and Removal

Viruses, spyware and other malicious programs can all be referred to together as
malware. Malware prevention is a significant maintenance task for a computer Hardware.
Without vigilance, a computer lab will quickly become prey to malware. It will spread from
machine to machine causing the computers to slow down, work improperly or possibly even
stop working altogether. The computer Hardware needs to make sure that all of the computers
have anti-virus software installed, and that this software is set up so that it regularly updates its
virus databases and scans the computers. The tip box here gives more details on how to do
this.

The computer Hardware also needs to have strict policies in place to prevent virus
infection. Since viruses are easily spread by the use of flash drives, the policy could prohibit the
use of flash drives, or require them to be scanned by a staff member before use. Another
policy to consider is the prohibition of downloading, since unsuspecting users can accidentally
download malware. A firewall that blocks dangerous downloads can also be useful.

Tips for Using Anti-Virus Software

1. You can get very good antivirus protection using the free edition of AVG, available
online at http://free.avg.com. No anti-virus software is perfect, however, so you might
choose to have a back-up antivirus program as well. Avast antivirus, available at
www.avast.com will work well and will not conflict with AVG if it is not set up to scan
automatically. Another good back-up program is Malwarebytes’ Anti-Malware
program, available at www.malwarebytes.org.
2. After installing antivirus software, make sure that you have selected the settings
needed for the software to automatically download and install updates from the
Internet. This allows the software to protect against newer viruses. To change the
settings for AVG choose Update Manager from the Overview screen.
3. When setting up antivirus software, make sure that you choose the proper settings so
that the computer is automatically scanned for viruses on a regular basis (such as
every day at 12:00). Also make sure that you have selected for the scheduled scans to
“run on computer startup if task has been missed”. In other words, if you have chosen
to have scans run at 8:00, but the computer isn’t turned on until 10:00, it will still run a
scan. In AVG these options are chosen by choosing Manage Scheduled Scans from the
Computer Scanner screen.
4. Make sure that your computer has the proper date and time set. If it is not set
properly, the update manager and schedule scans may not run at the time you desire.
If your computer does not keep proper time, this is a sign that the small (watch style)
battery on the motherboard needs to be replaced.

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2.4. Computer Hardware Maintenance
There are some common hardware problems that can be avoided, or at least made less
frequent by taking particular preventive measures with computers. These preventive measures
are listed below.

Dust Control. Dust is very harmful for computer parts. Excess dust can cause
mechanical failures, particularly on computer components with moving parts. Minimizing dust
in a computer lab is an important part of computer maintenance. Computer lab cleaning advice
is discussed further later. The computers themselves should be regularly dusted (wiped with a
dry cloth or duster) and if the computers are housed in a particularly dusty area, the use of dust
covers (when the computers are turned off) is advised. In addition, when a computer case is
opened for other repairs, the dust that has built up inside the case should be blown out. This
works best with forced air. Different mechanical and electrical tools are available to compress
air. These tools are described in section 5.7.1.

Heat Control. Computer parts, in particular the CPU, produce a large amount of heat
while operating. It is important for this heat to dissipate, so that the computer is not damaged
by overheating. Computers do have fans and heat sinks, but these will only work well if the air
flow to the computer is not blocked. This means, for example, that a laptop computer should
not be left running for any length of time on a soft surface (like a sofa) that conforms around it,
and a desktop computer case should not be used while in an enclosed cabinet. In addition, it is
ideal that the computer lab temperature be kept low. Using air conditioners is a good option,
since the windows can also be kept closed to minimize dust, but many computer projects
cannot afford air conditioners or the associated electricity costs. Therefore curtains (to reduce
the heat of the sunlight), open windows and fans are often the best alternatives, although their
use requires increased vigilance against dust.

Surge Protection. In many countries, the electrical supply does not have a uniform (well
controlled) voltage. Voltage is also variable due to surges that occur, particularly during
thunderstorms and when power is returning after an outage. Voltage surges can be very
damaging to computers and other electrical components, and it is important to protect against
these events. The simplest form of surge protection is to purchase surge protecting power
(adaptor) strips. These devices contain 4 or 5 outlets that are protected by a fuse that is blown
in case of a power surge. The quality of these power strips varies, though, and they cannot be
guaranteed to be the safest form of surge protection. A second form of surge protection is a
surge suppressor that is installed where the main power enters a computer lab. These devices,
though more expensive, are of higher quality and will protect all of the electrical components
plugged in to electrical sockets within the room. A third option to consider is to purchase
uninterrupted power supplies (UPSs) to share between every two computers in a computer lab
(since a UPS includes six to ten electrical sockets). A UPS regulates the voltage sent to the
sockets located on the UPS itself, and also contains a battery that allows for continued
operation of a computer after a power outage. Depending on the UPS model and the amount
of equipment attached to the UPS, the battery might last for an hour or for just a few minutes,
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 but even just a few minutes allows enough time for the user to save their work and shut the
computer down properly.

Laptop Maintenance Issues. For computer labs using laptop computers, there are a
couple of additional issues to be aware of that can affect the lifespan of the computer.
Because laptop computers are moved around from place to place and handled more roughly
than desktop computers, they are more likely to have hardware problems develop. One
problem area, for example, is in the AC adaptor port. If it is found in the back of a laptop
computer, it is easy for the computer user to tilt the laptop backwards and unintentionally
place pressure on the AC adaptor as it is forced against the table top. The AC port (and any
other port located on the back of a laptop) can be easily damaged from this stress. Therefore
computer users should be instructed on the proper technique to use when picking up a laptop
computer. A second problem area for laptop computers is that the screws on the laptop body
gradually become loosened as the computer is moved about. A computer Hardware should
periodically (perhaps twice a year) tighten the screws on all laptop computers.

2.5. Peripheral Hardware Use and Maintenance

Peripheral hardware will also last longer if it is well maintained. For peripheral
hardware such as printers, projectors and external drives, all of the advice above about heat,
dust and power surge control is still relevant and important. In addition, there are some tips
below for using printers and projectors that will help these pieces of equipment work efficiently
and last a long time.

Proper Use of an LCD Projector. An LCD projector is a valuable tool for making
presentations and assisting in training courses. However, these projectors are very expensive
to purchase. If a computer project has had the good fortune of being able to purchase a
projector, it is important that every effort be taken to make sure that the projector is kept in
good repair. Some suggestions are shown here:
 Store and carry the projector in a padded case. This will keep dust out of the projector
and cushion it in case of rough handling.
 Keep a designated surge protecting power strip (adaptor strip) with the projector, and
make sure that all projector users know the importance of using the projector with
surge protector.
 Make sure that the appropriate procedure for shutting down the projector is used, and
inform all projector users about the procedure. For most projectors, the proper shut
down procedure includes not unplugging the projector until the cooling process is
complete. This is indicated by a status light changing color, or a fan turning itself off. It
is important to allow the projector bulb to cool completely in order to extend the life of
the bulb.
It is particularly important to note that the projector bulb, which is the most expensive part in a
projector, will wear out and need to be replaced eventually. Projector bulbs can cost half the
price of buying a new projector! A computer project will need to make a plan for bulb
replacement, ideally even keeping a spare bulb on hand.
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 Efficient Use of a Printer. Most computer labs will have at least one printer for the use
of the computer Hardware and selected computer lab users. Printers are a great resource, but
if not controlled well they can be overused. This puts unnecessary wear on the printer, and
also uses up expensive ink and paper. It would be wise for a computer Hardware to have in
place some policies about what sort of material can be printed, and when color ink use is
allowed. Users should also be instructed to preview their work before printing, to avoid
printing unnecessary pages. In addition, many printers have different printing settings that
control the quality of the printouts and thus the amount of ink used. Inkjet printers, for
example, usually have an option for “draft” or “fast” printing that uses significantly less ink, but
still looks reasonably good. To find this option when printing a document, select Print from the
File menu (or the Office Button in MS Word 2007). When the print menu opens, there will be a
Properties button next to the selected printer. Clicking here will bring up choices such as the
print quality and whether the printout should be in color or black and white.

3. Setting Up or Customizing a Computer

3.1. When a Computer Arrives
What should be done before using a new computer? This depends very much on where the
computer came from and what software was already installed. If a computer project receives
new computers complete with an operating system and all productivity software, little needs to
be done before using the computers. The computer Hardware should check, however, to make
sure the computer is fully set up to meet the needs of the project. Some items to investigate
are listed here:
 Does the computer already have all of the programs that are desired for the project?
This could include, for example, an Internet browser, productivity (office) software,
antivirus software or perhaps some educational software.
 Does the computer already have all of the files that are desired for the project? For
example, an educational project might want to have an encyclopedia or some
educational presentations loaded on all of the computers.
 Does the computer have separate user accounts with passwords? This is a good way to
control what access some users have to particular programs, files or settings. See
section 4.5 for more information. Another option to consider is installing and using
Microsoft SteadyState as a way to control what part of a computer certain users can
access.

3.2. Partitioning a Hard Drive

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 A partitioned hard drive is one that has two (or more) different sections for storage of
different types of information. In
some cases, one partition is used
Tips for Partitioning a Hard Drive
to store the operating system
and related files, while the other Please Note: The instructions below are for a computer
partition is used to store user running Windows XP or Vista that a computer
documents and settings. This Hardware would like to add a partition to without
partitioning is valuable in cases reinstalling the current operating system.
when the hard disk has not
1. Go to Start  Control Panel  Administrative
failed, but the partition with the
Tools (for Windows Vista, Administrative Tools is
operating system needs to be
found inside System and Maintenance).
reformatted due to some sort of
2. Double click on Computer Management, and then
localized problem. Then the
from the left side of the window select Disk
computer user’s documents and
Management.
settings are not lost in the
3. The window that appears will show the different
process. This sort of partitioning
disks in the computer. Right click in the space to
is usually done when installing a
the right of the label for the hard disk, and click
computer operating system.
New Simple Volume. The New Simple Volume
Computer Hardwares can see the
wizard will open. Follow the prompts to format the
tip box in the next section for
new volume with an NTFS file system.
more information on this
Please Note: if a disk is already partitioned, right
process.
clicking on a partition volume and will give you options
to change its size or delete the partition.
A computer Hardware
can, however, create a new
partition at any time. If a new computer arrives with an operating system installed but without
a separate partition, the computer Hardware may want to add one or two partitions. A
separate partition can also be used by a computer Hardware that would like to have two
different operating systems on the same hard drive, with one operating system loaded onto
each partition. The tip box here describes the process for creating a partition after an
operating system has already been installed.

3.3. Installing Operating Systems

If a computer project receives a new computer with no software or with an unlicensed
operating system, the computer Hardware will need to install a new operating system. The
computer Hardware will need to choose between installing an open source operating system
(such as Ubuntu) or go with a proprietary operating system (such as Microsoft Windows).
While legal copies of the most current Microsoft operating system (Windows 7 in 2010) are
expensive, a computer project may be able to find less expensive or free copies of older
versions of Windows, through a Community Microsoft Authorized Refurbisher (MAR). Some
computer refurbishing centers in developing countries are MARs. Please see the website:
www.microsoft.com/communitymar.

14
 An operating system should be installed from a CD-ROM or DVD disk. Before
installation, the computer Hardware needs to set up the computer so that it boots from the CD
or DVD drive first. This is the default arrangement for newer computers, but older computers
may boot first from the floppy drive. After installing the new operating system, the lab manger
needs to be sure to change this back again to the standard boot order. Details on how to
change the boot order and how to install an operating system are shown in the tip box here.

Tips for Installing an Operating System

1. Make sure that the computer is set to boot first from the CD/DVD drive. To do this,
enter the BIOS Setup program when starting up the computer. This will require
pressing a key during startup. The key (often one of the function keys or the delete
key) is specified at the bottom of the first screen during boot up. When the BIOS Setup
program opens, scroll down (using the down arrow) to the “First Boot Device” line, and
then use the onscreen instructions to select CDROM and save the change.
2. Shut down the computer, put the operating system CD or DVD into the drive, and then
start the computer again.
3. The installation will automatically start, and you will be guided through the process by
on screen tips and questions. Make sure you read each screen!
4. You will be asked for your preferences in regards to installation language, time and
currency formats and keyboard layouts. Please note that the more common keyboard
layout in your country might be United States English, even for those using the British
English language.
5. When prompted, enter the product key (for Microsoft Windows operating systems).
This is an important step for affirming the legality of your copy, and will allow your
computer full access to online updates. Make sure, however, that you know how many
computers your product license is good for, and then do not load the operating system
onto too many computers.
6. When prompted, choose the location (which partition) for installing the operating
system. You may also be given the option of creating new partitions at this step. If so,
the partition created for the operating system should be at least 20 GB, preferably 30
GB. Make sure that you format the partition using the NTFS file system.
7. Follow any more on screen prompts and then wait patiently for the installation to
finish.
8. Don’t forget to change your boot order back to the original setting!

3.4. Installing and Uninstalling Other Software

Knowing the proper method for installing and uninstalling programs is important for any
computer Hardware. Consider the situation, for example, when a computer Hardware has
been using fee-based antivirus software, but the free trial subscription has expired. He or she
has decided to install free anti-virus software, rather than pay a subscription fee for the original
software, but needs to know how to uninstall the initial anti-virus software first. It is possible
that if the original anti-virus software remains, it will cause conflicts with the new anti-virus
15
software, either preventing it from functioning properly or slowing down the computer.
Another reason it is useful to know how to uninstall software, is to know how to respond when
a computer lab user has downloaded software that is unnecessary, inappropriate or slowing
down the computer. The steps for properly uninstalling software are shown in the tip box here.

Tips for Uninstalling Software

1. Make sure that the software you wish to remove is not vital for the functioning of
the computer. If you aren’t sure, ask co-workers or search the Internet to learn
more about that software.
2. Once you are sure that you want to remove that software, go to the Start menu and
select Control Panel. In Windows XP you should click on the choice for Add/Remove
programs. In Windows Vista, click on the choice for Programs then select Uninstall a
Program.
3. A list of installed software will appear. Choose the program that you wish to remove,
and then select Uninstall or Remove. You will then be guided through the removal
steps.
4. If not prompted to do so, restart your computer after completing the removal
process. When the computer restarts, check the list of programs again to make sure
the desired program was fully removed.

Installing software is typically easier than uninstalling. The Add/Remove programs

screen can be used to install software, but most software will automatically install once you
open its installer program. It is important, however, that a computer Hardware make sure that
he or she is installing software that is beneficial for the computers, compatible with the current
operating system and will not slow down the functioning of the computers. A good way to find
these programs is through the C-Net website, www.download.com. More details are included
in the tip box here, which uses touch typing practice software as an example.

16
 Tips for Finding and Installing Software
1. Consider carefully what software will be beneficial for your computer users. Then go
to the website www.download.com to find software that has been previously tested
and reviewed by users, and is known to be free of spyware.
2. At the above website, search for programs that are compatible with your operating
system, and meet your needs. In this example, enter “free touch typing” in the search
box.
3. Click on one of the software choices: “Rapid Typing Tutor”. Then read some reviews
and make sure that the software is compatible with your operating system. If it meets
your needs, select “download now”.
4. Your computer will prompt you to confirm that you wish to download and/or install
the software. If given a choice, choose to save the software to install it later. The file
you save can then be used to perform the installation on other computers without
needing to download the software again. Make sure that you save the file in a place
that you will be able to find it again.
5. Once the download is complete, open the file to begin the installation. You will be
asked to confirm the installation and a wizard will guide you through the installation
process. In this example, installation of Rapid Typing will be followed by giving you
some options about how to setup the program, including language choices, keyboard
layout and whether typing speeds should be recorded in words per minute (wpm) or
characters per minute (cpm).

3.5. Setting Up User Accounts

A user account is a set of information that is used by a computer’s operating system to
designate the settings that a particular user prefers (such as desktop background or icon size),
control what files and folders a user can access, and control what changes a user is permitted to
make to a computer. After a new operating system has been installed on a computer, the user
is required to set up an initial user account. This account is by default an administrator
account, which means that the user of this account has the ability to access and change all
computer settings, and install and uninstall programs as desired. In most cases, a computer
Hardware will not want all of the other lab users to also have these privileges and will therefore
want to set up more restricted user accounts for other computer users. Depending on the type
of computer project, the Hardware might want to set up general accounts for all users of a
certain type (such as an account called “students” or “clients”) or they might want to set up
specific password protected accounts for individual users.

User accounts can be easily set up by a Hardware who is logged into a computer using
an administrator account. For a Windows computer the Hardware would select Start 
Control Panel  User Accounts. On a computer running the Ubuntu operating system the
Hardware would go to the main menu and choose System  Administration  Users and
Groups. Once there, the Hardware will able to set up the account and choose the privileges for
17
 those users. For Windows computers, the “standard” account type should be chosen for all
users that the lab manger does not want to have administrative privileges. The Hardware can
also log in to his or her administrative account on a computer to remove users or change the
passwords on user accounts as needed to control access.

3.6. Assignments/Activities
3.6.1. Is the computer you usually use partitioned? Follow the instructions in the “Tips for
Partitioning a Hard Drive” tip box to the point where you can see what partitions are
already there and what their sizes are. If your computer is already partitioned, what sorts
of files or programs are stored on each partition? See if you can find this out by opening My
Computer.
3.6.2. Following the steps in “Tips for Uninstalling Software” tip box, find and uninstall a bit of
unnecessary software that you find on your computer. If the computer is not yours, or if
you aren’t sure which software is unnecessary, ask for assistance and permission first.
3.6.3. Explore the www.download.com website. Can you tell the difference between
sponsored (paid advertising) links and the programs that are recommended by CNET?
Summarize your findings. Also browse through the different categories of programs. See if
you can find some that would be useful for a computer project in your area.
3.6.4. Set up a new user account on a computer and then log into the computer using this
account. How is the appearance different and how are the privileges different?
3.6.5. Workshop Activity: As a group, find a list of installed software on a computer (for
Windows computers this can be done through the Add/Remove Software tool in the Control
Panel). Review the list and discuss what each software program does. Determine whether
or not any of these programs should be removed from the computer.
3.6.6. Workshop Activity: As a group, install a new operating system on a test computer.
3.6.7. Workshop Activity: As a group, discuss what types of software are needed for a new
computer. Develop a list of software that would work well in a computer project in your
area. If time allows and the software is available, install all of these programs on the
computer used in the previous activity.
Table of Contents

4. Computer Troubleshooting and Repair Basics

This section of CSC203 is designed to empower the computer Hardware to take care of
minor computer problems. Without the knowledge here, many Hardwares will end up letting
computers sit idle that could be easily put back into service, or paying for expensive repairs that
could have been handled locally. There will still be times when computers fail and need to be
sent out for repair by an expert, but those times should be few and far between.

4.1. Improving Slow Performance

Many of us have had an experience with a computer in which we open a program, and
then find that we are waiting for over a minute for the program to actually open. Some of us
18
have also had the experience of turning on a computer and then having to wait several minutes
for the computer to fully start up and load all of the features that we are accustomed to seeing
on the desktop. There can be several reasons for this sort of slow speed, and many of these
reasons are due to problems that can be easily addressed. Several possible problems and the
strategies for addressing them are described in the sections below. Please note that software
solutions are discussed before hardware solutions since the software solutions are usually the
right place to start for computers that have gradually decreased in performance over time. In
some cases, however, such as much older computers with small amounts of RAM and slow
processors, the hardware solutions will be more effective.

4.1.1. Hard Disk Fragmentation

Over time, all computer hard disks become fragmented. Fragmentation is when files are
stored in different “pieces” in different places on a hard drive, depending on what storage
space was available when the file was last modified. As the amount of free space on a hard
drive decreases, typically the fragmentation increases. Accessing files becomes slower because
the computer has to look around in different places on the hard drive to find the different
pieces of a file. To address this problem, a hard drive should be defragmented. Defragmenting
can also become a regular maintenance task for heavily used computers to keep them
performing well. Most computers come with a defragmentation program installed. On a
Windows computer it should be found in Start  All Programs  Accessories  System Tools.
If no defragmenting program is found there, some free defragmenting programs are available
from www.download.com.

4.1.2. Excess/Unused Files

As a hard disk becomes full, a computer’s performance is reduced. It takes more time to
find and access needed files, and defragmentation is not as successful due to a lack of free
space to temporarily move files to while they are being rearranged. For best performance,
there should be at least 1 GB of free space on the computer’s hard disk. Therefore, it is wise for
a computer user not to keep files that are no longer needed. Files that have been stored in a
user’s documents folder that are no longer needed (such as extra photos or older versions of
documents) are best deleted individually by the user. A computer Lab Manager should also
have a policy and procedure for regularly deleting old files created by computer lab users on
shared computers. In an educational lab, for example, the Lab Manager could announce that
student files are deleted at the end of every term, unless the student makes special
arrangements to preserve his or her work.

Sometimes there are other files, such as temporary Internet files, that are stored on a
computer without the user knowing it. To delete these sorts of files, perform both of the
following techniques:
 Disk Cleanup. In a Windows computer the Disk Cleanup utility is found in Start  All
Programs  Accessories  System Tools. It scans a hard disk for unnecessary files,
and then (with the user’s permission) removes these files.

19
  Deleting Browsing History. When using the Internet, the browser stores the recent
history of the web pages that the user has viewed, in order to make it easier to find and
load these web pages again. The browser also stores other small bits of information
such as data entered into forms and usernames or passwords if a user has asked a web
page to “remember me” (although this is not a good idea for shared computers). This
stored information can be easily deleted. In Mozilla Firefox, choose Clear Recent
History from the Tools menu. In Internet Explorer, choose Delete Browsing History
from the Tools menu.

4.1.3. Excess/Unused Software

Excess software, particularly if it is software that loads when the computer is booting
up, can certainly slow performance. If a user is certain that a particular program is not used
and is not needed for the computer to function properly, then this software can and should be
deleted, as described in section 4.4. It is also possible to stop some software from
automatically starting up when the computer boots. For computers running Windows
operating systems, the System Configuration Utility can be used to perform this task. From the
Start menu choose Run then type in “MSCONFIG” (for Windows Vista users, find the Run
command line from Start  All Programs  Accessories  Run). From the window that
appears, choose the Startup tab, and then unselect any programs that do not need to be
enabled during computer start up.

4.1.4. Hard Disk Faults

Most computers come installed with a program that allows a user to scan the hard disk
for faults and even repair them if possible. On many Windows computers there is a program
called Scandisk, found in Start  All Programs  Accessories  System Tools  Scandisk.
Another option is to run a program called Chkdsk, available on all Windows computers. To run
Chkdsk, go to Start  My Computer and then right click on the image for the C: drive. Select
Properties and then click on the Tools tab. Under Error Checking, click Check Now. The
computer may require the check to happen while restarting the computer and if so will
schedule this task to occur.

4.1.5. Malware
Viruses, worms, spyware and adware are collectively known as malware. These
undesirable programs, which are usually added without a user’s knowledge, can significantly
slow down the performance of a computer. Keeping antivirus software up to date and running
scans on a regular basis are the best ways to prevent virus infections. This is discussed further
in section 3.3. Occasionally, however, a computer will still become infected with a virus or
other bit of malware that the anti-virus program did not catch. Some signs of these infections,
other than slow speed, could be strange files popping up in folders, new small programs that
appear (with an .exe file extension) or odd performance issues. When this occurs, the
computer Lab Manager can do an Internet search using the names of the strange files or
programs, or a description of other symptoms. These searches will often result in information
about the particular malware infection and how to remove it. Another option for computer Lab
20
Manager is to try scanning the computer with a second anti-virus program, which might identify
the infection that the other anti-virus software missed. However, the Lab Manager needs to be
aware of the possibility that the two anti-virus programs will conflict with each other and
themselves cause the computer to run poorly. If a second anti-virus program is installed, the
computer Lab Manager should make sure that it is not also set up to do any sort of automatic
scanning.

4.1.6. Overheating
Excessive heat can cause a significant decrease in computer performance. In order to
cool down an overheated computer processor, the first step to take is to try to cool the
environment around the computer. Avoid operating the computer if the case is in an enclosed
space (such as a drawer or cupboard). Also try to cool the room with fans or air-conditioning.
The next step is to verify that all of the fans in the computer case are functioning properly.
Check around the computer vents to see if the spinning of the fans can be observed or if airflow
can be detected. If neither of these steps address the problem, the computer Lab Manager
could consider installing additional fans or replacing the existing fans with higher quality ones.

4.1.7. Insufficient RAM

If none of the measures discussed above have resulted in improved performance, it’s
possible that a computer does not have sufficient RAM to perform the desired functions. This
problem is most likely if the computer is rather old and has had a newer (and more memory
demanding) operating system installed. For example, a computer with only 256 MB of RAM
would operate slowly with Windows XP, and would not be able to operate Windows Vista. One
option to address this problem is to install a less demanding operating system. The lightweight
open source operating system Xubuntu, for example, only requires 192 MB of RAM.

Another option is to add more RAM to the computer. Before taking this step, the
computer Lab Manager would need to find out the answers to the following questions:
 How much RAM does the computer already have? (This information is available from
right clicking on My Computer from the Start menu.)
 What kind of RAM does the computer take? And how much RAM can be added to the
computer? The answers to these questions are going to depend on the number of
memory slots available, and the capacity of the type of RAM that is compatible with the
computer. The best way to find the answers to these questions is via an Internet search
using the brand and model of the computer, “memory” and “upgrade” as search terms,
or by visiting the website for an online RAM sales company (see section 5.7.3). This
should result in the necessary information to make sure that the right kind of memory is
purchased (such as size and type – for example is it SDRAM or DDR2 SDRAM?). It will
also be important to note whether or not the memory needs to be installed in pairs or if
a single strip of RAM will suffice.
 Does the computer have enough slots to add in the desired memory? It is possible that
a computer will already have all of the memory slots filled (for example, there are only
two slots and each is already filled with 128 MB RAM strips). In this case, it would not
21
 be possible to upgrade to 512 MB of RAM by adding a single strip of 256 MB RAM. The
Lab Manager instead would need to purchase two 256 MB strips of RAM, and take out
both of the 128 MB strips.

The actual replacement of RAM will be discussed in section 5.7.3 of this module.

4.2. Stepwise Guides for Common Problems

There are some computer problems that are common enough that is helpful for a
computer Lab Manager to have some standard steps that he or she can follow in case this sort
of problem occurs. Below are the stepwise guides for addressing some standard problems.

4.2.1. The Computer Freezes

It is relatively
common for a computer Tips for Troubleshooting the “Frozen” Computer
to freeze. When a
computer “freezes” it 1. Take a deep breath and wait a minute. You should do this to
might look like help prevent you from panicking, but it also is a good way to see
everything on the if the program can fix itself. Perhaps it was engaged in a task
screen has gone still, or that was using significant memory and just needed extra time.
the computer may no 2. See if some windows or programs are still functioning and active.
longer responding to If so, save any changes in the functioning programs you are
the inputs (such as working on and then close those programs. This might free up
memory so that the computer can finish whatever task it was
mouse clicks) of the
working on.
user. It is also possible 3. If a program is still frozen, but the computer is functioning in
that a single program other ways, simultaneously press the Ctrl, Alt and Del (Delete)
will freeze while the rest keys. In a Windows computer this brings up a small program
of the computer called the Task Manager, or gives you options including starting
remains functional. the Task Manager. Start the Task Manager and click on the
These problems are not Applications tab. Click on the names of any programs that you
something to panic know are not functioning or say they are “Not Responding”.
over, since often they Then click on End Task. If you are asked to confirm ending the
are not a sign of a major task, do so. Then wait a bit, because it can take some time for
hardware problem but the computer to end the task.
4. If step 3 doesn’t work, or the entire computer is frozen, the only
instead a sign of a small
step left is to turn off the computer “the wrong way”, by holding
glitch that can be easily down the power button until the computer turns off. This
fixed by restarting a method can be harmful to running programs or open files, so it
program or the is best to be avoided if at all possible. After shutting down in
computer. The tip box this manner, the next time the computer is started it will alert
here shows some simple the user to the fact that the computer was not shut down
steps that the computer properly, and will scan for any files that need to be repaired or
Lab Manager can follow. recovered due to the improper shut down.

22
 4.2.2. The Computer Won’t Turn On
It can be very frustrating to have a computer that is totally “dead”. It’s not working at
all and the user doesn’t know the cause. This tip box includes some steps to take to identify
and address some common causes.

Tips for Troubleshooting a “Dead” Computer

1. Evaluate the situation more fully. Are the computer and the monitor plugged in to a functioning
surge protector or UPS? Is the surge protector or UPS plugged into a functioning outlet on a
circuit that has not blown or tripped? If you aren’t sure, try to plug something else that you
know works into the same outlet. If that item works, try swapping the power cable with one
from a functioning computer.
2. For desktop computers, has the computer supply been set to the wrong voltage? Check and
make sure that the switch on the power supply is set to the proper voltage for your country
(230V in Zambia). If it wasn’t set properly, switch it and try again, although the power supply
may now be damaged. Also make sure that the on/off switch on the power supply is in the on
position. If there are still no lights visible on the computer, try replacing the power supply (see
section 5.7.3).
3. If there are lights on, but the computer is still not starting, you can try booting from a different
drive (see section 5.6.5).
4. If the computer produces a series of beeps when you attempt to boot it, there is a problem with
the memory. Try reseating or replacing the memory (see section 5.7.3 for information).
5. If a desktop computer is producing all of the usual startup sounds and lights, but the monitor is
not displaying any information, perhaps there is a problem with the monitor. Make sure that it
is connected to a power source, and also that the VGA cable is connected to the computer. If
there is still no image, try pressing the Fn key and the function key for monitor choices a few
times. The proper function key depends on the computer model, but should show a picture of a
computer monitor on the key. Also try adjusting the brightness dial on the monitor. If there is
still no image, try connecting a different monitor.

4.3. Understanding Error Messages

Often when there is a problem with a computer’s hardware or software, the computer
will show an error message that explains what the problem is. The computer lab Manager
should make sure that he or she reads these error messages and takes the information within
them into account. Below are some common error message categories and steps that can be
taken to address the problems.

4.3.1. Out of Memory Errors

Out of memory error messages can be caused by a variety of problems, including
memory glitches (that will be solved by rebooting), insufficient memory, poor memory
management, not enough hard disk space, faulty memory and software problems. The user
may be running too many programs at once, and could try closing some of the open programs.
If this doesn’t work, the next step to try is to reboot the computer and see if that fixes the
problem. If it does not, the following approaches could be considered:
23
 1. Create more space on the hard drive by deleting unnecessary files and then
defragmenting.
2. Investigate any recently added software. Does the computer system have enough RAM
to run this software? Are there any updates or patches for this software available on
the Internet?
3. Is some memory management software running? If so, disable it and see if performance
improves.
4. There may be a physical problem with the memory or its connection to the
motherboard. Try reseating (removing and replacing) the RAM and if that does not
work swapping the RAM (see section 5.7.3) with the RAM from a working computer.

4.3.2. Memory Parity Errors

The term parity has to do with two items matching in terms of size, type or operation. A
problem with memory parity could be caused by conflicts between two memory (RAM) strips
that are of different brands or types. The error could just be a random occurrence, however, so
it is best to try to reboot the computer first. If this does not help, the following approaches
could be attempted:
1. Remove any recently installed RAM (see section 5.7.3) to see if it is causing the issue.
2. Try a different power outlet or power strip, because a poor power supply could also
cause this error.
3. There may be a physical problem with the memory or its connection to the
motherboard. Try reseating the RAM and if that does not work swapping the RAM with
the RAM from a working computer.
4. There may be a problem with the motherboard. Consider replacing the motherboard.

4.3.3. “The Blue Screen of Death”

“The Blue Screen of Death” is the colloquial name given to the error code that occurs
with Windows operating systems when a critical error has occurred that causes the system to
shut down to prevent further errors. Its nickname comes from the fact that the screen turns
blue in color, and the computer “dies” or “crashes”, meaning it is shut down. These errors are
often caused by poorly functioning device drivers, hardware problems (such as with memory,
power supplies or system overheating), or problems with the system software. Some
suggestions for managing the Blue Screen of Death are shown in the tip box here.

24
 Tips for Managing the “Blue Screen of Death”
1. Take a deep breath. It may not be a serious problem, and panicking won’t help. Also if
you have been saving your work frequently as you go (which is always a good idea), you
will not have lost much information.
2. Make a note of any error code numbers shown in the text on the blue screen. If the
problem persists later it might be helpful to look these error codes up on the Internet
(from another computer).
3. Restart the computer. First do not open the program that you were using when the
crash occurred, but instead see if other programs operate normally. Then open that
program to see if the crash occurs again. It’s possible that the event was random and
won’t occur again, or it’s possible that there is a problem with the software program
you were using.
4. If it appears to be a problem with a specific piece of software, search online for updates
or patches for that program, or try reinstalling the program. Also make sure that the
computer meets the specifications (operating system, processor speed and RAM) for
running that software.
5. Make sure that the computer’s operating system is fully updated.
6. If the problem appears to occur when using a specific computer device, the driver could
be faulty. When the computer is running, check the Device Manager for problems and
possible solutions (see section 5.5 and 5.7.2).
7. Check for problems with the computer’s fans, power supply or memory, as discussed in
section 5.1.

4.4. How to Search for Information

It is very important that a computer lab Manager not “give up” easily when presented
with a computer problem. Instead the computer lab Manager should turn the problem into an
opportunity to gain knowledge about computers. This includes asking for help and searching
for information about the particular problem, its causes and solutions. The first step in this
process is to see what advice is available on the computer itself (or another one running the
same operating system). With Windows computers, there are “Help and Support” documents
located on the computer, and more available on the Internet. From the Start menu, click on
Help and Support and then see which categories of help best match the problem.

If a computer lab Manager doesn’t find the needed answers using Help and Support on
the computer, the next step is to find answers on the Internet. In most cases, the computer
problems that a lab Manager encounters will not be new or unique. Someone else would have
had the same problem and would have written a description of how they solved the problem.
It is important that the computer lab Manager give very specific search terms and try different
terms if not successful at first. For example, if a lab Manager is having problems getting the
sound to work on a specific computer, “sound problems” would not be a specific enough
search. The lab Manager would be better trying “sound problem Dell D600” or “sound failure
25
 Dell D600”. If the lab Manager knows that the problem is due to the device driver, an even
better search would be “sound device driver problem Dell D600”.

4.5. How to
Distinguish a Software Tips for Distinguishing Between Hardware Problems and
Issue from a Hardware Software Problems
Issue
It isn’t always easy 1. Make sure you reduce possible “external” problems before
to know the source of a proceeding. This means unplug any external devices (such as
hard drives, scanners or printers), and remove any floppy, CD or
computer problem, but
DVD disks from their drives.
determining whether the
2. Were there any loud noises or smoke when the problem first
problem is with hardware appeared? Then it is probably a hardware problem, with the
or software will help give most likely culprit being the power supply unit.
a computer lab Manager 3. Is the computer entirely dead? Or the screen blank? Or the
some direction for action screen showing a poor/incomplete picture? These faults are
in troubleshooting and probably also due to hardware problems.
repair. Some general 4. Does the computer produce a series of beeps? This is a code
guidelines for that can be used to distinguish some hardware problems.
distinguishing between 5. Does the system give any error codes or descriptions while
hardware problems and booting? These can be due to hardware or software problems.
Take careful note of all information given in the error code.
software problems are in
6. Does the computer produce error information after it has
the tip box here, but one
booted or only when you open specific programs? These error
general bit of advice is codes are probably due to software problems.
important for all 7. Have any recent changes been made to hardware or software
computer (including BIOS settings)? If so, these are likely culprits.
troubleshooters: think 8. Has the computer been exposed to viruses or other malware?
about what was This could be a cause of software problems.
happening just before the 9. Use the Device Manager, which can found on many Windows
problem occurred. If new computers (for Windows XP go to Start  Control Panel 
software was just System  Device Manager). The Device Manager will list all of
installed, it is quite likely the hardware devices installed on a PC. Any device with a
problem will have a warning symbol next to it, and double
that the problem is
clicking on that device would give details and suggested
caused by that new
remedies for the problem.
software. If a power
surge occurred, it is possible that hardware problems were caused by that power surge.

4.6. Fixing Software Problems

4.6.1. Using Safe Mode
Safe Mode is a convenient tool for both troubleshooting and repairing software
problems. It is a simplified version of a Windows operating system, which can often be used
when a computer is having problems that prevent its standard Windows operating system from
loading. To boot a computer in Safe Mode the user should turn on the computer and
26
immediately start tapping the F8 key. After a few moments, the Windows Advanced Options
menu will appear. Using the arrow keys, the user can select Safe Mode and then click Enter to
proceed.

Once a computer has been started in Safe Mode, it is possible to access the diagnostic
tools such as Chkdsk (described in section 5.1.4). Other options at this point include running
virus scans, uninstalling suspicious software, or using System Restore (see section 5.6.4).

4.6.2. Finding and Installing Updates and Patches

If a computer user has identified that there is a problem with a particular piece of
software, before uninstalling that software it is wise to see if the software producers have
identified and fixed any problems with that software. In many cases this can be done easily by
selecting the “Check for Updates” command in the software, often found in the Help menu.
Updates are groups of software patches (small fixes to the software’s program) that address
problems that were found after the software was released, or provide improvements to the
software. If there are any updates available, these should be downloaded and installed. In
many cases the computer (or at least the particular software program being updated) will need
to be restarted after installation.

If a particular piece of software does not have a “Check for Updates” option, the user
will need to go to the website for that software and search there for updates. This can also be
used to search for individual software patches to address the particular problem that the user
has found. It is also possible to do general web searches on a particular software problem and
find patches that have been produced by individuals or organizations other than those that
produced the software. This can result in good fixes, but can also introduce other problems
into a computer system (such as other unforeseen software conflicts or malware). A computer
lab Manager should proceed very cautiously down this path, if at all.

4.6.3. Reinstalling Software

If updates and patches haven’t fixed the problem with a particular piece of software,
reinstalling that software is a good step to try next. This will solve problems caused by the
corruption of software (damage to the programs) that can be caused by malware. It’s
important to properly uninstall all software before reinstalling it. More information on
uninstalling and reinstalling software is found in section 4.4 of this module. Reinstalling an
operating system is also an option (see section 4.3), but the computer lab Manager should
make sure that all computer data has been backed up before taking this action.

4.6.4. Using System Restore

System Restore is a utility program that is found with most versions of the Microsoft
Windows operating system. It periodically (when major software changes are made or at
scheduled times) takes images of the computer’s operating system and other software. These
images, called restore points, are saved so that the user can “reset” the computer system to
27
that restore point and thus avoid problems that were caused by later changes. If a computer is
reset to an earlier restore point, however, any software (whether it was problematic or not)
that was installed after the restore point will be uninstalled. To access the System Restore
utility on a Windows computer, go to Start  All Programs  Accessories  System Tools 
System Restore.

4.6.5. Booting from a Different Device

During typical use a computer boots (starts) from information and instructions that are
in its internal hard drive. A computer can also be booted, however, from other devices such as
floppy disks, CD/DVD disks, flash drives or external hard drives. Booting from these devices is
the only option if the software on the hard drive has been corrupted to the point that it will not
start the computer. The standard boot order for a computer (the order in which the computer
looks for startup files) starts with the floppy drive (for older computers), then is followed by the
CD or DVD drives and then the internal hard drive. This means that any time the computer
starts up it will first read any disk in the floppy drive to see if startup files are contained there,
and then moves on to the CD/DVD drive if startup files are not found. This order can be
changed by following the steps in the tip box in section 4.3 of this module.

In order to boot from a disk, the computer user must have a boot disk or recovery disk
for that computer. Boot disks contain only critical startup files, and they are best prepared and
used by experienced computer technicians. They can also be used as a part of the reimaging
process, described below. Recovery disks used to come standard with all new computers. In
recent years, however, the computer manufacturers have instead set up systems for users to
create their own recovery disks when first using a new computer. If a computer lab Manager
has recently received new computers, he or she would be wise to create recovery disks before
putting the computers into general use.

4.6.6. Reimaging Computers

One very handy “tool” for a computer lab Manager to have for managing software
problems is disk reimaging (also known as cloning). The idea here is that a lab manager can
create a complete copy of a computer’s system when it is running perfectly. These copies,
which are known as images or clones, include all software and files. The purpose of having
these images is that when a computer in the computer lab fails due to a software problem, the
computer lab Manager can choose to reimage or clone the computer using the perfect image,
rather than uninstalling and reinstalling each software program separately until the problem is
identified and fixed. One type of proprietary reimaging software is called Symantec Ghost (see
www.ghost.com). A common open source reimaging program is called Clonezilla (see
www.clonezilla.org).

28
 Before creating an image,
the computer lab Manager Tips for Creating a Computer Image
should make sure that the
A computer that is going to serve as an image or clone,
computer is set up “perfectly”
to be used on other computers, should meet the
and free of any malware. Images
following criteria:
are best made when a computer
1. Its make, model and hardware are identical (or
is newly setup, before it has seen
nearly so) to the computers that it is going to be
much use. However the lab
used to clone. It is important that it only be used to
Manager should make sure that
reimage computers that have hard drives of the
the computer that is being used
same size or larger.
to create the image has already
2. It is new or has recently had its operating system
been loaded with all the utilities,
and other software reinstalled. This reduces the
productivity software and
chance that it would have any malware or have had
educational materials that are
undesirable changes made to software settings.
commonly used in that computer
Also all of the software should have been recently
lab. The tip box here suggests
updated.
some items. The computer lab
3. It does not contain any personal files or other
Manager should also make sure
unnecessary files, folders or software.
that all of the programs have
4. It does include software that is going to be
been updated fully, as discussed
commonly used on the computers that it is going to
in section 5.6.2 of this module.
be used to image. For example it should include:
a. Common utilities such as antivirus software and
Before creating an image,
printer drivers
a computer lab Manager needs
b. Productivity software such as Microsoft Office
to consider two questions: 1.
or Open Office
What drive should be used to
c. Educational materials that will be useful locally.
boot the computer from while
This could include touch typing programs,
creating the image and reimaging
encyclopedias, or any locally appropriate
a computer? And 2. What media
educational content.
will be used to store the computer image? The answers to these questions will depend on the
imaging program being used and the limitations of the computer system. When using Clonezilla
Live, for example, the program can be downloaded from the Internet to fit onto a bootable CD
ROM disk. Therefore one option is to boot the computers from the Clonezilla Live CD. The
image that is created then can be easily stored on a flash drive or external hard drive, using the
USB port. For complete instructions on using Clonezilla Live, please see the www.clonezilla.org
website.

Once an image has been created, it can be stored until needed to reimage the computer
it was created from or any other computer with identical hardware. This is very useful for a
computer lab that received a donation of ten identical computers, for example. If using the
image to reimage another computer in a computer lab, however, there are some important
points that the computer lab Manager needs to keep in mind. The first is computer identity.
Any cloned computers will have the same name and Security Identification (SID). The computer
29
 lab manager should change the name of the computer after reimaging by right clicking on the
Computer (or My Computer) icon or menu item and then selecting Properties. The computer
SID can remain unchanged.

The second important point is that the software license keys will be the same for all
cloned computers. If the computers are running proprietary software, the computer lab
Manager needs to be aware of how many computers are permitted to run on a single license. If
a license is only for an individual computer, the computer lab Manager will need to buy
additional license keys for the software in question and enter the proper license keys into the
computer.

4.7. Fixing Hardware Problems

4.7.1. Tools and Safe Repair Practices
What tools will a computer lab manager need to perform basic hardware repair? This
will depend on the type of computers being worked on, and also on what tools are locally
available. However, good quality screwdrivers in different sizes will be on every lab’s
equipment list. The majority of the screws encountered in computers are of the Phillips type
(the screw head has an X shape on the top), but flat head and hex head screws may also occur.
A computer lab Manager can look and see what types of screws are in use in the lab before
making a purchase. Magnetic tip screwdrivers can be very useful since the screws will stay
magnetically attached to the screwdriver while the lab Manager locates the screw hole.
However it is very important to avoid touching the tips of magnetic screwdrivers to RAM or
hard drives, since the magnetic storage on those devices could be damaged. A pair of needle
nose pliers may also be useful to assist when working in narrow spaces.

For cleaning computer parts, a computer lab manager will need some method for
blowing dust out of computer hardware. If an electric blower is available, this is a very good
option. Otherwise a hand operated blower (with a bellows or bladder attached to a narrow
outlet) will do. If affordable, a computer lab Manager can also purchase compressed air in
aerosol cans. For dusting and cleaning computer and monitor cases, a lint free cloth is best.
Screens (LCD and CRT) can be cleaned with slightly damp cloths or with small amounts of mild
cleaning solutions that have been reported to be safe for computer monitors. If RAM needs to
be cleaned, isopropyl alcohol and lint free swaps can be used.

There are several safety concerns (both for the lab Manager and for the computer
equipment) that need to be attended to. They are listed below.
 Working Environment. The computer work room should be clean, well organized and
properly lit. Avoid hazards to the computer (such as dust or moisture) and hazards to
the workers (such as electrical cords that can be tripped over). The lab Manager should
also consider good organization as a way to make repair work more efficient. It should
be easy for a worker to return to a project without any difficulty finding the parts
involved.

30
  Static Electricity. Static electricity discharges (sparks) can be significantly damaging to
computer equipment such as RAM, CPUs and motherboards. Therefore it is important
for the computer lab
Manager to ground him
Tips for Avoiding Electrostatic Shocks
or herself before
working with computer 1. Avoid walking around as much as possible while
equipment. The tip box working on a computer. Shuffling your feet
here gives some (particularly on carpeted surfaces) can build up
suggestions. If electrostatic charges.
electrostatic mats or 2. Make sure to ground yourself before beginning a
grounding wrist straps computer repair. The simplest way to do this is to
are available locally, touch a large metal object (such as a filing cabinet
these items can also be or metal computer case).
used to prevent 3. Before picking up each new computer component,
electrostatic shocks. ground yourself again.
 Electrical Shock. Before
opening up the case of a computer or any other electronic device or cleaning it with any
fluid, make sure that it is unplugged. Otherwise, electricity can be transmitted through
the electronic device and into the worker’s body. This can cause severe injury or even
death. Laptop batteries should also be removed before performing any laptop
computer repairs. It is best to avoid attempting repairs on computer monitors,
particularly CRT monitors due to a risk of a dangerous electrical discharge.

4.7.2. Hardware Repair Planning and Strategy

Before beginning a computer hardware repair, it is important to make sure that the
repair is necessary and that a repair plan is in place. To determine if a repair is necessary, the
lab Manager should have worked through the troubleshooting steps described earlier in this
module. If a computer is still operational, the lab Manager should be using software tools to
diagnose (and in some cases repair) problems before physically opening the computer. For
example, the Device Manager (described in section 5.5) can be used to check for hardware
faults, and a hard drive diagnostic tool (such as Chkdsk, described in section 5.1.4) can be used
to determine if a hard drive needs to be replaced. Also remember that error messages can give
important information about what is wrong with a computer.

When developing a repair plan, the computer lab Manager needs to know which parts
are going to be replaced and how to find and remove those parts from the computer. It is also
important to have replacement parts on hand that are known to be in good condition.

Part re-seating and part swapping are both good strategies to keep in mind when
repairing computers. Re-seating means removing or disconnecting a part, cleaning it if
appropriate, and correctly replacing the part. Sometimes a computer part can function poorly
just because a connection is loose or dirty, and re-seating will improve its performance. If this
does not solve a problem, a good next step is to try to swap the same part with one from a
31
functioning computer. This can be a useful part of troubleshooting, since it helps the lab
Manager identify whether or not that part truly is the source of a computer problem, before a
purchase is made. People who are just learning about computer repair can easily practice this
with peripheral devices. If a desktop computer keyboard appears not to be working, for
example, try replacing it with a keyboard that is known to work properly.

4.7.3. Basic Hardware Repairs

Below are descriptions of some of the most common hardware repairs, including key
steps in the process. In all cases, however, the lab Manager who is just beginning to work on
computer repair would be encouraged to complete these repairs alongside a more experienced
technician as they gain skill and confidence. If the lab Manager has an opportunity (through
this course or any other) to attend a hardware repair training session, he or she should insist on
being involved in as much hands-on training as is possible.

Replacing a Power Supply. For desktop computers in developing countries, power

supply failure is a common problem. This is due to an uneven or “dirty” voltage and power
surges. Before replacing a power supply, a lab Manager should make sure that it truly is dead
by following the tip box in section 5.2.2. Then follow the steps below:
1. Unplug the power cord from the back of the computer case.
2. Open up the computer case. The method varies with the brand and model of computer,
but often involves laying the case on its side and opening up the side panel. Some
computer cases use screws and others have buttons to press that release one side
panel.
3. Find and unscrew all of the screws attaching the power supply to the back of the case.
Usually there will be four screws,
located just outside the cut out in
the case (or along the mesh grid)
where the power supply is found. Do
not disconnect the various cables
yet. Move the dead power supply as
far out of the way as the cables will
allow. You may be able to set the
power supply on top of the case (see
photo).
4. Install the new power supply and
screw in all screws.
5. One by one, detach the cables from
the old power supply to the various Figure 3 - Replacing a Power Supply
computer components, and replace For the complete procedure see
them with the cables from the new http://www.fonerbooks.com/r_power.htm
power supply. Doing this one by one will help make sure that no components are
missed. There will be power supply connectors for the motherboard and all drives.
When removing the cables, keep an eye out for latches that need to be depressed to
32
 release the connector. All of the connectors should only fit in one direction, and with
little force. If a connector does not attach easily, make sure that it is properly aligned
before pushing harder.

Replacing a Hard Drive. Replacing a faulty hard drive is not a difficult task, but a lab
Manager should have done some investigative work first to determine if the hard drive is faulty.
This could include running the Chkdsk utility, as described in section 5.1.4, listening for unusual
noises coming from the hard drive and also checking to make sure the cables to the hard drive
are still fully connected. The computer may also present error codes during start up that
indicate a problem with the hard drive. Before replacing a hard drive, it is worth trying to reset
the BIOS to the default settings to see if this fixes the problem. To do this, enter the BIOS
during computer start up (as described in section 4.3) and choose the default settings. Then
save the new settings and exit. The onscreen instructions in the BIOS program will guide the
computer lab Manager through these steps.

Once it has been determined that a hard drive problem is likely, the computer lab
Manager should follow the steps below to replace the hard drive with a known working hard
drive.
1. Disconnect the computer case from electricity and then open the computer case (as
described above).
2. Locate the hard drive. It will likely be
found in a metal case or cage near
the front of the computer case,
below the other drives. It could be
mounted directly on the cage or it
could be mounted on rails that will
slide out of the case (see photo).
3. Unscrew the hard drive from the
cage or slide the rails out and
unscrew the hard drive from the
rails.
4. Remove the long ribbon cable from
hard drive. There may have been a Figure 4 - Removing a Hard Drive
small amount of glue used to hold For the complete procedure see
the ribbon in place that will also http://www.fonerbooks.com/r_hard.htm
need to be removed. Then remove
the smaller power cable. If it is difficult to remove, gently wiggle the connector back
and forth along its long axis as you pull. Note the orientation of the connector (which
end is the red wire on?) to make sure that the new hard drive is connected in the same
manner.
5. If there are two hard drives in a computer, one is called the master and the other the
slave. On older hard drives, an electrical connection needs to be changed to indicate
whether the hard drive is a master or a slave. If the hard drive being installed has not
33
 been used before, it will be correctly set as a master (or also on the acceptable “Cable
Select” setting, used when the ribbon cable has two connectors – one for a master and
one for a slave). If the hard drive has been previously used as a slave, however, it will
need to be changed to a master. To do this, look for a diagram on the hard drive that
shows the pattern for connecting (jumping) two of the eight pins located between the
two cable connectors on the front end of the hard drive. Then using needle nose pliers,
pull off the jumper that is connecting two of the pins and replace it to connect the
proper pair.
6. Connect the cables to the new hard drive. Then screw the hard drive back on to the
rails and slide the rails into position (or screw the hard drive directly to the cage if there
are no rails). Make sure that all of the other ribbons and cables are as they were found.
Close the case and the repair is complete. Note that if any new noises or problems
appear after the installation, it is possible that another device or cable was disrupted
during the repair and needs to be reattached or reseated.

Replacing a Hard Drive for a Laptop Computer. Hard drives for many laptop computers
can be replaced quite easily because the manufacturers have made the hard drives accessible
from hatches on the underside of the computer. To replace the hard drive on a laptop with an
accessible hard drive follow the steps below:
1. Remove the laptop battery before making this (or any other) laptop repair. This is
important in order to avoid electricity from the battery flowing through the computer
during repair, which could be damaging to computer components. The technique for
removing the battery depends on the
make and model of the laptop, but
often involves unlocking the battery
at one or two points (on the
underside of the computer) and then
sliding it out.
2. With the laptop resting upside down
on a table, find the hard drive
compartment and unscrew the screw
or screws holding the lid in place.
Remove the lid and examine how the
hard drive is attached to the
computer. Most likely you will see
that the hard drive is attached to a Figure 5 - A Laptop Hard Drive in its "Cage"
cage or brackets that will slide out For the complete procedure see
with the hard drive (see photo). http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_1.htm
3. Slide out the assembly containing the
hard drive in its cage or brackets. You may have to push the assembly in or lift it up first
in order to clear anything else used to hold the assembly in place.
4. Remove any screws attaching the laptop to its cage/brackets, remove the damaged hard
drive, replace it with a functioning laptop hard drive and then retighten all screws.
34
 5. Slide the assembly back into the laptop and secure it as it was previously. Make sure
that you push hard enough to reattach the hard drive to the power and data
connectors. Push horizontally (or as close as possible to horizontally) when
reconnecting.
6. Close the hard drive compartment and replace all screws. Then replace the laptop
battery, turn the computer over and restart it.

Replacing RAM. As discussed in section 5.1.7, a lab Manager may want to add RAM to
speed up a slow computer. RAM also can fail or come loose from its housing and need to be
reseated. If a lab Manager has decided that a computer needs new or additional RAM, it is
important to make sure that the RAM used is compatible with the computer system. There are
several online RAM sales companies that will identify the appropriate RAM if a user inputs the
computer make and model. Two example companies are Corsair (www.corsairmemory.com)
and Crucial (www.crucial.com). Once the RAM has been obtained, the lab Manager should
follow the steps below to replace the RAM. Please Note: RAM is very easily damaged by
electrostatic charges, so it is very important for the user to be grounded before picking up RAM.
Also RAM should only be handled by the edges.
1. Open the computer case as previously described. Find the RAM slots (long parallel
connectors). Note which slots are occupied and if the slots are numbered (at the ends).
If the slots are not numbered, the slots closest to the processor are probably the lower
numbered slots and should be filled first.
2. Simultaneously push down and out on both
retaining clips (on each end) of a RAM slot
to remove the old RAM. Note the
orientation of the RAM so that the
replacement RAM can be put in facing the
same direction. There should be some
notches on the bottom edge of the RAM
that can be used as a guide.
3. Gently place the new RAM in the socket
and press down firmly on the top of the
RAM at both ends (see photo). When the
RAM module is correctly seated, the
retaining clips will automatically close.
4. Close the computer case as previously Figure 6 - Installing RAM
described. For the complete procedure see
http://www.fonerbooks.com/r_ram.htm
Replacing Laptop RAM. Laptop computers have a compartment on the back side
designed for accessing RAM. When the screws for this compartment are removed (but don’t
forget to remove the laptop battery first for safety reasons!), the RAM should be visible. For
some laptops, however, only the slot for expansion (extra) RAM is visible. In these cases the
rest of the RAM is can be accessed by removing the keyboard, a more difficult task (discussed
below). Laptop RAM rests horizontally, with the slot on one end. To install RAM, hold the RAM
35
 by its edges, and bring it up towards its slot
at about a 30 degree angle (see photo).
Then gently push the RAM in while
flattening out the angle.

Other Laptop Repairs. It is possible

to replace the keyboard, individual keys or
the screen on a laptop with only a
moderate amount of difficulty. The
challenge, however, is that every different
model of laptop requires a different
method for accessing and removing these
parts. Either a lab Manager should watch Figure 7 - Replacing Laptop RAM
other people do these repairs and learn For the complete procedure see
from them, or find information on the http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_2.htm
Internet for the specific desired repair. Specific searches should result in detailed diagrams,
descriptions or videos. For example, if someone wanted to replace a key on a Dell laptop, the
search terms “replacing laptop keys Dell” will yield useful results. Similarly, if someone wanted
to replace the entire keyboard on a Toshiba laptop, the search terms “replacing laptop
keyboard Toshiba” will suffice. In general when performing laptop repairs, the computer lab
Manager should remember these guiding principles:
1. Always remove the battery first for safety reasons.
2. Keep note of what screws are removed and in what order. Also keep track of the actual
screws!
3. When taking a laptop apart, be slow and mindful of the process. This will make it easier
to put the computer back together afterwards. For complicated repairs, consider
keeping notes of the steps performed.

4.8. Troubleshooting and Repairing Printers

Problems with a printer are generally in the following categories:
1. Software problems with the computer, including problems with the printer driver
2. Poor connections or electrical problems with the printer
3. Insufficient ink
4. Paper jam
5. Printer hardware problems
All of these except for number five are easily managed by a trained computer lab Manager. The
tip box here gives some suggestions for troubleshooting a faulty printer.

36
 Tips for Troubleshooting Printer Problems

1. Try restarting the printer (by turning it on and off at the switch) and the computer (using the
standard restart technique).
2. Make sure that the computer is sending the document to the right printer by checking the
printer name in the dialog box that comes up when printing a document. To change the
default printer (on a Windows computer) choose the Printer window in the Control Panel. If
the printer you are using is not listed, you will need to add that printer and install the drivers
for that printer. Printer drivers are usually available online by going to the website for the
printer manufacturer and searching for the drivers for the particular printer model.
3. Try to print a test page for the printer. If you are using MS Windows, open the Printer
window in the Control Panel, right click on the icon for the printer you are using, choose
Properties and then select “Print Test Page”. If the test page prints successfully, the
problem is with the application (productivity software) you are using and not the printer.
4. If the printer does not successfully print as above, note what happens. Does it start to print
and then stop? Does it make unusual noises? These are signs of a paper jam or a hardware
problem. Open up the top of the printer and look for any jammed paper.
5. Does the printer print faintly or with only some colors? This is a sign that the ink cartridges
need to be primed or that the printer is running out of ink. Look at the printer’s instruction
book or use the menu and buttons on the printer to figure out how to prime the printer.

4.9. Managing E-Waste

In concluding this module, it is important to recognize that not all computer problems
can or should be fixed. Sometimes computers become too old or obsolete to make the effort of
repairing them worthwhile, and some repairs (such as repairs to CRT computer monitors) are
not advisable except by experts. Due to these realities, computer labs often have a collection
of old and broken computers and peripheral equipment that develops and increases over the
years. This equipment is collectively known as electronic waste or e-waste. In many developing
countries e-waste is a problem because the equipment can contain hazardous materials and
there often are not recycling or waste facilities that are capable of managing these hazardous
materials properly.

The first step in managing e-waste is to try to reduce the amount of it that is produced
by a computer lab. A lab Manager can do this by avoiding accepting donations of equipment
that is already very old or obsolete, since this equipment will not remain useful for long. A lab
Manager can also make sure that existing equipment is maintained well so that it remains
useful for a longer period of time. The computer lab Manager should also work with any
organizations donating computers to discuss the e-waste problem and strategize how the
computers will be disposed of properly when they are no longer useful.

Options for proper disposal of e-waste will vary from country to country. In some
countries there will be private companies that collect e-waste, and in others there will be
government projects for e-waste disposal. Larger non-profit organizations that donate used

37
 computer equipment often have plans for collecting and managing e-waste. If no e-waste
options exist in a particular country, several computer projects could team together to ship a
container of e-waste to an e-waste facility in a neighboring country. One e-waste management
facility that accepts shipments is Desco Electronic Recyclers in South Africa (www.desco.co.za).

4.10. Assignments/Activities
4.10.1. Compare the start up speed between two computers, by actually starting them both up
and noting the time it takes for the desktop to be fully loaded. Then compare the factors
that can control the start up time for each computer. Which computer has more programs
that load on start up (see section 5.1.3)? Which computer has more RAM? What is the
processor speed of each computer? What operating system does each computer use?
Summarize your findings.
4.10.2. Update the operating system and productivity (office) software for a computer.
Describe the process you used in each case.
4.10.3. Practice running a disk defragmenter and disk cleanup program on a computer. Note
any change in performance from before and after defragmentation.
4.10.4. Practice finding help and support on a computer use or troubleshooting topic, both on a
computer and online. Choose a computer topic of interest to you. If you do not have a
topic in mind, here are some examples: installing a printer, changing the size of desktop
icons, using a text reader (text to voice tool), or taking a screen shot (a picture of what is on
your desktop screen). Remember to be as specific as possible in your word choice. If at first
you are not successful, try other related words.
4.10.5. Practice using diagnostic tools on a computer. For computers running Windows
operating systems, try Chkdsk (described in section 5.1.4) and the Device Manager
(described in section 5.5).
4.10.6. Investigate a laptop computer. Figure out how to replace and remove the battery. Also
identify all ports and the access panels for the hard drive and memory.
4.10.7. Observe a computer repair technician in action. Notice what techniques he or she uses
to avoid electrostatic shocks and to clean computer components. Observe at least one
software repair and one hardware repair from start to finish. Take notes on these
procedures for future use.
4.10.8. Practice properly uninstalling and reinstalling a software program. Choose something
that you have a current installer file for.
4.10.9. Practice starting a computer in Safe Mode. Take note of which features of your
computer function in Safe Mode and which have been disabled.
4.10.10. Workshop Activity: As a team, set up a computer “perfectly” so that it is ready to
produce an image or clone. Then participate in the process of preparing an image and using
it to reimage another computer.
4.10.11. Workshop Activity: Practice troubleshooting malfunctioning computers. The
instructor may intentionally produce malfunctions in computers in order to provide you
with practice
4.10.12. Workshop Activity: Replace the hard drive in a desk top computer.

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 4.10.13. Workshop Activity: Take apart a laptop computer, including accessing all RAM,
the keyboard and screen. Then put the laptop back together!

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5. Overall Assignments/Activities
5.1. Revisit and reflect on your own skill level after having completed this module:
5.1.1. What skills do you still feel you need in the categories covered by this module? Make a
plan for gaining those skills and (if appropriate) discuss the plan with your supervisor.
5.1.2. What skills do you still feel you need in the self-study areas (English reading/writing,
touch typing and computer user skills) presented at the beginning of this module? Make a
plan for gaining those skills and (if appropriate) discuss it with your supervisor.
5.1.3. Consider the topics covered in Modules 2, 3, and 4 of this course (as described in the
introduction to this module). Do you think that taking those courses (or studying the
learning materials for those courses independently) will help you meet your career goals?
Discuss this with your instructor and your supervisor (if appropriate) and consider your next
steps.
5.2. If you work in a project that uses Microsoft or other types of proprietary software,
consider making a shift over to an entirely open source environment. What would the benefits
and drawbacks of such a shift be? Make a list of all the FOSS software you would need,
including the names of specific programs if possible. Also what training would need to occur if
you made this switch?
5.3. Workshop Activity: Participate in a team project to overhaul an old computer. Clean
the components, add RAM to the computer, install an appropriate operating system and install
all other necessary software.
5.4. Workshop Activity: Participate in a workshop evaluation process.

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6. Bibliography

Bit. (2010). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bit&oldid=339499368

Blue Screen of Death (2010). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Screen_of_Death&oldid=336735006

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Computer. (2010). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer&oldid=339667990

Computer Ports (Hardware). (2010). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 26, 2010,
from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_port_(hardware)&oldid=338140393

Computers for Zambian Schools. (2008). Basic Computer Maintenance and Troubleshooting. Lusaka,
Zambia.

PCTechBytes. (2009). Computer Troubleshooting Zone. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from PCTechBytes:
http://www.pctechbytes.com/troubleshooting/

Rosenthal, M. (2009). Replacing Laptop Hard Drives. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from Foner Books:
http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_1.htm

Rosenthal, M. (2008). Replacing PC Parts. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from

http://www.fonerbooks.com/replace.htm

Rosenthal, M. (2009). Upgrading Laptop Memory. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from Foner Books:
http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_2.htm

Yarnold, S. (2008). Upgrading and Fixing a PC, Second Edition. Warwickshire, United Kingdom: In Easy
Steps Limited.

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