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Inglês Rec
 Q1 - EFOMM 2011 Mark the correct alternative to Q2 - EEAR 2022 Read the text.
complete the sentences:
Just the way you are

1. I) “ _______ the tent down on the grass and I’ll see how Bruno Mars
to put it up.”
Oh, her eyes, her eyes

Make the stars look like they’re not shinin’

cosseno.com 1
2. II) “I _______ the papers on the table.” Her hair, her hair

Falls perfectly without her trying

3. III) “Don’t ________ in bed all day. Get up and go to She’s so beautiful and I tell her everyday ​

work.”
Yeah, I know, I know

When I compliment her she won’t believe me

4. IV) “You _______ to me when you said you loved me. And it’s so, it’s so

Sad to think that she don’t see what I see

Lay / laid / lie / lied But every time she asks me, “Do I look okay?”

Lay / laid / lat / had lied I say

Lie / laid / lie / lied When I see your face

There’s not a thing that I would change

Lie / lie / lie / had lied
‘Cause you’re amazing
Lie / lie / lay / lied
​

Just the way you are

And when you smile

The whole world stops and stares for a while

‘Cause girl you’re amazing

Just the way you are

Yeah

Adapted from https://www.google.com/search?

q=just+the+way+you+are

In this song, there is a mistake. Choose the alternative that

we can find it.

she asks me

she don’t see

she won’t believe me

her hair falls perfectly

Q3 - UFRGS 2016 Q4 - PUC-RS 2005 Text 1

Identity is about belonging, about what you have in common You don’t have to be mentally ill
with some people and what differentiates you from the others.
At its most basic it gives you a sense of personal location, the SANELINE is the national out of hours telephone helpline
stable core to your individuality. But it is also about your social providing information and support for anyone affected by
relationships, your complex involvement with others, and in mental health problems, including family and carers.
the modern world these have become even more complex and
confusing. Each of us lives with a variety of potentially Mental health issues (01) are far (02) more common than is
contradictory identities, which battle within us ________ generally thought (03). One in four people will experience (04)
allegiance: as men or women, black and white, straight or gay, some kind (05) of mental health problem in the course of a
able-bodied or disabled. The list if potentially infinite, and so year.
therefore are our possible belongings. Which of them we focus
SANELINE receives thousands of calls every year from people
on, bring to the fore, “identify” with, depends on a host of
seeking advice and help for themselves or someone close to
factors. At the center, however, are the values we share with
them. The non-judgmental support and information it (06)
others.
provides can make all the difference.
Identities are not neutral. ________ the quest for identity are
People faced (09) with mental health concerns (10) can find
different, and often conflicting values. By saying who we are,
(11) it difficult to get (12) facts about symptoms and
we are also striving to express what we are, what we believe
treatments, the services that are (13) available to them (07), or
and what we desire.(…)
even to find someone who is prepared to listen (08). That’s
All this makes debates over values particularly fraught and where we can help. Call 0845 767 8000 for help at the end of
the line.
delicate: they are not simply speculations ________ the world
and our place in it; they touch on fundamental, and deeply felt
O verbo da oração principal na sentença "People faced with
issues about who we are and what we want to become. They
mental health concerns can find it difficult to get facts
also pose political questions: how to achieve reconciliation
about symptoms and treatments, the services that are
between our collective needs as human beings and our specific
available to them, or even to find someone who is prepared
needs as individuals and members of diverse communities,
to listen.” (08) é
how to balance the universal and the particular. These are not
new questions, but they are likely, nevertheless, to loom ever- Faced (09) .
larger as we engage with the certainty of uncertainty that
characterizes ‘new times’. Concerns (10) .
The basic issue can be stated ________ simply: by what criteria Can find (11) .
can we choose between the conflicting claims of differences?
To ask the question immediately underlines the poverty of our Get (12) .
thinking about this. Can the rights of a group obliterate the
rights of an individual? Should the morality of one sector be
Are (13) .
allowed to limit the freedom of others? To what extent should
one particular definition of the good and the just prevail over
others? These are ancient questions, but the alarming fact is
that one still lacks a common language for addressing them,
let alone resolving them.

(WEEKS, J. The Value of Difference. In: RUTHEFORD, J. ed.

Identity, Culture, Difference. London: Lawrence &
Wishart, 1990. p. 88.)

Assinale a alternativa que preenche, correta e

respectivamente, as lacunas.

for – despite – in – just

for – behind – about – quite cosseno.com 2

 along – behind – why – sure

to – toward – in – indeed
Q5 - USP 1996 During the cold war, Brazil became one of Q6 - EFOMM 2006 Choose the best answer to complete
the for – opposite
world’s leading –weapon
about –exporters
sure by ________(I) the blank.
everything from armored cars to rocket-launchers to East,
West and non-aligned alike. But as military spending has “The man jumped __________ the horse and went away”.
fallen, Brazil’s arms makers ________(II).
of
(The Economist, June 24, 1995)
under
Escolha a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna
(II). out of
Have been struggling into
Would be struggling onto
Had been struggling

Has struggled

Were struggling

cosseno.com 3
 Q7 - EFOMM 2009 On the way home I _______ Jane at the Q8 - EEAR 2021 Dance Monkey - Tones And I
bus stop. She _______ a beautiful dress but she _______
happy. I ′ ve never seen anybody
​ ​ ​ ​ do the things you do before

Choose the correct answer to the questions They say

met - was wearing - didn’t look Move for me, move for me, move for me, ay-ay-ay

meet - was wearing - didn’t look And when you’re done I’ll make you do it all again

met - wore - doesn’t looked I said: Oh my God, I see you walking by

T ake my hands, my dear, and look me in my eyes

meet - is wearing - didn’t look
​ ​ ​

Just like a monkey, I’ve been dancing my whole life

met - wears - doesn’t looked
And you just beg to see me dance just one more time

Ooh, I see you, see you, see you every time

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Adapted from: https://www.letras.mus.br/tones-and-

i/dance-monkey

The sentences underlined, in the text, are in the:

Present Perfect, Imperative, and Simple

Present.

Present Perfect, Simple Present, and

Imperative.

Simple Present, Imperative, and Present

Perfect.

Simple Present, Present Perfect, and

Imperative.

cosseno.com 4
 Q9 - UFRGS 2012 A questão está relacionada ao texto Q10 - EEAR 2022 Read the text.
abaixo.
A woman in Australia discovered her headaches were
Facebook is the world’s largest social network, with 800 caused by tapeworm larvae in her brain
million users worldwide as of September 2011.
Alaa Elassar
More than any other company, it has defined what ________
see as the “social’’ era of the Internet, in which connections A 25-year-old woman in Australia discovered she had
made among people (6) replace (1) algorithm-driven tapeworm larvae in her brain after suffering from a
searches (4). And its (5) policies (2), more than any others, headache that lasted for more than a week.
seem to be driving the definition of privacy (11) in this new
age. The aches were caused by tapeworm larvae that had taken
up space in her brain, according to a new study on her case
Every day, Facebook users comment or press the “like” by the The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and
button more than 2 billion times and upload more than 250 Hygiene published on September 21.
million photos. The McKinsey Global Institute has estimated
that the network’s users post 30 billion pieces of content The woman, who never traveled overseas, is the first native
________ month. case of the disease in Australia, the study said. Previous
Australian cases of this infection were from immigrants or
The company, founded in 2004 by a Harvard sophomore returning residents who traveled to regions where the
(12), Mark Zuckerberg, began life catering (13) first to disease is endemic to, such as Africa, Asia, and Latin
Harvard students and then to all high school and college America.
students. It has since evolved into a broadly popular online
destination used by teenagers and adults of all ages. In For the past seven years, the woman complained of
country after country (16), Facebook has cemented itself as headaches that would occur two-or three-times a month
the leader, often displacing other social networks. and went away with prescribed migraine medication.
However, her latest headache lasted for more than a week
It is ________ surprise that Facebook (8) has become one of and came with more severe visual symptoms, including the
the titans of the Internet, challenging even Google with its blurring of her central vision. An MRI of her brain led
(7) vision of a Web tied together by personal relationships doctors to believe that a tumor might be the cause of her
and recommendations, rather than by search algorithms. In pain, but after operating and removing the lesion, they
a major expansion, Facebook has spread itself across other discovered it was actually a cyst full of tapeworm larvae.
Web sites by offering members the chance to “Like” After the removal, she required no further treatment.
something — share it with their network — without leaving
the Web page they are on. Tapeworms typically take up residence in human’s
intestines, an infection known as taeniasis, and some can
At the Facebook developer (17) conference (3) in pass on their own without medication. The parasite is
September, the company announced the release of a commonly transmitted when people consume undercooked
product (9) called Timeline (18), which (10) offers a highly pork - pigs are often intermediary tapeworm hosts - or
(19) visual view of a user’s Facebook profile and organizes come in contact with food, water and soil contaminated
content into photos, events and apps, all based on a with tapeworm eggs.
timeline (14) view that stretches back to the beginning of a
user’s time on Facebook. Timeline is designed to work on The best line of defense against similar infection is cooking
mobile (15) devices, too. meat to safe temperatures, washing your hands with soap
before eating and only eating food you can ensure was ​

(Adaptado de: WYLD, Adrian. Facebook. Disponível em: cooked in sanitary conditions.
http://topics.nytimes.com>. Acesso em: 01 dez. 2011.)
Adapted from https://edition.cnn.com.
Uma expressão composta da mesma forma que algorithm-
driven searches (4) é The words COMPLAINED and DISCOVERED in bold in the
text are:

not verbs

modal verbs
cosseno.com 5
high-tech development.
 regular verbs
toll-free number.
irregular verbs
part-time job.
Q11 - PUC-RJ 2009 The posts below were written in Q12 - PUC-RS 2007 Text 1
response to TEXT
two-seater 1. Read them and answer the
watercraft.
following questions. Global warming
gas-powered engine. On Feb. 2, 2007, the United Nations scientific panel studying
Post A
climate change (01) declared that the evidence of a warming
I am not a morning person at all and personally as a student I trend is “unequivocal”, and that human activity has “very likely”
don’t think just because you’re a morning person you get better been the driving force in that change over the last 50 years.
grades. I always get the best grades in my classes later in the The last report by the group, the Intergovernmental Panel on
day compared to my morning classes. I think people learn Climate Change, in 2001, had found that humanity had “likely”
better depending on the time of day (4) and how awake they (02) played a role.
are. What is wrong with taking a class in the evening and
having the advantage of being more awake? The greenhouse effect has been part of the earth’s workings
since its earliest days. Gases like carbon dioxide and methane
(of NY -Jun 12, 2008 22:14:27 PM) allow sunlight to reach the earth, but prevent some of the
resulting heat from radiating back out into space. Without the
Post B greenhouse effect, the planet would never have warmed
enough to allow life to form. But as ever larger amounts of
I am a night person. I work at night and I have all my classes at carbon dioxide have been released along with the development
night. I find the schedule perfect, as it is what I dreamed about of industrial economies, the atmosphere has grown warmer at
since high school, during all those times I woke up late and did an accelerating rate. Since 1970, temperatures have gone up
not want to go to school. I still believe all my ranting and at nearly three times the average for the 20 th century.
raving about only crazy people getting up at the crack of dawn
(1). Night owls rejoice! Once (2) you get out of high school, you (Global Warming Science - The New York Times, May 6,
realize that learning does not need to happen in the day (5). As 2007)
for the memory retention, I find that as long as I get my nine
hours of sleep during the day, I can be totally focused and “Likely” (02) indicates
remember what I learn in school and at work perfectly fine. I
would like to know about other people though. Permission.

(of NV -Jul 19, 2008 01:11:55 AM) Necessity.

Post C Advisability.
Night person at school, OK, but what happens once you get Probability.
a real job?

If you enjoy staying up late and taking afternoon/evening

Preference.
classes, that is perfectly fine, however, once (3) you get a job
you will probably find it more difficult to convince your
boss/company that you can maintain the same behavior (6).
Depending on your job you will probably have to be at work
between 8 or 9 in the morning. Certainly night shifts and
flexible hours do exist, but most business is conducted between
8 am and 5 pm. It might be wise to consider an ideal job
situation and adjust your morning routine based on what is
required. (Joe S. of IL -Jul 31,2008 07:23:20 AM)

Mark the statement that expresses advice.

“Use the summer to develop good sleep

habits” (Text 1, (9) ).

“The sunlight helps reset your internal

clock” (Text 1, (10) ).
cosseno.com 6
 “I think people learn better depending on
the time of day” (Post A, (4) ).

“Once you get out of high school, you

Q13 - EEAR 2022 Read the text. Q14 - EFOMM 2010 The conditions expressed in the
realize that learning does not need to sentences "If they had known the outcomes, they would
Justhappen in the
the way you are day” (Post B, (5) ). have taken different measures" and "you should know
people better, if you really want to make more friends" are,
“...however,
Bruno Mars once you get a job you will respectively:
probably find it more difficult to convince
Oh, your
her eyes, her eyes
boss/company that you can maintain unlikely / unlikely
the same behavior” (Post C, (6) ).
Make the stars look like they’re not shinin’
impossible / unlikely
Her hair, her hair
likely / unlikely
Falls perfectly without her trying
impossible / likely
She’s so beautiful and I tell her everyday ​

likely / impossible
Yeah, I know, I know

When I compliment her she won’t believe me

And it’s so, it’s so

Sad to think that she don’t see what I see

But every time she asks me, “Do I look okay?”

I say

When I see your face

There’s not a thing that I would change

‘Cause you’re amazing ​

Just the way you are

And when you smile

The whole world stops and stares for a while

‘Cause girl you’re amazing

Just the way you are

Yeah

Adapted from https://www.google.com/search?

q=just+the+way+you+are

The word “amazing” underlined in the text is:

a noun

a verb

an adverb

an adjective cosseno.com 7
 Q15 - PUC-RJ 2007 Combining alcohol and “energy Q16 - EFOMM 2008 The problem _________ discussed by
drinks” reduces the perception’ of impairment the board of directors when it was proposed again by the
supervisors.
The combined use of alcohol and “energy drinks” has become
increasingly popular among youth and young adults in recent Choose the correct answer.
years. Users often report reduced sleepiness and increased
sensations of pleasure. In the April issue of Alcoholism: Clinical had already
& Experimental Research, Brazilian researchers conduct the
first controlled scientific study on the effects of combining is already
alcohol with those drinks. Results show a considerable
disconnect between subjects’ perceptions and objective had already been
measures of their abilities: although combined use reduces the
sensation of tiredness and sleepiness (13), actual capabilities has already
are significantly impaired (1).
has already been
“In Brazil, as in other countries, young people believe that
energy drinks avoid the sleepiness caused by alcoholic
beverages and increase their capacity to dance all night,”
explained Maria Lucia O. Souza-Formigoni, associate professor
in the department of psychobiology at the Federal University of
São Paulo in Brazil and corresponding author for the study. “In
fact, many night clubs offer this mix among their cocktails.”

In a previous study on the use of energy drinks among

Brazilians, Souza-Formigoni said that users reported greater
happiness (38%), euphoria (30%), uninhibited behavior (27%),
and increased physical vigor (24%). It is unclear; however, if
this indicates the ability of energy drinks to reduce the
depressant effects, increase the excitatory effects of alcohol, or
both.

“This study appears to show us that the use of energy drinks

might predispose people to abuse alcohol (6) when its
depressant effects - or at least the perception of such effects -
are masked by them,” said Roseli Boerngen de Lacerda,
associate professor in the department of pharmacology at the
Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil.

Compared to the ingestion of alcohol alone, the combined

ingestion (2) of alcohol and energy drinks significantly (3)
reduced the subjects’ perception of headache, weakness, dry
mouth and impairment of motor coordination. The researched
energy drinks did not, however, significantly reduce deficits
caused by alcohol on objective measures of motor
coordination and visual reaction time.

“There are two key points,” said Souza-Formigoni. “Although

combined ingestion decreases the sensation of tiredness and
sleepiness, objective measures of motor coordination showed
that it cannot reduce the harmful (4) effects of alcohol on
motor coordination. In other words, the person is drunk but
does not feel as drunk as he really is. The second important
point is that many users reported using energy drinks to
reduce a not-so-pleasant taste of alcoholic beverages, which
could dangerously increase the amount (as well as the speed
cosseno.com 8
of ingestion) of alcoholic beverages.”
“The implications (8) of these findings (9),” added Boerngen,
“are that this association of alcohol and energy drinks is
harmful rather than beneficial, as believed by consumers.
Especially because those individuals (10) who combine alcohol
Q17 - UERJ 2006 TEXTO I Q18 - PUC-RS 2014
and energy drinks (11), believing they (7) are less impaired
than reality would indicate, are actually (5) at an increased
The re-enchantment of everyday life
risk for problems (12) such as automobile accidents (14).”
Thomas Moore
“Alcohol affects not only the motor coordination but also the
capacity
Enchantmentof decision
is both(15), because of
the capacity it affects onetoimportant
the world charm usareaand
of the
the brain (16)
inspiration that- comes
the prefrontal
upon us when cortex,” explained
we open Souza-
ourselves to
Formigoni. “Drunk drivers are dangerous not
the magic in everyday experiences. An enchanted world is aliveonly because
theirrich
and reactions are delayed and motor coordination affected,
in personality. The word "as” on the third frame conveys the same
but mainly because their capacity to evaluate the risks to
meaning of
which theyitself
It reveals will tobe us
exposed is also and
in its beauty affected.
poeticPeople needthat
presence to
understandmake
ultimately thatlifethe ‘sensation’
feel worth living. of well-being does not Like.
necessarily mean that they are unaffected by alcohol. Despite
Over the years,
how good they wemayhave
feel taken such shouldn’t
(17), they pride in our scientific
drink and
and drive. Although.
technological
Never.” achievements that we have come to imagine our
entire lives as mechanical (1). We prize our rationality and So.
(Adapted methods, believing that they offer unmatched
quantifying from
http://alcoholism.about.com/od/dui/a/blacer060416.ht
reliability. We have even introduced them into our arts (2) and While.
m) psychological studies and therapies.
our

(Public release
But we pay date:
a price 26-Mar-2006)
for this kind of progress. We have lost much
When.
that quickens the heart and nurtures the imagination. Our arts
In
are“This study appears
marginalized as nevertobefore.
show Education
us that thehasuse of reduced
been energy
drinks
to information gathering and training. Medicine neglects (6),
might predispose people to abuse alcohol... the
“might” can be correctly substituted by:
soul and spirit, and focuses exclusively on the purely physical
dimensions of the person, using only mechanical and chemical
Must.
means of healing. Politics appears obsessed with power and
money instead of genuine needs of communities. All of these
Shall.
aspects of modern life hurt the soul and, therefore, decrease
our humanity.
Had to.
It’s tempting to respond to these serious problems with
Could.
remedies (3) that remain within the paradigm of modern
culture instead of imagining an altogether different way of life.
Ought to.
A philosophy of enchantment turns current values upside
down and asks that we step outside the frontiers of
contemporary wisdom. Instead of rushing into the future, we
might profoundly appreciate the past, and instead of treating
nature as an inert, inanimate substance - a resource for
making the merely physical world, we might grant it its soul
and personality. We become enchanted and inspired when we
open our senses and our imagination to the song and speech
of the world.

To live in an enchanting world we have to assume a receptive

posture rather than an exclusively active one. We can become
skilled at allowing the world in, taking its secrets to heart and
finding power outside of ourselves. This is the chief teaching of
the wise, who have explored the secret potentialities of nature
and human ingenuity in every period of history and in every
culture. When, emptied of the debris of modernism, we enjoy
the role of being a conduit for the powers that lie outside us,
the world floods us with its wisdom and support.

(http://www.spiritualityhealth.com) cosseno.com 9
Over the years, we have taken such pride in our scientific and
technological achievements that we have come to imagine our
entire lives as mechanical. (1)

Q19 -base
Com EFOMM 2015 acima,
no trecho Whichaponte:
sequence completes the Q20 - UFRGS 2011 New Dehli’s Paharganj rail station is
sentences below? humming with sound and crawling with people. The gray
platforms are bathed in white light. The train engines belch
1. a) As funções da expressão such...that e do termo as; smoke and whistle like impatient bulls.
1. I) Susan ______ down and closed her eyes.
If you were to search for me in the crowded maze, where
would you look? (1) You would probably try to find me among
the dozens of street children who are stretched out on the
2. b) As duas construções, em inglês, que indicam período
2. II) smooth concrete floor in various stages of rest and slumber
deThe boss ______ the papers on the table.
tempo.
(2). You might (5) even imagine me as an adolescent vendor,
peddling plastic bottles containing tap water from the station’s
toilet as pure Himalayan mineral water (3). You could (6)
3. III) Don’t ______ in bed all day. Get up and do some visualize me as one of the sweepers in dirty shirts and torn
work. pants shuffling ________ the platform, with a long swishing
broom transferring dirt from the pavement ________ the track.
Or you could look for me among the regiments of red-
uniformed porters (4) bustling about with heavy loads on their
4. IV) The lake ______ beyond this hill. heads.

Well, think again, because I am neither a vendor, nor porter,

nor sweeper (8). Today I am a genuine passenger (9), travelling
laid - laid - lay - lies to Mumbai, in the sleeper (7) class no less, and with a proper
(10) reservation. I am wearing a starched white bush shirt
laid - lay - lay - lies made 100% cotton and Levi’s jeans-yes, Levi’s jeans, bought
from the Tibetan Market. I am walking purposefully ________
lay - laid - lie - lies platform number five to board the Paschim Express for
Mumbai. There is a porter (13) trudging along by my side
carrying a light-brown suitcase on his head. The porter has
laid - lay - lie - lays
been hired by me, and the suitcase on his head belongs to me.
The suitcase does not contain any money. I have heard too
lay - lay - lie - lays
many stories (14) about robbers (15) on trains that drug you
at night and make off with your belongings (12) to take the
chance of keeping the most precious cargo of my life-my salary
(16) from the Taylors-in my suitcase. It is inside my underwear.
I take a quick look ________ the loose notes in my front pocket. I
reckon I will have just enough to take an auto-rickshaw (17)
from Bandra Terminus to Salim’s room in the Ghatkopar slum.
Won’t Salim be surprised to see me arrive in a three-wheeler
(11) instead of on the local train? And when he sees the game I
bought for him, I hope he doesn’t faint from happiness (18).

(Adapted from: SWARUP, Vikas. Slumdog Millionaire.

2005. p. 148-149.)

The modal verbs might (5) and could (6) are being used to
express

possibility.

ability.

necessity.

obligation.
cosseno.com 10
 request.

Q21 - EEAR 2021 The Chronicles of Narnia - The Lion, Q22 - EFOMM 2013 When Martin _______ the car, he took
the Witch and the Wardrobe it out for a drive.

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, completed by the were washing
end of March 1949 and published by Geoffrey Bles in the
United Kingdom on 16 October 1950, tells the story of four had washed
ordinary children: Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy
Pevensie, who ​ evacuated to the English countryside has washed
from London following the outbreak of World War II. They
discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke’s house that washed
leads to the magical land of Narnia. The Pevensie children
help Aslan, a talking lion, save Narnia from the evil White was washing
Witch, who has reigned over the land of Narnia for a
century of perpetual winter with no Christmas. The children
become kings and queens of this new-found land and
establish the Golden Age of Narnia, leaving a legacy to be
rediscovered in later books.

Adapted from
www.en.wipedia.org/wiki/the_lion_the_witch_and_the_ward
robe

Keeping in mind the structure of the Present Perfect Tense,

fill the blank in the text.

has been

have been

have to be

hasn’t been

cosseno.com 11
Q23 - UERJ 2018 Recent human adaptations Q24 - EFOMM 2006 “The paint is wet because he _______
the picture”.
Human populations live in an extraordinary variety of
different habitats: hot and cold, wet and dry; in forests, Choose the correct answer that complete the sentence:
grasslands and tundra. Different human groups feed on a
wide variety of food sources. For many populations, diets is just ending
shifted further with the development of agriculture in the
past 10,000 years. To what extent have these and other just ended
factors led to genetic adaptation?
have just ended
¹Human populations differ in various phenotypes –
observable characteristics that result from interactions has just ending
between genes and the environment –, but ²scientific
studies have shown that phenotypic differences have a has just ended
genetic basis and are adaptive. For example, mammals that
live in cold climates tend to have larger, rounder bodies
and shorter limbs than members of the same or closely
related species in warm climates. ³These patterns do
appear to also hold in humans, implying that population
movements into colder climates were accompanied by
adaptation to larger, stockier body shape, presumably to
improve thermal efficiency. At the other end of the
spectrum is the pygmy phenotype that has evolved in
rainforest populations in Africa, South-East Asia and South
America. Research has suggested that ⁴this phenotype may
be an adaptation to food limitations, high humidity or
dense forest undergrowth.

Another impressive example of adaptation is provided by

human populations living at high altitude, especially in the
Himalayas and the Andes. Compared to related lowland
populations, ⁵these high elevation populations show a
group of physiological adaptations to low oxygen. These
adaptations include markedly increased blood flow and
oxygen delivery to the uterus during pregnancy,
substantially reducing the risk of babies with low
birthweight. ⁶Current evidence suggests that these
differences are not simply the result of recent acclimation,
but are at least partly genetic. If this is the case, then ⁷the
adaptation must have occurred rapidly, because ⁸these
high altitude regions were settled within the last 10,000
years.

⁹Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies

most obviously among human populations. ¹⁰ Dark
pigmentation is strongly associated with tropical climates,
and the spread of prehistoric humans into northern
latitudes was accompanied by a shift to lighter skin color.
We now know of at least half a dozen different genes that
affect skin, hair or eye pigmentation. In particular, the
evolution of light skin color occurred largely in parallel in
western Eurasia and east Asia, but we still know few of the
relevant genes in east Asia. Adaptation to lighter
pigmentation may have been motivated by a need to
increase UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis at cosseno.com
high 12
latitudes or by sexual selection.
 These are only a few cases of genetic adaptation. There are
surely some – perhaps many – other ¹¹factors yet to be
found.

Q25 - UERJ 2014 Leia, agora, um fragmento do mesmo

(sciencedirect.com) Q26 - PUC-RS 2002
romance, If today be sweet, para responder à questão.
Neste fragmento,
Emphasis os leitores
can be signalled by têm acesso
different aos sentimentos
linguistic elements. e Emotional ride to ’Central Station’
pensamentos do filho de Tehmina, Sorab, a respeito da
The underlined
esposa (Susan, element that expresses
uma americana), emphasis
da mãe, is:
da infância em
Bombaim e da vida como imigrante na América do norte. 01 The first time I saw Walter Salles’s brilliant 02 Brazilian
scientific studies have shown that ​

film Central Station (Central do Brasil) was 03 on the same

Sorabphenotypic differences
felt the familiar rush of heat inhave a genetic
the back of his neck that day I had to see Robin Williams’s Patch 04 Adams, which is
basis
he felt each ²time Susan said something critical of Tehmina. He more or less its American 05 counterpart. 06 Both films
heard the frustration in his wife’s voice, but behind his eyes tackle the more treacherous emotional 07 regions of
thereThese patterns
was another, older do appear
image
​
- of histo alsobent
mother holdoverin the movies - always a risky proposition - 08 attempting to
kitchen counter chopping
humans, ³ onions, her face flushed from the connect psychologically with their 09 respective audiences.
steam from the pressure cooker and the sting of the onions. Do Both are about optimism in the 10 face of adversity, with
you this
realizephenotype
that my mother
mayspent
be- an
​
wasted - her entire to
adaptation youth Salles dealing with the 11 reformation of a cynical woman,
cooking and taking care of five other people? he wanted to say while Wiliams strives 12 to regenerate the entire medical
food limitations, ⁴
to Susan. (...) profession. There 13 was an immediate dilemma: Did
Central Station look 14 so good because "Patch Williams"
thethat
It’s just adaptation must
... there are some havesome
things,
​
occurred
thoughts so elusive was so glaringly 15 bad? The second viewing cinched it.
that rapidly,
they wiggle⁷ like fish out of the web of words. Some Central Station 16 is a truly great movie, with or without the
differences were so great that they were beyond language, stark contrast 17 of Patch Adams. Salles provides a
beyond explanation. How envious Susan had been when he textbook example 18 of how to toy with our emotions, how
had first told her that his mother had always had servants. to involve and 19 move us, without necessarily
That the fisherwoman and the newspaper boy and the baker condescending to us 20 or insulting us. 21 The trick is that
and the butcher all made their morning rounds to the house, the young filmmaker does the 22 opposite of what the
delivering their wares. How easy, how luxurious Susan had Williams film does. Had he made 23 Patch Adams, Salles
imagined his mother’s life to be. And yet that’s not how he would have focused on the
remembered her life, at all. What he remembered of his 24 medical profession rather than on Williams’s slaphappy
childhood was a blur of ringing doorbells and raised voices
and his mother’s tired, flushed face and the complaints of 25 character. In Central Station, Salles makes the 26 villain
neighbors and the haggling with the vendors and the the center of his piece and goes a step further,
arguments with the servants and the chain of unexpected 27 giving his villain a very human face.
visitors and demanding relatives who dropped in without
calling first (1). And somehow, like the conductor of a mad Joe Baltake
orchestra, his mother had to manage it all (...). He had never Sacramento Movie Club
asked and his mother had never said, but Sorab knew that
Tehmina would have willingly traded in the servants and the A alternativa que não contém a mesma sequência de
vendors who carne to her door for a dishwasher that didn’t classes gramaticais da expressão "human face" (linha 27) é
complain, a vacuum cleaner that didn’t ask for a raise, a
respective audiences.
supermarket where the prices were fixed, a clothes dryer that
didn’t talk back, a food processor that chopped onions without
advertising proposition.
leaving a trail of tears in its wake.

He looked at Susan, trying so hard to understand him, and he risky business.

felt the gap between them as enormous as the distance
between Bombay and Ohio. How to explain to his wife the rift very condescending.
that opened up in his heart each time there was a conflict
between the two women he loved most in the world? How to heavy training.
describe to her his first few years in America, when he had felt
that rootlessness that only immigrants feel, so that he felt as if
his head was touching the skies of America while his feet were
rooted in Bombay, as if he was straddling two continents. (...)
Sorab wanted to tell Susan about how, for years, he had
longed for his life to be seamless, how he yearned to have all
his loved ones under the same roof. And how, after his mother
cosseno.com 13
and father began to visit him in Ohio, he had finally felt whole,
complete, seamless.

(Thrity Umrigar. If today be sweet. New York:

Q27 - UNIFESPPublishers,
HarperCollins 2013 Work after eight months of
2007.) Q28 - EFOMM 2006 The word since can be used to
pregnancy is as harmful as smoking, study finds appropriately fill in the blank of which sentence below?
Por se tratar de uma narrativa de memórias, o texto faz uso
Conal Urquhart
frequente and agencies
de dois tempos verbais: o pretérito perfeito
“I am studying here _________ 2004.”
(simple past) e o pretérito mais-que-perfeito (past perfect).
July 28, 2012 “She has slept _______ two hours.”
Retire do último parágrafo, em inglês, uma frase que
Working after eight months of pregnancy is as harmful for “They had been staying at the hotel
contém verbos conjugados nesses dois tempos e explique a
babies as smoking, according to a new study. Women who ____________ many days before they
diferença de uso entre eles.
worked after they were eight months pregnant had babies on decided to move to an apartment”
average around 230g lighter than those who stopped work
between six and eight months.
“Bob has worked at that big
The University of Essex research — which drew on data from company___________ he moved to
three major studies, two in the UK and one in the US — found Washington.”
the effect of continuing to work during the late stages of
pregnancy was equal to that of smoking while pregnant. “Carol lives in Boston ________ she was
Babies whose mothers worked or smoked throughout born”
pregnancy grew more slowly in the womb.

Past research has shown babies with low birth weights are at
higher risk of poor health and slow development, and may
suffer from a variety of problems later in life. Stopping work
early in pregnancy was particularly beneficial for women with
lower levels of education, the study found — suggesting that
the effect of working during pregnancy was possibly more
marked for those doing physically demanding work. The birth
weight of babies born to mothers under the age of 24 was not
affected by them continuing to work, but in older mothers the
effect was more significant.

The researchers identified 1,339 children whose mothers were

part of the British Household Panel Survey, which was
conducted between 1991 and 2005, and for whom data was
available. A further sample of 17,483 women who gave birth in
2000 or 2001 and who took part in the Millennium Cohort
Study was also examined and showed similar results, along
with 12,166 from the National Survey of Family Growth,
relating to births in the US between the early 1970s and 1995.

One of the authors of the study, Prof. Marco Francesconi, said

the government should consider incentives

42._______________ employers to offer more flexible maternity

leave to women who might need a break before,

43._______________ after, their babies were born. He said: "We

know low birth weight is a predictor of many things that
happen later, including lower chances of completing school
successfully, lower wages and higher mortality. We need to
think seriously about parental leave, because — as this study
suggests — the possible benefits of taking leave flexibly before
the birth 44._______________ quite high."

The study also suggests British women may be working for

45._______________ now during pregnancy. While 16% cosseno.com
of 14
mothers questioned by the British Household Panel Study,
which went as far back as 1991, worked up to one month
before the birth, the figure was 30% in the Millennium Cohort
Study, whose subjects were born in 2000 and 2001.

Q29 - EPCAR 2014 Text I

(www.guardian.co.uk) Q30 - CN 2021 Coronavirus: Venice Carnival closes as
Italy imposes lockdown
What
In the is offshore
excerpt fromEnglish
the third paragraph — may suffer from a
variety of problems later in life —, the word may carries the 23 February 2020
Offshore English is a term used by many people for
idea of
international English (I). It is the English spoken and written by Italian officials have cut short the Venice Carnival as they
habit.speakers in international communication (II) (03).
non-native try to control what is now the worst outbreak of the
Many in business are starting to worry that native speakers are coronavirus in Europe.
obligation.
actually at a disadvantage in international communication. A
good example of this situation was when a company tried to Authorities in the Veneto region said the event would end
inevitability.
sell flight simulators to South Korea, where a French company later on Sunday, two days earlier than scheduled. Italy has
won the contract because the buyers found it easier (02) to by far the highest number of coronavirus cases in Europe,
with 152. Three people have died. Italy has imposed strict
request.
understand the English that the French people spoke than the
English spoken by the British company. quarantine restrictions in two northern "hotspot" regions
close to Milan and Venice.
possibility.
Many native English speakers feel little necessity to learn
foreign languages, so they often don’t understand the About 50,000 people cannot enter or leave several towns in
difficulties and problems learners have. They also don’t see (1) Veneto and Lombardy for the next two weeks without
the need to modify their language for a foreign audience, so special permisson. Even outside the zone, many businesses
they use (2) idioms, synonyms, colloquialisms, phrasal verbs, and schools have suspended activities, and sporting events
etc, and don’t think (3) of the impact this has (4) on a foreign have been cancelled. The BBC’s Mark Lowen described the
businessperson. situation just outside the zone. In neighbouring Austria, a
train from Venice was stopped at the Austrian border after
The English studied by non-native speakers tends to use a it emerged that two passengers had fever symptoms.
more simple vocabulary, and considering the similarities in Austria’s Interior Minister Karl Nehammer later confirmed
courses in many parts of the world, emphasized by a small to the BBC that the pair tested negative for coronavirus.
number of course books (Headway Series) (01) and the
domination of a few examinations, for example TOEFL, etc. "All authorities have acted quickly and with great caution in
This means that non-native speakers from different countries this case," said Mr Nehammer in a statement. "The
and cultures sometimes understand each other more easily reporting chain worked without delay." Elsewhere,
than the native speaker. Few native speakers outside the world authorities in South Korea and Iran are battling to control
of ESL (English as a Second language) teaching have much idea rising numbers of infections. South Korea has raised its
of what non-native learners assimilate, and think that as their coronavirus alert to the "highest level".
English is native speaker level, they speak it better than their
non-native counterparts. Because of this, companies are The new strin of coronavirus, which originated last year in
offering courses in Offshore English to native speakers to train hubei province in China, causes a respiratory disease called
them to speak the type of English that will make it easier for Covid-19. China has seen more than 76,000 infections and
non- native speakers to understand. So they will gain more 2,442 deaths.
contracts.
Whats is happening in Italy?
(Adapted from
Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte announced on Saturday
http://www.usingenglish.com/articles/what-offshore-
that "extraordinary measures" would come into force to try
english.html Acessado em 14/03/2013)
to stem the rising number of coronavirus cases.
Glossary:
He said the quarantine restrictions could last for weeks.
Foreign: estrangeiro Police, and if necessary the armed forces, will have the
authority to ensure the regulations are enforced.
Businessperson: homem/ mulher de negócios
Angelo Borelli, the head of Italy’s Civil Protection
Counterpart: seu semelhante Department, told reporters that 110 of the confirmed cases
were in Lombardy, with 21 in Veneto with others in Emillia-
To win: ganhar, vencer Romagna and Lazio. Officials reported a third death on
Sunday, an elderly woman from the town of Crema
Disadvantage: desvantagem suffering from cancer. Italian officials say they are still
cosseno.com
trying to trace the source of the outbreak. 15
Outside: do lado de fora
Level: nível Universities in Milan have been closed and the city’s mayor,
Giuseppe Sala, said schools would also close their doors
Consider the underlined verbs (1 to 4) in the text. Mark the while the outbreak continued. "As a precauton I think that
alternative in which they are changed into the Simple Past the schools have to be closed in Milan. I will propose, to the
Q31 - UNB
Tense. They 2012
are, respectively, Q32 - EPCAR 2015 Dancing effects on the human body
president of the region to enlarge the precaution to the
entire metropolitan city area. It is just a precaution, we
Did not see / use / did not thought / had. These days, people love to watch other people dance.
don’t want to create panic," he said.
Text Competitive dance shows, like “So you think you can dance”
Not saw / did use / not thought / did had. and “Dancing with the stars”, are dominating the world of
Meanwhile Giorgio Armani’s fashion show, scheduled to be
reality television. So, if you get off the sofa and dance, you can
held ____________ (I) Milan ____________ (II) Sunday, went
The Did notofsaw
Festival / used
Lights / did
(Divali) think /and
in Trinidad have.
Tobago keep your body and mind healthy. (01) Studies show that
ahead but without any media or buyers present. The show
dancing can improve your heart health (02), helps you lose
was livestreamed ____________ (III) its website, Instagram and
Didn’t see / used / didn’t think / had. weight and stay flexible, reduces stress and can also help you
Facebook pages.
Trinidad and Tobago Hindu festivals, customs and get old in a pleasant way.
traditions form an integral part of society and “Divali” is no (Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-
exception. A large percentage of the population consists of Dancing,
51602007)as an aerobic exercise, can reduce the risk of heart
ethnic Indians and many are Hindus. The celebration of problems and high blood pressure. You can learn ballroom
“Divali” in Trinidad and Tobago is a national holiday with a dancing,
Mark theparticipate in a dance-fitness
sentence from the text thatclass or dance
contains with ofa
the use
significant amount of functions to celebrate the occasion. video in your house.
Present Continuous. There are many ways to enjoy dancing
Recently the celebration has not only been extended to the and get a good aerobic exercise at the same time.
homes and communities but organizations have also "Three people have died."
Dance training helps you to lose weight. The number of
embraced this festival with special events held to
commemorate it. This is evident in banks, schools and "The
calories reporting
burned per hourchain worked
depends delay."
on the type of dance and
the weight of the dancer. Observe the chart below.
other organizations where members of staff organize
“Divali” cultural programmes, dress in Indian ethnic wear "He said the quarantine restrictions could
and distribute sweets to their staff and customers. last for weeks."

"Officials reported a third death on

One of the highpoints of the celebrations is held at the Sunday, an elderly woman from the town
Divali Nagar site which is the official headquarters of the of Crema suffering from cancer."
National Council of Indian Culture. At the Nagar there is a
Another good effect is that dancing works on the part of the
week of cultural, religious, educational and commercial "Italian officials say they are still trying to
brain that Controls memory - hippocampus. So, what are you
activities which attract a wide cross section of the trace
waiting for? the source of the outbreak."
Let’s dance!
population including members of government, diplomatic
agencies and parliamentarians. (Adapted from www.everydayhealth.com and
www.livestrong.com)

Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago are also involved in In the sentence “Studies show that dancing can improve
cleaning and redecorating their homes for this auspicious your heart health [...]” (01)(02) the verb can expresses
occasion. They also maintain a period of abstinence or
fasting. The day of “Divali” is marked with a host of activities ability.
in the homes where various dishes and sweets are
prepared and “Pooja” is performed. Family members possibility.
participate in evening worship at 6 o’clock to Mother
Lakshmi, the Goddess of prosperity and wealth. They then permission.
light their homes with several dozens of “deyas” and
distribute delicacies to their families, friends and the capacity.
community. This sacred festival is known to bring about
positive feelings to the community such as a sense of unity,
cleanliness, harmony and festivity.
Internet: www2.nalis.gov.tt (adapted).

Based on the text, judge the item below.

In the last sentence of the text, “bring about” conveyscosseno.com

the 16
opposite idea of inhibit.
 CERTO

Q33ERRADO
- EFOMM 2008 “The (32)_______ convention regulating Q34 - UFRGS 2013 Advice Gratis to Certain Women –
and preventing marine pollution (33)__________ ship is the IMO By a Woman
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating (34) O, my strong-minded sisters, aspiring to vote, And to row with
_________ (MARPOL 73/78.) it (35) _______ accidental and your brothers, all in the same boat, When you come out to
operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals, speak to the public your mind,
goods in packaged form, sewage, garbage and air pollution”. Leave your tricks, and your airs, and your graces behind!

Choose the correct answer that fills the blank space (33). For instance, when you by the world would be seen As
reporter, or editor (first-class, I mean), I think – just to come to
to the point in one line –
What you write will be finer, if ’tis not too fine.
by
Pray, don’t let the thread of your subject be strung With
in "golden", and "shimmer", "sweet", "filter" and "flung"; Nor
compel, by your style, all your readers to guess
on You’ve ________ looking up words Webster marks obs.

at And another thing: whatever else you may say, Do keep

personalities out of the way; Don’t try every sentence to make
people see
What a dear, charming creature the writer must be!

Don’t mistake me; I mean that the public’s not home, You
must do as the Romans do, when you’re in Rome; I would have
you be womanly, while you are wise;
’Tis the weak and the womanish tricks I despise.

’Tis a good thing to write, and to rule in the state, But to be a

true, womanly woman is great: And if ever you come to be
that, ’twill be when
You can cease to be babies, nor try to be men!

(Adaptado de: CAREY, Phoebe. Advice Gratis to Certain

Women. In: RATTINER, Susan (ed.). Great Poems by
American Women: An Anthology. Mineola: Dover Thrift,
1998. p. 72.)

Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a lacuna.

be

been

being

to be

are

cosseno.com 17
Q35 - PUC-RS 2005 TEXT 1 Q36 - UFSCar 2006 According to When Teens Have Sex, a
report released by the Annie E. Casey Foundation, roughly 40
Memory percent of American girls in their teen years become pregnant
before age 20. Moreover, the one million pregnancies that
“Cogito ergo sum”- “I think therefore I am.” This phrase, written occur each year among women ages 15 to 19 result in 500,000
by the great French philosopher René Descartes in 1637, still teen births - a serious economic and social challenge for the
stands (02) as perhaps the most widely quoted United States.
pronouncement (01) in all of Western philosophy. One of the
great biological lessons of the twentieth century, and a lesson ‘This country has the highest teen birth rate among developed
that serves as the starting point of this book, is that the nations,’ said the Foundation Coordinator William O’Hare. ‘The
statement is wrong and that it is wrong for two reasons. First, next closest, the United Kingdom, has a teen birth rate that is
Descartes used (03) this phrase to emphasize the separation only about half that of America. The problem of teen births is
he believed to exist between the mind and the body. He evident in every State. In fact, every U.S. State has a birth rate
considered mental activity to be completely independent of the that is higher than that of the United Kingdom.’
activity of the body. However, biologists now have every reason
to believe that all the activities of the mind arise from a The report notes that despite recent downward trends, the teen
specialized part of our body: our brain. Accordingly (04), it birth rate in 1996 is still higher than it was a decade earlier,
would be more correct to rephrase Descartes’ statement by and that demographic trends suggest that the number of
reversing it to read “I am, therefore I think”- much as the births to teens is likely to increase by as much as 14 percent by
neurologist Antonio Damasio suggests in his charming book, the year 2005.
Descartes’ Error. In modern terms, we would say “I have a
brain, therefore I think.” ‘As the children of the “little baby boom” swell the ranks of
American teenagers over the next few years, the absolute
There is, however, a second and larger sense in which number of babies born to teenagers is likely to increase even if
Descartes’ original statement is wrong. We are not who we are the birth rate remains constant’, said O’Hare. And this implies
simply because we think. We are who we are because we can more government attention to this section of the American
remember what we have thought about. Every thought we population in social terms.
have, every word we speak, every action we engage in, we owe
to our memory, to the ability of our brains to record and store The report states that more than 75 percent of all unmarried
our experiences. Memory is the glue that binds our mental life, teen mothers went on welfare within five years of the birth of
the scaffolding that holds our personal history and that makes their first child before getting back to some kind of job. In
it possible to grow and change throughout (05) life. addition, the report notes that in 1996, the poverty rate for
children born to teens was 42 percent, twice the overall rate
(Memory from Mind to Molecules, Larry R. Squire & Eric R. for children.
Kandel (1999).)
‘We cannot afford to take the issue of teen pregnancy lightly.
The word "used” does not contain the same meaning as in Children born to teenage parents are more likely to be of low
the text (03) in birth rate, to suffer with inadequate health care, to leave high
school without graduating and more likely to be poor, thus
I used my father’s car. perpetuating a cycle of unrealized potential’, added Annie E.
Casey, the Foundation Program Director.
Rio used to be the capital of Brazil.
(The Annie E. Casey Foundation Bulletin, 2005,
Most of the paint was used on the kitchen Adaptado.)
wall.
Nas duas ocorrências do último parágrafo do texto, a
The words were used to describe the palavra likely pode ser substituída por
author’s feelings. Lately.
They used the recession to get rid of Ultimate.
workers.
Probable.

Certainly.
cosseno.com 18
 Appropriate.

Q37 - CN 2021 TEXT I Q38 - EEAR 2022 Choose the correct alternative to
complete the sentence.
The South Korean movie "Parasite" _____________ (WIN) the
Oscar for best picture on Sunday, which means that it was “There’s _____ I can do. Please, take an aspirin!”
the first non-English language movie to win the top prize.
no
It also was the first movie from South Korea to get a
nomination at the Oscars. Before the Oscars, "Parasite" nothing
also won awards at the Cannes Film Festival, the Screen
Actors Guild, and the Britsh Academy of Filme and nobody
Television Arts.
somebody
Director Bong Joon-ho said that the movie is "a
continuation of all the Korean films that came before. It’s an
extension of our history." The movie is about class struggles
between the rich and poor.

(Adapted from https://www.newsinlevels.com/. 14 feb.

2020.)

Marque a opção que preenche a lacuna do texto com a

forma correta do verbo entre colchetes.

wins.

has won.

was winning.

is winning.

won.

cosseno.com 19
Q39 - PUC-RS 2005 Text 2 Q40 - UNIFESP 2021 Remember the good old days, when
you could have a heated-yet-enjoyable debate with your
Enjoy your images! friends about things that didn’t matter that much — times
when you could be a true fan of the Manchester United soccer
Once (01) you have downloaded your images into a computer, team when you didn’t come from the city of Manchester?
your photographic creativity is limited only by your
imagination. You can retouch and enhance any saved images How things have changed.
(02). Merge them with other graphic elements, to design new
images or panoramic scenes. Create greeting cards, calendars, Now disagreements feel deadly serious. Like when your
postcards, newsletters and slide presentations in brilliant colleague pronounces that wearing a face mask in public is a
colors. The possibilities are endless! threat to his liberty. Or when you see that one of your friends
has just tweeted that, actually, all lives matter. Before you
In addition to the functions in version 4.2, CAMEDIA Master know it, you’re feeling angry and forming harsh new judgments
Pro features (03) extra functions such as movie editing, contact about your colleagues and friends. Let’s take a collective pause
sheet printing, e-mail, HTML album, free image stitching and and breathe: there are some ways we can all try to have more
slide show. civil disagreements in this febrile age of culture wars.

(Source: Olympus software Guide, 2003) 1. ‘Coupling’ and ‘decoupling’

The expression "features” (03) belongs to the same The first is to consider how inclined people are to ‘couple’ or
grammar class as in ‘decouple’ topics involving wider political and social factors.
Swedish data analyst John Nerst has used the terms to
Her large blue eyes and her small mouth describe the contrasting ways in which people approach
are her best features. contentious issues. Those of us more inclined to ‘couple’ see
them as inextricably related to a broader matrix of factors,
This month’s magazine features the new whereas those more predisposed to ‘decouple’ prefer to
James Bond on the cover. consider an issue in isolation. To take a crude example, a
decoupler might consider in isolation the question of whether
We were attracted by the natural features a vaccine provides a degree of immunity to a virus; a coupler,
of the landscape. by contrast, would immediately see the issue as inextricably
entangled in a mesh of factors, such as pharmaceutical
Movie sessions present more than just industry power and parental choice.
the main features.
2. ______________
The latest model has a lot of new safety
features. Most of us are deeply committed to our beliefs, especially
concerning moral and social issues, such that when we’re
presented with facts that contradict our beliefs, we often
choose to dismiss those facts, rather than update our beliefs.

A study at Arizona State University, U.S., analysed more than

100,000 comments on a forum where users post their views on
an issue and invite others to persuade them to change their
mind. The researchers found that regardless of the kind of
topic, people were more likely to change their mind when
confronted with more evidence-based arguments. “Our work
may suggest that while attitude change is hard-won, providing
facts, statistics and citations for one’s arguments can convince
people to change their minds,” they concluded.

3. Just be nicer?

Finally, it’s easier said than done, but let’s all try to be more
respectful of and attentive to each other’s positions. We should
do this not just for virtuous reasons, but because the more we
cosseno.com
create that kind of a climate, the more open-minded and 20
 intellectually flexible we will all be inclined to be. And then
hopefully, collectively, we can start having more constructive
disagreements — even in our present very difficult times.

Q41 - PUC-RJ 2008 TEXT 2 Q42 - PUC-RJ

(Christian 2007
Jarrett. www.bbc.com, 14.10.2020. Adaptado.)

THE CLASH OF EMOTIONS - Fear, Humiliation, Hope and the Poor Nations
No trecho do to Bear parágrafo
último Brunt as World Warms
“we will all be inclined to
​

New World Order be”, o termo sublinhado indica uma

(Andrew C. Revkin)
Dominique Moisi decisão.
The world’s richest countries, which have contributed by far the
Thirteen years ago, Samuel Huntington argued that a “clash of mostnecessidade.
to the atmospheric changes linked to global warming, are
civilizations" was about to dominate world politics, with already spending billions of dollars to limit their (1) own risks
culture, along with national interests and political ideology, fromcerteza.
its (2) worst consequences, like drought and rising seas.
becoming a geopolitical fault line. Events since then have
proved Huntington’s Vision more right than wrong. Yet what But despite longstanding treaty commitments to help poor
possibilidade.
countries deal with warming, these industrial powers are
has not been recognized sufficiently is that today the world
faces (7) what might be called a “clash of emotions" as well (2). spending just tens of millions of dollars on ways to limit
sugestão.
climate and coastal hazards in the world’s most vulnerable
The Western world displays a culture of fear, the Arab and
Muslim worlds are trapped in a culture of humiliation, and regions — most of them close to the equator and
much of Asia displays a culture of hope. Instead of being overwhelmingly poor.
united by their fears, the twin pillars of the West, the United
States and Europe, are more often divided by them (8) - or Two-thirds of the atmospheric buildup of carbon dioxide, a
rather, divided by how best to confront or transcend them. The heat-trapping greenhouse gas that can persist in the air for
culture of humiliation, in contrast, helps unite (9) the Muslim centuries, has come in nearly equal proportions from the
world around its most radical forces and has led to a culture United States and Western European countries. Those and
of hatred. The chief beneficiaries of the deadly encounter other wealthy (10) nations are investing in windmill-powered
between the forces of fear and the forces of humiliation are plants that turn seawater to drinking water, in flood barriers
the bystanders in the culture of hope, who have been able to and floatable homes, and in grains and soybeans genetically
concentrate on creating a better future for themselves. altered to flourish even in a drought.

These moods, of course, are not universal within each region, In contrast, Africa accounts for less than 3 percent of the
and there are some areas, such as Russia and parts of Latin global emissions of carbon dioxide from fuel burning since
America, that seem to display all of them simultaneously (3). 1900, yet its (3) 840 million people face some of the biggest
But their dynamics and interactions will help shape the world risks from drought and disrupted water supplies, according to
for years to come. new scientific assessments. As the oceans swell with water
from melting ice sheets, it is the crowded river deltas in
[...] southern Asia and Egypt, along with small island nations, that
are most at risk.
In confronting this clash of emotions, the first priority for the
West should be to recognize the nature of the threat (4) that Those in harm’s way are beginning to speak out. "We have a
the Muslim world’s culture of humiliation poses to Europe and message here to tell these countries, that you are causing
the United States. Denying the threat’s existence or responding aggression to us by causing global warming," President Yoweri
to it in the wrong way are equally dangerous choices. Neither Museveni of Uganda said at the African Union summit in Addis
appeasement nor military Solutions alone will suffice. The war Ababa, Ethiopia, in February. "Alaska will probably become
that is unfolding is one that the culture of humiliation cannot good for agriculture, Siberia will probably become good for
win, but it is a war nonetheless (10) and one that the West can agriculture, but where does that leave Africa?" While rich
lose (5) by continuing to be divided or by betraying its liberal countries are hardly immune from drought and flooding, their
values and its respect for law and the individual. The challenge wealth will largely insulate them from harm, at least for the
is figuring out how to instill a sufficient sense of hope and next generation or two, many experts say (9).
progress in Muslim societies so that despair and anger do not
send the masses into the radicals’ arms. "The inequity (8) of this whole situation is really enormous if
you look at who’s responsible and who’s suffering as a result,"
In that regard, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict appears more said Rajendra K. Pachauri, chairman of the United Nations
than ever as a microcosm of and possibly a precedent for what climate panel. In its (4) most recent report, in February, the
the world is becoming (1). Israel is the West, surrounded by the panel said that decades of warming and rising seas were
culture of humiliation and dreaming of escape from a inevitable with the existing greenhouse-gas buildup, no matter
dangerous region and of reentry into a culture of hope. But it what was done about cutting future greenhouse gas emissions.
must find a solution to the Palestinian problem first (6), or else
cosseno.com 21
the escape will not be possible. So, too, Europe and the United
States seek to permanently banish (11) their fears but will be Mr. Miller, of the Hoover Institution, said the world should
able to do so only by finding a way to help the Muslim world focus less on trying to rapidly cut greenhouse gases and more
solve its problems. on helping regions at risk become more resilient (6). Many
other experts insist this is not an either-or situation (7). They
Q43 - Foreign
(from UNB 2016Affairs, January/February 2007.) Q44 - EFOMM 2012 Choose the alternative in which the
(5) say that cutting the vulnerability of poor regions needs
preposition is used correctly:
much more attention, but add that unless emissions are
Mark the only alternative that contains a correct curbed, therebooked
will be centuries of warming
The following text
correspondence is a the
between fragment of an
boldfaced verbadaptation of
form and its
We’re on flight 607. and rising seas that
will threaten ecosystems, water supplies, and resources from
Shakespeare’s
meaning. famous play Romeo and Juliet, first
the poles
When to the
didequator, harmingto
you arrive rich and poor.
New Zealand?
published in 1597. In the play, Romeo and Juliet are
“...today
members theenemy
of two worldfamilies,
faces the
what mightand
Montague bethe
There are some hints that wealthier countries are beginning to
called a “clash of emotions” as well.” (2) -
Capulet. The scene reproduced below is called “the balcony He wrote the book in a month’s time.
shift their focus toward fostering adaptation to warming
obligation
scene”. outside their own borders. Relief organizations including
That’s mine. I saw it at first.
Oxfam and the International Red Cross, foreseeing a world of
“there are some areas... that seem to worsening climate-driven disasters, are turning some of their
display
[1] Juliet: Oh,all of them
Romeo, simultaneously.”
Romeo, (3) -
why must you be Romeo? She is arriving in the 3:30 train.
attention toward projects like expanding mangrove forests as a
Denynecessity buffer (12) against storm surges, planting trees on slopes to
prevent landslides, or building shelters on high ground.
“the first priority for the West should be
yourto recognize
father theyour
and give up nature
name. of
Or,the
if youthreat …”
won’t change Some officials from the United States, Britain and Japan say
(4) - advice foreign-aid spending can be directed at easing the risks from
climate change. The United States, for example, has promoted
your“...it
name, is just
a war nonetheless
swear and
your love to me andone that
I’ll give the
up being its three-year-old Millennium Challenge Corporation as a
a West can lose …” (5) - permission source of financing for projects in poor countries that will
foster resilience. It has just begun to consider environmental
“But it must find a solution to the benefits of projects, officials say.
[4] Capulet.
Palestinian problem first,”
(6) - ability
Industrialized countries bound by the Kyoto Protocol, the
climate pact rejected by the Bush administration, project that
Romeo: (to himself) Should I listen longer, or respond now hundreds of millions of dollars will soon flow via that treaty
to into a climate adaptation fund.

But for now, the actual spending in adaptation projects in the

these words? world’s most vulnerable spots, totaling around $40 million a
year, "borders on the derisory (13)," said Kevin Watkins, the
director of the United Nations Human Development Report
[7] Juliet: Only your name is my enemy. You’d be yourself Office, which tracks factors affecting the quality of life around
even the world.

Michael H. Glantz, an expert on climate hazards at the

if you ceased to be a Montague. What’s a Montague, after National Center for Atmospheric Research who has spent two
all? decades pressing for more work on adaptation to warming,
has called for wealthy countries to help establish a center for
climate and water monitoring in Africa, run by Africans. But for
It’s not a hand, foot, arm, face, or any other body part. Oh, now, he says he is doubtful that much will be done. "The third
world has been on its own," he said, "and I think it pretty much
will remain on its own."
[10] change your name! What’s the significance of a name?
The (Adapted from: http://www.nytimes.com Published:
April 1, 2007)

Mark the ONLY correct alternative.

thing we call a rose would smell as sweet even if we called
it In (10) , the word "wealthy" is an adverb

The word "drinking", in (11) , is a verb

by some other name. So even if Romeo had some other
name, "Hope" is a good synonym for "brunt", in
cosseno.comthe title of the article 22
[13] he would still be perfect. Romeo, take off your name — The phrase "as a buffer" (12) could be
which easily replaced with "as a shield"

Q45 - has
EFOMM 2013 There was you
no are
one —else
The word "derisory" (13) is the opposite
really no connection to who andattake
theallbox
of Q46 - UNESP 2014
of "absurd"
office. I _____ in a queue.
me
needn’t wait
instead.
mustn’t wait

needn’t have waited

Internet: (adapted).

didn’t need to wait

Based on the text, judge the following item.
must wait

The verbs “must” (l.1) and “Should” (l.5) can be used

interchangeably without this changing the meaning of the
text.
(www.huffingtonpost.com)

No trecho do primeiro quadrinho - This should be the last

load -, a palavra should indica uma ideia de
Certa
Dúvida.
Errada
Solicitação.

Obrigação.

Recomendação.

Expectativa.

cosseno.com 23
 Q47 - EFOMM 2009 Adventure journalist Peter Heller took a Q48 - UFRGS 2011 New Dehli’s Paharganj rail station is
voyage he never expected: crusader to protect ocean life. He humming with sound and crawling with people. The gray
accepted the invitation to crew on board Sea Shepherd’s ship platforms are bathed in white light. The train engines belch
Farley Mowat for the 2005-2006 Antarctic campaign. He smoke and whistle like impatient bulls.
chronicled this two-month journey in his book “The Whale
Warriors: The Battle at the Bottom of the World to Save the If you were to search for me in the crowded maze, where
Planet’s Largest Mammals”. would you look? (1) You would probably try to find me among
the dozens of street children who are stretched out on the
"I’ve always been drawn to the ocean (02) but the experience smooth concrete floor in various stages of rest and slumber
kindled a fire in me to protect marine mammals," Heller said in (2). You might (5) even imagine me as an adolescent vendor,
an interview. “The ocean is so much a part of the web of life. If peddling plastic bottles containing tap water from the station’s
the ocean dies, we die too." toilet as pure Himalayan mineral water (3). You could (6)
visualize me as one of the sweepers in dirty shirts and torn
In the November 2006 issue of Science, Heller said, a report by pants shuffling ________ the platform, with a long swishing
an international team of scientists studying data over 58 years broom transferring dirt from the pavement ________ the track.
declared that if current trends of fishing and pollution Or you could look for me among the regiments of red-
continue, every fishery across the planet will be totally uniformed porters (4) bustling about with heavy loads on their
destroyed by 2048. The oceans as an ecosystem would heads.
completely collapse.
Well, think again, because I am neither a vendor, nor porter,
"Jacques Cousteau said 30 years ago that the oceans were nor sweeper (8). Today I am a genuine passenger (9), travelling
dying in our lifetime," Heller noted. "Half the coral reef is dead to Mumbai, in the sleeper (7) class no less, and with a proper
or dying. People don’t pay attention because they’re under the (10) reservation. I am wearing a starched white bush shirt
surface." “Marine algae create the majority of oxygen in our made 100% cotton and Levi’s jeans-yes, Levi’s jeans, bought
atmosphere. If the oceans die, it could cause great destruction from the Tibetan Market. I am walking purposefully ________
(01). It’s in our own self-interest to take action right now," platform number five to board the Paschim Express for
Heller said. Mumbai. There is a porter (13) trudging along by my side
carrying a light-brown suitcase on his head. The porter has
(Adapted from www.malibu.com, October 10, 2007.) been hired by me, and the suitcase on his head belongs to me.
The suitcase does not contain any money. I have heard too
In "I’ve always been drawn to the ocean”, the present perfect
many stories (14) about robbers (15) on trains that drug you
tense was used to express
at night and make off with your belongings (12) to take the
An action that started in the past and still chance of keeping the most precious cargo of my life-my salary
reflects in the present. (16) from the Taylors-in my suitcase. It is inside my underwear.
I take a quick look ________ the loose notes in my front pocket. I
Something that is likely to happen in the reckon I will have just enough to take an auto-rickshaw (17)
future. from Bandra Terminus to Salim’s room in the Ghatkopar slum.
Won’t Salim be surprised to see me arrive in a three-wheeler
An event that occurred in a period of time (11) instead of on the local train? And when he sees the game I
now terminated. bought for him, I hope he doesn’t faint from happiness (18).

(Adapted from: SWARUP, Vikas. Slumdog Millionaire.

An action that is being performed at the 2005. p. 148-149.)
moment of speaking.
Select the alternative which correctly completes the blanks.
A planned future action, particularly
referred to a journey. to - along - out - toward

to - along - out - down

across - onto - toward - at

to - along - toward - with

cosseno.comacross - onto - through - off 24

 Q49 - PUC-RJ 2014 Brazil as a bridge between old and Q50 - UNB 2013
new powers?

One of the lines routinely taken by Brazilian officials engaged

in international affairs is that their country is uniquely
positioned to bridge chasms and build consensus in
international affairs. Prosaic reasons for this abound ((1)).
Culturally the country is diverse, claiming to have more people
of Japanese descent than any country other than Japan, and
more citizens of African ancestry than any country but Nigeria.
Socio-economic realities in Brazil also capture the economic
chasm of the North-South divide: the country exports
advanced passenger aircraft and high fashion design while
simultaneously grappling with tens of millions struggling
to survive in poverty ((9)). Historical tradition and the
exigencies of political and legal processes psychologically
predispose Brazil to discussion and conciliation in search of an
avenue ((19)) to any particular desired outcome. This
translates on a formal level into a highly juridical culture
with strong contending regional and political factions
((18)) that have to spend enormous amounts of time
negotiating lest paralysis take hold ((2)). Brazilian diplomats
have this in mind when they quip that they arrive at Internet:.
international discussions with the consensus position already
outlined because the competing interests found in global
talks have been reconciled during the formulation of their Based on the cartoon above, judge item.
own national position ((13)).

Such a benign, conciliatory, consensus-creating persona for

Brazilian diplomacy is only amplified ((4)) by the country’s
The man’s decision to take up woodworking happened at
economic and military insertion into South America and the
an indefinite time in the past.
global system. Brazil lacks a history of conquest or imperial
domination ((3)). The country manifestly does not present a
security threat to its neighbours, possessing little more armed CERTO
might than the scant minimum necessary to vouchsafe ((5))
its own basic territorial integrity. It would thus seem that
ERRADO
Brazil is ideally positioned to be the prototypical bridge-
builder ((14)), working diligently to ensure ((6)) stability
and predictability in the face of rising tensions between
major powers as well as the North and the global South
((15)). This article contends ((7)) that while such an
understanding has some merit, a simple view of Brazil as
honest broker in global affairs overlooks the self-interested
streak that lies at the core of Brazilian foreign policy and
drives its attitudes to the development of international regimes
and the conduct of global governance. In the theoretical terms
set out in the introduction to this special issue of International
Affairs, Brazil casts (8) itself as something of an integrative,
value-creating negotiator ((30)) in the international arena.
But when examined on a deeper level, the country bears
more resemblance to a distributive, value- claiming actor
((12)). The ability of Brazilian diplomats to carry off this
double identity rests in the country’s carefully constructed
position as the intermediate or bridging ground between
the South and the North ((10)). cosseno.com 25
 In this context the role of bridge-builder offers Brazil three
advantages that have only coincidental alignment with what
existing powers would label good international citizenship: (a)
controlling the flow of political and ideational interaction back
Q51 - EFOMM 2006 Choose the best option to the Q52 - EEAR 2022 Ancient mummies unearthed in
and forth between the North and South; (b) exacting a ‘toll’ for
sentence: Egypt after more than 2,600 years
traffic in each direction; (c) being indispensable to the
international system because it is seen as the link between old
“Money you are paid for your work is money you ________”. Charlene Gubash and Adela Suliman
and emerging powers.
earn More than 2,600 years since they were buried, archaeologists
To be completely clear, Brazil is simply doing too well in Egypt said Saturday they had found at least 59 ancient
economically
win and is too secure politically within the existing coffins in a vast necropolis south of the country’s capital Cairo,
system to want any real change to the structure of the
one containing the pristine mummy of an ancient priest.
international
gain system. The challenge that confronts Brazilian
foreign policy architects is thus how to improve their country’s The ornate sarcophagi have remained unopened since they
relative position within the international arena without
profit were entombed near the famed Step Pyramid of Djoser in
engaging in behaviour that will fundamentally damage the Saqqara, according to Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and
system. Its key instrument in meeting this challenge is
benefit Antiquities.
reframing debates and influencing others with ideas and
allusions to future prospects, not hard power resources. While Footage shared by the ministry showed colorful sarcophagi
at times this means that there might appear to be a language decorated with ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. Other artifacts
of rebellion and substantive revision in Brazil’s foreign policy and at least 28 statues were found in the two deep wells, the
statements, even ostensibly isolationist ideas such as Lula’s ministry said.
new international economic geography are fundamentally
predicated on maintenance of the existing global governance A sealed door was also unearthed where it is expected more
​

structures. The Brazilian aim is not to overturn these decision- mummies may lie behind, said Khaled el-Anany the first
making tables ((31)), but rather to gain an important seat Minister of Antiquities and Tourism, adding that
with decision-influencing power ((32)) that will allow the the artifacts were in an excellent state of preservation and would
​

advancement of its own interests while retarding be displayed in the Grand Egyptian museum next year.
initiatives it sees as inimical ((16)). In part, this fits with
Brazil’s long-standing ambition ((33)) to be viewed and Mostafa Waziri, the general director of Egypt’s Supreme
accepted as a major world power, captured in its perennial Council of Antiquities, told NBC News that the find reminded
ambitions for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security him of the tomb of King Tutankhamun, because both had been
Council and the fervent belief within Itamaraty that Brazil is discovered almost intact.
the country of the future. On a more operational level, it fits
with Brazil’s actual power projection capabilities, which are The Saqqara plateau is part of the necropolis of Egypt’s ancient
distinctly limited in economic, military and political terms. city of Memphis. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in
Maintenance of the existing international system is thus critical 1970s, it includes the famed Giza Pyramids. It is also home to
because Brazil has found a very cost-effective way of tombs created across thousands of years between the 1st
vouchsafing its sovereignty and autonomy through the Dynasty (2920 B.C.-2770 B.C.) and the Coptic period (395-642).
strategic use and interpretation of international institutions,
Hundreds of mummified animals, birds and crocodiles, as well
norms and regimes.
as two mummified lion cubs were found in the region last year.
For the last 20 years Itamaraty has been working to
Last week, the ministry displayed a bronze statue of the god
position Brazil as a leader of first South America and then
“Nefertam” one of the artifacts discovered with the ancient
the global South ((29)). The sort of institutional
wooden coffins.
machinations seen in the inter-American system and the
UN form an important part of the foreign policy strategy “Saqqara antiquities area is still revealing its secrets,” the
of making Brazil the conduit for regional coordination and ministry said.
wider pan-southern interaction ((11)). Brazil’s approach is
essentially one of coalition formation, aimed at compensating Adapted from https://www.nbcnews.com
for its deficiencies in respect of hard power military and
economic credentials with its ample ability to generate ideas The negative form of the underlined sentence is:
that are operationalized through diplomatic flair and a
capacity to mobilize or derail initiatives requiring a larger Were the artifacts in an excellent state of
southern voice. On the applied front, this earns Brazil an preservation.
invitation to major international decision-making tables such
as the G20 and the UN. This in turn becomes important to the The artifacts won’t be in an excellent state
cosseno.comof preservation.
wider foreign policy priority of maintaining the pre-eminence 26
of the international norm of sovereignty as a device for
protecting national autonomy. What is different about the The artifacts were not in an excellent state
Brazilian sequencing is that its diplomats avoid tactics of of preservation.
simple opposition and blatant deadlocking, preferring instead
to find technical routes that may deliver the same end by
Q53 - EFOMM 2008 “The (32)_______ convention regulating
The artifacts wouldn’t be in an excellent
Q54 - PUC-RS 2001 01 What is beauty? Define beauty?
Onestate
may asof 02preservation.
reworking accepted world- views or established causal
and preventing marine pollution (33)__________ ship is the IMO well dissect a soap bubble. We know it when
patterns to create a new frame of reference for international
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from we 03 see it - or so we think. 04 Philosophers define it as a
negotiations and the participating actors.
Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating (34) moral equation. 05 What is beautiful is good, said Plato.
_________
Within this(MARPOL 73/78.)
context, the projectit of(35) _______ accidental
constructing and
a role for Brazil Poets look 06 for high standards. Beauty is truth, truth is
operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals,
as bridge between the North and the South is critical. It offers beauty, 07 wrote John Keats. 08 Science examines beauty
goods
a way inofpackaged form,
positioning sewage,
Brazil as an garbage and airthat
interlocutor pollution”.
allows it and pronounces it 09 a strategy. "Beauty is health", a
effectively to exact a ‘toll’ on the bridge. Brazil’s consequent psychologist tells 10 me. "It’s a sign saying ’I’m healthy and
Choose the correct answer that fills the blank space (35). fertile. I 11 can pass on your genes.’ " 12 At its best, beauty
response to international negotiations is to advance its own
interests behind a pan-southern value-creating, integrative celebrates. From the painted 13 Txikão Indian in Brazil to
covers
fascia. Madonna in her metal 14 bra, humanity likes to abandon its
everyday look 15 and masquerade as a more powerful,
may cover romantic, 16 or sexy being. 17 At its worst, beauty
The remaining question is the extent to which these subtle
turns and speed bumps will result in real changes in global discriminates. Studies 18 suggest attractive people make
should cover
governance frameworks and the international distribution of more money, get 19 more attention in class and are seen as
meaningful power and influence ((21)). Brazil’s preference friendlier. 20 We do judge people by their looks. In an era of
might have covered
is that they cause little alteration in the core rules and 21 feminist and politically correct values, not to 22 mention
regimes ((20)), but perhaps a slight shift in norms that puts the belief that all men and women are 23 created equal, the
had covered
Brazil in a central position. fact that all men and women 24 are not - and that some are
more beautiful than 25 others - disturbs, confuses, even
Although over-used, Brazilian musician Tom Jobim’s line angers. 26 The search for beauty is costly. In the United 27
that ‘Brazil is not for beginners’ ((34)) aptly applies to States last year people spent six billion dollars on 28
understanding how it addresses international issues, fragrance and another six billion on make up. In 29 the
presenting a significant challenge for policy-makers in mania to lose weight 20 billions were spent on 30 diet
northern capitals used to a system focused on northern products and services - in addition to the 31 billions that
Atlantic issues. Assumptions about how Brazil will react to were paid out for health club 32 memberships and
invitations to participate or approaches to consult on cosmetic surgery. 33 The sad, sometimes ugly side of
policy issues need to be rethought ((28)). The considerable beauty: In a 34 1997 magazine survey, 15 percent of
diplomatic capacity found in Itamaraty is matched by an women and 35 11 percent of men sampled said they’d
impressive ability to develop and communicate new ideas sacrifice 36 more than five years of their life to be at their
through a process of patient discussion and civil debate to ideal 37 weight. According to one study, 80 percent of 38
create a consensus around something remarkably close to women are dissatisfied with their bodies. In one 39 of its
Brazil’s view. This approach to international issues ((23)) worst manifestations, discontent with one’s 40 body can
differs markedly from that found in traditional powers in the wind up as an eating disorder, such as 41 anorexia or
North, which have a reputation for often using a blunt bulimia. Both can be fatal. Today 42 eating disorders, once
stick and a very small carrot to gain consent ((22)). The mostly limited to wealthy 43 Western cultures, occur
interesting point is that this may present more of an around the world, in 44 countries as different as Fiji, Japan
opportunity than a threat ((35)) for the policy agendas of the and Argentina. 45 The preoccupation with beauty can be a
traditional powers. Brazil’s core interests and ambitions 46 neurosis, and yet there is something therapeutic 47
((25)) align remarkably well with those of other major about paying attention to how we look and feel. 48 "People
powers ((24)); and, moreover, pursuit of these interests are so quick to say beauty is superficial", 49 says Ann Marie
has been undertaken ((17)) in a manner that has yet to raise Gardner, beauty director of W 50 magazine. "They’re
hackles throughout the South. This makes Brazil a potentially fearful. They say: ’It doesn’t 51 have substance.’ What many
valuable partner for the continued management of regional don’t realize is that 52 it’s fun to reinvent yourself, as long
and global issues ((27)), but only if northern capitals are able as you don’t
to shift how they view Brazil and learn a new variation on 53 take it too seriously."
their existing themes of global governance ((26)).
The word "even" (line 25) is used in the same meaning as in
(Sean W. Burges) alternative

(International Affairs 89: 3 (2013) 577-594. Adapted)

In “The interesting point is that this may present more of an

opportunity than a threat...” ((35)), ‘may present’ is replaced
without change in meaning by cosseno.com 27
We will not be even until you pay me.
 can present.
Even if he attends, he may not participate.
will present.
He is willing, even eager, to do it.
Q55should
- UFRGS present.
2010 Baby boomers won’t let go of the Q56 - PUC-RS 2008 TEXT 1
Woodstock Festival. Why should we (1)? It’s one of the few She numbered all the even pages of the
defining events of the late 1960s that had a clear happy Nature’s cradle
has to present. book.
ending.
Female polar bears dig large dens in the snow where they
needs
On Aug. 15 toto
17,present.
1969, hundreds of thousands of people, me will After
spend washing,
the winter the
and colors may
give birth. notare
Cubs beborn in
among them, gathered in a lovely natural amphitheater in
even.
December or January and are blind, hairless, and no bigger
Bethel (not Woodstock), N.Y. We listened to some of the best than a squirrel (01). The cubs (02) grow rapidly from the
rock musicians (2) of the era, endured (4) rain and mud and rich milk provided by their mother. The cubs remain with
exhaustion and hunger pangs (3), felt like a giant community their mother for about 2 1/2 years. Male and female Dall
and dispersed (5), all without catastrophe. sheep live in separate bands except during mating (06)
season in November and early December. Afterward the
A year after the riots at the Democratic convention in Chicago, females return to their band and the lambs (03) are born in
expectations ________ large gatherings of young people were so May. The lambs are cared for by their mothers.
low that this was considered a surprise.
On average, five gray wolf pups are born in early spring to
"Notwithstanding (7) their personality, their dress and their the pair. The pups (04) are reared (07) in the den for the
ideas, they were and they are the most courteous, considerate first six weeks and are dependent on their mother’s milk
and well-behaved group of kids I have ever been in contact the first month. They are gradually weaned (08) and then
________ in my 24 years of police work", said Lou Yank, the chief fed by the pack. By eight months they are almost fully
of police in nearby Monticello. grown and begin traveling with the adults.

Yet (8) for all the benign memories, Woodstock also set in The mother duck lays an egg or two every day until she has
motion other, more crass impulses. While its immediate a full nest - usually 8 to 15 - at which point she’ll sit on the
aftermath was amazement and relief, the festivahs full legacy eggs. It then takes 28 days for the eggs to hatch. Once
had as much to do with excess as with idealism. It was as hatched (09), the mother leads her ducklings (05) to the
much an endpoint as a beginning, a holiday of naíveté and nearest source of water.
dumb luck ________ the realities of capitalism resumed (6).
Woodstock’s young, left-of-center crowd - nice kids, including (Source: 2008 Wildlife Land Trust Calendar)
students, artists, workers and politicians, as well as hippies -
was quickly recognized as a potential army of consumers that Para resolver a questão, relacione os verbos da coluna 1,
mainstream merchants would not underestimate again. There conforme o seu sentido no texto, às definições
was more to sell them than rolling papers and LPs. apresentadas na coluna 2, numerando os parênteses.

(Adapted from: PARELES, John. The New York Times. 5 Coluna 1

Aug. 2009.)
1. To mate (06)
Select the alternative which correctly completes the blanks.
2. To rear (07)
of - through - before
3. To wean (08)
about - at - after 4. To hatch (09)

of - with - around Coluna 2

from - through - after ( ) To make a baby stop taking its mother’s milk and start
to eat solid food.
about - with - before
( ) To look after a child or young animal until it is fully
grown.

( ) Said of animals, to have sex for reproduction.

( ) To come out of its egg and be born.

cosseno.com
A numeração correta dos parênteses, de cima para baixo, 28
é
2 3 1 4
 2-3-1-4

1-2-4-3
Q57 - UFRGS 2011 Beware (1). There is a new danger on Q583- -EFOMM
1 - 2 -2015
4 Read an extract of a news report and
the streets. And you might not spot (2) it (6) until it’s too late. decide which verb correctly completes the sentences. Then,
choose the correct alternative.
Pedestrians wearing iPod or MP3 (7) music player headphones
3-2-1-4
(9) have a habit of stepping (14) out into the road, oblivious to “Drivers on a Chinese motorway in Sichuan had to stop
traffic. 1 - 4because
suddenly - 3 - 2an ostrich _______ along the road. It ________
to belong to a Mr Liu, or Meishan, who _______ that the ostrich
‘Podestrians’, as they (8) have been called, now account for _______ away when he _______ it.”
nearly one in ten minor accidents involving sudden braking
and shunts (12), according to ________ from an insurance ran - was turning out - was explaining -
company. ran – fed
Well over half of the ________ are described as young people, was running - turned out - explained - was
teenagers or children (11). running - was feeding
‘We (10) have seen a significant increase in drivers citing (3) was running - turned out - explained - ran
such individuals as having been a factor in accidents’, a - was feeding
spokesman for the company said.

The most common ________ involves a ‘podestrian’ stepping into ran - turned out - was explaining - was
the road without looking (13) properly and failing (4) to hear running - was feeding
an oncoming (15) vehicle.
ran - was turning out - explained - was
This can force the driver to brake suddenly, risking collision running – fed
with the car behind.

And if a head full of music isn’t bad enough, some podestrians

are talking (16) on their mobile phones at the same time.

’The problem of music players masking (5) the noise of cars

can often be compounded (19) by the simultaneous use of
mobile phones’, the spokesman said.

‘People have enjoyed listening (17) to music on foot ever since

the first Walkmans were introduced in the late 1970s. But 30
years on there seems to be a rising (18) number of pedestrians
who are isolated from traffic noise’.

(Adaptado de: Daily Mail, 8 out. 2008.)

Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna

da frase abaixo.

Since the introduction of iPod or MP3 music player

headphones many minor street accidents ________.

occurs

is occurring

had occurred

have occurred

were occurring
cosseno.com 29
Q59 - UERJ 2018 Recent human adaptations Q60 - UERJ 2021 The boxer

Human populations live in an extraordinary variety of I am just a poor boy, though my story’s seldom told
different habitats: hot and cold, wet and dry; in forests,
grasslands and tundra. Different human groups feed on a I have squandered my resistance for a pocketful of
wide variety of food sources. For many populations, diets mumbles, such are promises
shifted further with the development of agriculture in the
past 10,000 years. To what extent have these and other All lies and jest, still a man hears what he wants to hear
factors led to genetic adaptation?
And disregards the rest
¹Human populations differ in various phenotypes –
When I left my home and my family, I was no more than a
observable characteristics that result from interactions
boy¹
between genes and the environment –, but ²scientific
studies have shown that phenotypic differences have a In the company of strangers
genetic basis and are adaptive. For example, mammals that
live in cold climates tend to have larger, rounder bodies In the quiet of the railway station, runnin’ scared, laying
and shorter limbs than members of the same or closely low,
related species in warm climates. ³These patterns do
appear to also hold in humans, implying that population Seeking out the poorer quarters, where the ragged people
movements into colder climates were accompanied by go²
adaptation to larger, stockier body shape, presumably to
improve thermal efficiency. At the other end of the Looking for the places only they would know
spectrum is the pygmy phenotype that has evolved in
rainforest populations in Africa, South-East Asia and South Lie la lie, lie la la la lie lie
America. Research has suggested that ⁴this phenotype may
Asking only workman’s wages, I come looking for a job³
be an adaptation to food limitations, high humidity or
dense forest undergrowth. But I get no offers⁹
Another impressive example of adaptation is provided by Just a come-on⁷ from the whores on 7th Avenue
human populations living at high altitude, especially in the
Himalayas and the Andes. Compared to related lowland I do declare¹⁰, there were times when I was so lonesome
populations, ⁵these high elevation populations show a
group of physiological adaptations to low oxygen. These I took some comfort there
adaptations include markedly increased blood flow and
oxygen delivery to the uterus during pregnancy, Now the years are rolling by me¹¹
substantially reducing the risk of babies with low
birthweight. ⁶Current evidence suggests that these They are rockin’ evenly
differences are not simply the result of recent acclimation,
I am older than I once was
but are at least partly genetic. If this is the case, then ⁷the
adaptation must have occurred rapidly, because ⁸these And younger than I’ll be; that’s not unusual⁴ ¹²
high altitude regions were settled within the last 10,000
years. Nor is it strange⁸

⁹Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies After changes upon changes⁵
most obviously among human populations. ¹⁰ Dark
pigmentation is strongly associated with tropical climates, We are more or less the same
and the spread of prehistoric humans into northern
latitudes was accompanied by a shift to lighter skin color. After changes we are more or less the same
We now know of at least half a dozen different genes that
affect skin, hair or eye pigmentation. In particular, the And I’m laying out my winter clothes and wishing I was
evolution of light skin color occurred largely in parallel in gone⁶
western Eurasia and east Asia, but we still know few of the
Goin’ home
relevant genes in east Asia. Adaptation to lighter
pigmentation may have been motivated by a need to Where the New York City winters aren’t bleedin’ me
increase UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis at cosseno.com
high 30
latitudes or by sexual selection.
 These are only a few cases of genetic adaptation. There are Leadin’ me
surely some – perhaps many – other ¹¹factors yet to be
found. Goin’ home
RASCUNHO GABARITO
In the clearing stands a boxer and a fighter by his trade
(sciencedirect.com)

Current evidence suggests that these differences are not simply

​
Q01
And he carries the reminders a)
the result of recent acclimation⁶
Q02laid him down or cut him
Of every glove that b)
The underlined word above indicates that the author is
‘Til he cried out Q03
in his anger and his shame b)
cautious when he states that fact.
I am leaving, I am leaving”, but the fighter still remains
The sentence from the text that shows the same attitude Q04 c)
on the author’s part is:
PAUL SIMON and ART GARFUNKEL
these high-elevation populations show a Q05 a)
Adaptado de genius.com.
group of physiological adaptations to low
Q06 e)
oxygen. ⁵ Come-on⁷ is a verb transformed into a noun.
Q07 a)
these high altitude regions were settled This noun has the following meaning:
within the last 10,000 years. ⁸
arrival Q08 a)
Skin pigmentation is perhaps the Q09 e)
phenotype that varies most obviously doubt
among human populations. ⁹
promise Q10 c)
Dark pigmentation is strongly associated
with tropical climates, ¹⁰ invitationQ11 a)

Q12 d)

Q13 d)

Q14 d)

Q15 d)

Q16 c)

Q17 -

Q18 d)

Q19 c)

Q20 a)

cosseno.com 31
RASCUNHO GABARITO

Q41 c)

Q42 d)

Q43 b)

Q44 c)

Q45 d)

Q46 e)

Q47 a)

Q48 c)

Q49 a)

Q50 a)

Q51 a)

Q52 c)

Q53 a)

Q54 c)

Q55 e)

Q56 d)

Q57 d)

Q58 c)

Q59 c)

Q60 d)

cosseno.com 32