f O from the atm osphere to th e \\t

o 2 .
ces of Do ~,<:r
250 are th e two ~ a1or sour
, h ;1cids
. va lue of DO ,n a wa terbo
dy depen· ' ht,
ence ot sue ds on
d the pres, ..J eve l01J odou. r..J,n seve ral fac tor s1· lik e tempe ratur \\t
of wastes an •
. e
1 - -
. . 0
;md me u/1,c ,ons /our 1n o
rn,,~ d do Lff ,m,
mo vement, sa rn1ty, pH ,
etc. A
bein
00 ~!er
tes 1
sugg ests ho w mu ch 0 2 is
the water Bo t1 co
1 ·
t . 111 g av -1
ca te ,rnpurir, of w.i ter . , cl, .
t ,re 1•1 ~ ' Able.
l , . ·ry cfo -
r- -nt-ra fure : The tcn,11<•r., rr11 , icaf 0 ~
(i1 i) C" . . .,,
I~ 1,11,ry, ~.,
, ,r He nce yrn) Biochemical or Bio_1lsogthe arn Yg~n
influence on pH , ·'- ,,,, the w,11«= · demand (BOD): BOD OlJ l)t
Cll , Cl( ( t "Ql/ati c of
(;O l\'C,~ O\ V~ · · r1111 ! 0 " ns um e d b y mi cro or
. ' '- • ter ox yg en co f gan,sr
t·he tcmper,,turc i-; ,mpo ..
anic rnatter fl\
/it( ' ,ts \H, // .1s rhc t.1ste
of the wa . for decompos1t10 ~ o org 1
6
wa ter un der ae ro ,c co_ ndition . Th e 80 n
.
ChtYnical p.,rdmete~ ne the deg D
1
test is used to de ter mi
r for all aquatic
(il pH · It 15 a limiting facto wa ter po llu tio n an d waste str
en;t~e of
tural wa ter
Ii, ~s. The pH va-lue of na BO D tes t suggests ho w much O · 1A5
m betwe en
depe nds on the equ ilib riu be ing consumed. Several factors suc as
h
bic a rbo na te
dis solved CO / carbonate/ - - . o bes, p H, presence of tox,·
f f!l 'cr
an aq ua tic eco sy ste m typ e o n
ions. Th e pH of etc . influenc e the,
due to co n - nitrification pr ocess,
increases du ring da y ti me d
esis an
sumption of CO 2 in photosynth BO D teSt
to release of
deqeases during night due ) Ch em ical oxygen demand (COD
): It is
(iv
e( ) 1 in respiratory ac tivity . d by organic
am ou nt of 02 re qu ire
\£ Dissolved oxygen (D O): In na
waste water, DO serve s as
tur al
an indica
an d
tor
the
ma tte r in a sa mp le of wa ter for
its oxi-
In
da tio n by a stcon g ch em ica l oxidant.
d biological
of ph ys ica l, chemical an CO D, 02 also gets co ns um ed
in oxida-
dy . Ph oto -
ac ti vities of the water bo tio n of ino rg an ic ma tte
r. In addition I

d dif fus ion

synthesis of aquatic plants an
Box: Difference between BO
D a~lfcJf>olP'";/I "/~'.:
COD
BOD

The amou nt o( 0 -' co nsu

med by micro- 1. :h e amount ot Q2 required by organicnmabvttera
1. its oxidatio
ition of organic rn a sample of wa ter for
org an isms for deco mpos '
matter rn a un it volume of water
. strong chemical ox ida nt.
in 5 days at 20 °c 2. The re~ult is expressed as pp m of 0 2 taken from
1. The test is developed urs.
temperature . a solution of K2Cr20 1 in 2 ho
amount of total um ed in oxidation of
3. BOD val ue est imates the d
3. In COD, 0 2 also gets co ns
us ·t .
ox1d1zab,e organic matter • Th· 1 ,s use to rga nic matters lik e sulfa
tes, nitrate s,
some ino
measu re the deg ree of water
pollutio n ,n ma tte r. Some organic
etc . along with or ga nic
terms of waste strength. ine, etc do not gel
m~tt:rs lik e benzene, py rid 1
i d ised in CO D test. He nc e, COD va lue is '
ox
poor measure of strength
of organic matter.
4. Several fac tors influence the o f such fac tors.
as type of mi crobes pH BOO tests such 4.
COD value is ind epen de nt
ce of tox ins,
mineral matters nit rifc ;. presen
. , a ron pro cess, etc .
5. It is very u ' ,' ,n proces f .. ing an d
se,u
loadin& measure~ s o d,s,gn 5. It is very usefu 1 in . ter mi nin g paramete r5 in
. de
" ,en t of wast
ff . .
cy an d op . e treatment of treatment plant due
manageme nt an d design
e ic1 . en erat,on I 1
11 on, eva lua tio r' eve of Water OD te~·t.
po ut, to the rapid an d shor t tim e pe rio d of C
sel f-pur ifica tion
capacity of a water bo~ y.o
 sorne organic matters (b
. ) d0 enzen
dine, etc. not get ox·d . e, PYri- 4
. I ised H 25 1
coD test. IS a poor meas ure of . ence Th() r I
t· ri t1on h
~ ,.,
of organic matter. The coo strength
test 1·
c. hlor1n1ty s 'P h,!"'it,,,,,.n I
,, ., d, L q 1n11•
nfluenced by factors like l< itnrnj '\( nrwd b, I ind
s not ~', i (>n c 1
I '11P rr, 11r,n,1I
· · pH to · ) I 1, ,i
itrif1cat1on proces_s, etc. { ' x1n, ;) '"''Y ()()· I
(ix1 1
~ 1 Her
NitrOgenous oxygen demand (N Total solt'd i , r 1-ilcmn,·
1 1
res id Uf' l(•fts: It Iii ,l m r•;i
I
is used to measure the a OD): It f \ w, , 1A rn t
" "r t-t ,,
'
il !Pr ,-v
. mount of Water SJ mpl(' ii ()( Jr 4 111"1 r;( th
dernand o f O 2 t h at 1s oxidised b in an
l
. ann its \Uhv,c1•
. d
ria 1n ecompo
•. Y6acte- . ove n at 101 -105' ( ,,.,,, , r11r,,
J "'

. s1t1on of nit 'ncludes both

rogenous . t,•mp,-r<ttu,.-, It
matters. It 1s a fraction of the
800 so I.ids of wat suspend<·>d Jn<J d1w11,,.,..,
which exclude s the carbon . er sa mpl e 5
aceous is related to turbid1 . . us~nrk<-.l v,l,,j
n,atters. sol id to cond . ty, while d1\Y;I 1••rJ
uct1v1ty of water.
l' il Ultimate oxygen demand (lJOD): It is (x) Conductivity· It . h
sion f h . is I e numerical exp,es--
used to m~asure the total amount of 1 ?ow well water can pass an
0 xygen equivale nt of the organic matter e ectnc current. The conducti vity of ;:i
content of a water sample that is sus- water body depends on the concentr; .
ceptible to oxidatio n by microorgan- ~10~ of dissolved solids. Hence it is an
isms as wel I as by a strong chemical indirect measure of the inorganic dis--
solved solids like chloride, nitra te, sul-
oxidant. It is the sum total of the value
fate, phosphate, sodium, calcium, mag-
of BOD, NOD and COD. nesium, iron, aluminium, etc. present in
1
vii) Alkalinity: It is referred to the quantita- a body of water. The higher conductivity
tive capacity of an aqueous solution to of water body suggests an improper
neutralize an acid. It is actually a mea- water balance with very low level of
sure of the amount of alkaline com- dissolved oxygen .
pounds like carbonates, bicarbonates (xi) Nitrates: These oxidised forms of nitro-
and hydroxides present in water. These gen are the end product of the aerobic
compounds act as natural buffers which decomposition of organic nitrogenous
matter. Their major sources include
resist changes of pH.
chemical fertilizers of cultivated lands,
,·iii) Salinity and Chlorinity: Salinity is drainage from livestock feeds, nitrifyi ng
defined as "the total amount of solid biological treatment plant, etc. .Natural_
materials in grams contained in one kilo- water contains trace quant1t1es ot
gram of sea water when al I the carbonate nitrates. Excess nitrate in water .bod\
has been converted to oxide, the bromine may enhance plant growth resulting in
and iodine replaced by chlorine and all eutrophication of lakes, ponds, etc.
organic matter comple tely oxidised." hates· Phosphates occur as ortho-
(xi i) Phosp . densed phosphates or
Hence, salinity is the measure of all the hosphates or con . 11
P f d phosphates, espec1a y
salts dissolved in water. The average naturally oun water. The major
ocean salinity is 35 ppt and average river I or waste
in natura such hosphates are deter-
Water salinity is 0.5 ppt. sources of P d fertilizers. In low
b ·1er water an
Chlorinity is defined as "the total amount gents, ot . hosphate acts as impor-
concentrat1on, p wth of organisms .
of chlorine, bromine and iodine in
tant nutrient for gro . of phosphorus
grams contained in one kilogram of ncentrat1on .
The higher co . nd potassium
sea water, assuming that the bromine ·th nitrates a
along wi
a~d the iodine had been replaced by
Crilorin ,- ,,
 1111
1 1 <; .J Prnu·i/11 1<' . S:11 ura1c the ,1 cnlc ;1h, orbc nt r J <.1:- " " ' _' . - • 1-..rn th . Lh 1n f •' -.1\: n lc lon .: c p~. p lac e
· ·· ·- · p urn ll CXLL''-" . . h
or I ES Hn lLl ,n l! ML·d,um. pn.:r;ircu a, outl ,ncd Jt~) , c n th. h:1 , c of th e tilt er unit: t c mc mbr-J nc
- '- I I
\ I J · t, IIl e I U1111 c IC l I.: . -, <; t . • d •·
a mc mh r.1nc l1lt cron1h c fil1 crhJ~c .~nd'-l( CUJ) 1 1 . l 1 ,. \' ll•oro u, l) uhout - - ,me, •111 mca,ure
SI ~ · 1hc ' J ill i' ... · I d I ·
fi lt e r,, n«rn he ld tx- 1"'ccn 1hc l unncl :rnJ h:1,c • 1 •1 c
c
c I ut1o n water to
·
t ll ,J tl 10 ,n ·'
1 ,,Jd 10 111 1 u l , 1cn
· ff. I f h · ll J)lc , , le,, • hc)u i J he ,ul.' 1 :1,
I · I 0 11rn<luc 1.:· L·ou nt s· ol·
inl v th e fun ne l ,,.,1h the , acuum ,, t l ' ""
. I · 11 · , ·ll llpk \tllUlltl' ,· h f ·I I
lhi.· rnc m hrJ nc f il1 cr hcf orc JJJ111 ~ the , ,1m1 l. · K • 1 . . I rin o...c tlK , ,de, P I c unnc w a b at
. I I •I 1hc ,nc111 t11 ,in c ,11 1< . 1 , c ,1 HI vc tlt c f u nnc I I n>1n l hc base
'0-KO col iform L·nlnn1c., hl1cr 1hr , ,11111' r 111 ou~T 1
- If ti ll.' \ ' ll' UU l ll , 111\J
fca-. t t wi c e " ' th .:0-.1 0 1111 ,1l.· ,dc Jd111,o11 " ·11l'' urn I) • ' . .r 11 11 1111 11c tilt crh.i, c and pl ac e grid side
. . ,, I ( 11 1() \ C l Ill 1I 11 l M .I . .
of th e fi lt er 11 n1 t \\ '1th lhr tl,lll K ,1cn I t,,c,
.
I l lfll '
J H IJ 111 , M n J1u111 1l
1· L J:s H o l d 1rll'
·· c-
c u 1urn. us in g a m llin~
. "'
or on an :ih:-nrt~cnt f',>J , ;11u, .lll' d " 11 h M · I_n, 1 ' u ( g htilc, un d er · the nH.: m hra nc . P l ace to p on pe tri dish
.
- . . . d ~ •11 r hu .
al'.I ion J t ('11(' cd~c ,._ \ CIY I :0-l' l .tn.: It l , ) \ (l l II .iprrn ~ ' 1·J r ·oc h rc tri Ji, h . inJ I LJ ll ng l<.x.:ot ,on . ( 1me
,,olumc . Ckarl ) mark th c 1 0 L , LI • u wa tcrprnn l k it t,p ma rke r or
and rrocccJ " 1th fd11 ,1 111 1 11 f
i)• nc ,t
i.....~ and sa mrlc vo 1umc ~L:
ol l' Ollcc l illl1 . 1111K nl llh'Uh.'.lt1on. ~:imr IC nu mud
grca~C' rc-11-.·il . _ _
. with the sn turnt cd pad . I I a,r hu hhlc, are
..
l n , pc-c 1 cJd1 membra ne in the pet ri di~ h fo r un1to m1 co n_tall . ~ . : • . ·ind roll o n to the ah~rbcnl
, · d . . d h ), h u 1,!;CS ) re·move fi lter wllh stcrtk lo .r..:t:ps ,L J . ·h 1fl
· , ( in • . .
,hippinc contame
•
rrc~cnt under lhc I ti ter JLate 1
th ...t'-·• h Id . r
nad acJ1n . Seal t he pe tri di1,h by fi nnl y pressi ng down th e wp . Pl ac e e LU tun.: is b . · • 1.
,. ~ · · b r ~phcc the m c m ranc rom 1 1\.: o • mg
and ~nd 11 to th e exa m i nin g laboratorv . At the exa rrnnm~ la orato r y c .. . Ld
· · · • · · , 1· "dium and L·omp 1ete testing a~ a 1rea y
medium . PIJcc 11 in ano ther J ,~h containing M- Endo B rorh or a~ar mt:
Je5cnhcJ .

J.J.6 Delayed Incubation Tat for FNCal Colltorms

J.3.6. 1 TI1c de layed incu bari o n procedure for faecal coli forms is san:i~ as th_at for tot~I coli forms . as
gi \C: n in .L l5. except th at M -VFC holding medium is used. The compos1t10n ol the mcdtum is :
Casitone, Vitamin-tree 0.2 9
Sodium benzoate 4.0 9
Sulphanllamide 0.5 g
F inal pH 6 .7 ± 0.2

Pre1){J 1a rio11 - Add .i . 7 g of medium (as given above) per litre of laboratory pure water containing
IO ml. o f 95 per cc:nr ethanol. Denatured alcohol should not be used. Heat slightly to dissolve the
ingrcgµ..~ts . then sterilise by membrane filtration (0.22 pm) Store prepared medium at 4°C. Discard after
_),µ,()nth. ~
DISSOLVED OXYGEN : (Wlnkler"s lodomclrlc Method)
-----
PRINCIPLE

The manga no~s sulphate_ reacts with . the_alkali (KOH or NaOH) to form a white precipitate of
manga no~s hydroxide whi ch._ in:--the presence of oxy~en_, g_ets oxidised to a brown colour compound. ln the
strong ~ •d medium, mangani ~ ions are_rcduc~d by 10<.hde ions which get converted to iodine equi vaknl.
t_o the original c~ncefltralwn of oxygen in the sam£ 1e. The iodine can be titrated against thiosuTphatc using
starch a.s an indicator. ,.

REAGENTS

A. Sodium thiosulphate O025N ·· o·isso

• ·
· I Vt=.. ,- 4-0u ?- go 1· Na.,S.,O 1 .SH.., Q in hoil ~d ' 1istilled water and
mak
· e up the volume to I r Add O 4 0 1· h - - · - "" u
1

solution Dilute it . ure_. . · ~ . orax or a pallet of NaOH as stabiliser. This is O. I N stock

in a bro~ I _to 4 times wuh bolled d1st11led water to pn:parc 0 .025 N solution (250- I 000 ml.) . Keep
n g ass-stoppered boulc. '
::------
Alk alin e pot a~, ium iodldt" soh atk) n I>, 'nh , I' l l
(3
' •• " ' K< lll and \<) tt ►, I n 2 • n if !tc ,1
,,
Ji•" 11cJ
w,J1cr .

(
.. 18 n na n ou~ ~ul pha lc ....111 11,_
• "' 1) I \ \ (lj \ (' I ('J I ff ►wtt et! d1,11llco
':, ...
l' ,., '''" (>, It( (J 1,1 fl) n
il .1 1cr ,1 n
d ri11,c r
Starch ~olulion D1,,,,I\ r I r nt , 1•11 I
D. l 1 1n t rw i '"' 11 1 "'1r rn 1111 , r '"' 1 I • I u ..,; at~ ia ·Nt ndd
nff1 1rm .1ld c'1, dc ... nlu,110 n
•

a rcw' Jl (1r
...
.
£, Sulphuric add H _., so .J • l( \fh. "f'
!:r I )q I

Fill 1hc \nmplc in a ~la ,, , inr JX:r

cd h. 1 pl ;.m1',: ltl J - J(J J ml
HI C ( BOO Bou k ) qi kno w n \
r II d ' -
of huh hl1n g J nll lrJpr1nc 111 ihl· J1r huM,k,
,r. ,he no de a·ie ,
~arc u yh . av01 mg a n~ lo nc.l ,
f)IJ c ing I c \lop per

Ihc \olu mc ,,t 1hc: ~m plt' I'\

eac h Mn SOJ and al ~,1l1nc Kl ,nlu11n n,
I 01 1 in L.t-. c .
Po ur ml. ·.-. th..: -.u,'ill.: C
m l. or reag e nt,. ,tJtJ ~ ml. , p lut inn , pf C.k h , . ..., el l hdo
abo ut .J(f ) ml . in,t cad of I
ca n al\o he po urctJ J I the tl<i11orn o l the ~>l tlc
~tlh 1"c hc lr °'
from the wal l ~. The rea gen t ~
\ J,.., :a :, tN:
c 11 c ~yr ing c, to en sure bcu er mix ing n l 1t)e rc.ag cn1 , w i th tht: ,~tmpk
~pc cial pip
.appe ar.
~cp ara tc p1pcttc~ for these l'M) rc ag~ nL, . A pm.: 1pi1atc "111

and sha ke the con tent s w~II hy inve rtin g the h() lll c rcp..: .th: J ly Keep •nc
J. Pla ce the stop per on~ t:O 10, k'II>
ho11lc for \Orne tim e to sett le dow n
the prc cipi tJlc . tr the 1i1ra1ion i, 10 Ix pml
e with the prc cipi talc .
da y:-. . kee p thl' sam ple at thi s stag
u pll .ih:
O and shake well to dis, olvc tht.: prc
4. Add 1-2 ml . of con cen trat ed H,S 4
L..il I la,k 11,r tllrd th m
ove eith er the who le con tent s. or a part ol' them ( 50 - I 00 ml. ) in cn n1
5. Rem
mixing of oxygen .
Pre , ent any hub hlin g 10 avoid fun her
,t ,{x. ltum lhh-, ...t. ,-
,~ urn tcn ts, with in one hou r of dissolut ion of the pre cipi tate a~.i..un-
6. Titr ate ur ,..- ~ n.:--"t:~
usin g stan :h as an indi cato r. At the end-point . init i al uarl( hl uc lolo
pha tc sol utio n
10 co lourless .

C.ku11don
:
When whole content~ h:..l\e been titrated
(ml x N ) of 1itran1 x X x 1.00 0
V V
Di, , . Ox~gcn . mg/1 = 1
-

part of the con ten ts ha~ been tiiraic<l :

When onl y a
(ml x NJ ol titrant x ~ x I JX)O
Di ss . Oxygen. mg/I= (V 1 - V ~
V~ 1 V j
\ I

, f pla un g 1hc ,top per

where. V 1 = volume of ~am ple bol llc a tcr
. . 0 f the rontcnt) citrated .
V., = volume of the par t
So -, 1 Kl added .
V = volu me of Mn 4 anu
 ENV IRO NME NTA L SCIENCE

894
. .. , 0 htaincJ hv dividing the v;.ilue in mg/I
mg/ I . It L,tn hl.: -
In oceanography. the unit ml/I is preterred over
hy 1.43.

D) DETERMINATION
(I) IIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BO ,\ I )
.J ' '
I

Prlnclplc
· . . , · · ·, . 0 f the oxygen concentration hc1wcl.:n
. . . measuring tht.: dd lerenLc
The pnnc1plc ol the method involves
at 20°C.
the sample and atk r irn.:uhating it for 5 days

APPARATUS AND REAGENTS

A. BOD bottles

B. BOD incubator: Having temperature

control at 20°C.
4.7H20 and
Pho sph ate buf fer: Diss olve each 8.5 g KH 2PO4 . 21.75 g K2HPO4. JJ.4 g Na2HP0
C.
litre of solution . Adjust pH lo 7.2.
1.7 NH 4CI in distilled water to prepare I
g
are I litre of
g MgSO4 .7H 2O in distilled water to prep
D. Magnesium s~lphate : Dissolve 82.5
solution.
of
chlo ride : Dis soh e 27.5 g or anhy drou s CaCl 2 in distillcJ water to prepare I litre
E. Calcium
solution.
l .6H 2O in di:-.tillcd water to prepare I
litre of solution.
F. Fer ric chlo ride : Dissolve 0.25 g FcC 3

1.575 g Na.,SO 1 anJ dilute to 1.000 ml.

Soluti(ln
ium sulp hite solu tion . 0.02 5 N : Diss olve
G. Sod - ·
should be prepared freshly.

Procedure
l water for
er hy huhhling compressed air in distille<
I . Prepare dilution water in a glass contain
ahout 30 minutes.
c chloride
nesium sulphate. calcium chloride and ferri
2. Add I ml. each of phosphate huffer. mag
mix thoroughly.
solutions for each litre of dilution water and
hy using I N NaOH or H so➔. 2
3. Neutralise the sample to pH around 7.0
· · . usually necessary 10 prcpan: a su11
· 111s · ahk
e the DO in the sam ple is likely tu he cxh ·1 ·1,d
t: ,
4. Sinc . 'us · 1
.1·1 UIH>l
. . .
the sam ple acco rdrn g to the exp ecte d B o · o· 1.c1nec. 5 cc T ahle hcll>W Jor
· ur
<lllu uon ot · '"
.h
o I t e sample.
· · ,
s in a huckct or a lan~e ,Tlass trow•h · · I , •
thorouu.::-hlv· . Fill ] -.l.:(-.
5. Prepare dilution I ~ e- .::- llll.X Ill.: lOll( ClllS.
·
0I e
1h BOD I...
tn>ll CS.

6 r •u ..,O"C r ~ . .
· Keep one set of the hot1ks in BOD incuhato • - or· days and Jctc rrrn nc the DO .:onrcnt
in anolhcr set imm ediately.
·
cdiatcl , · , .
7. Dctcnnine DO in the sample hottli:s imm Y ,lltt:r the com plet ion of 5 Jay s· irn:uhalllln .
 n 11011 u, "'v .......
Ta bl e b U. 1 ; t'r c µm -- --
01 0
- 11u11on1 ror vt1r 1o u 1 roni,, •-111
> - - -- - - - l II I fi_Jr,
0 ,, fJllullon (''',1•,) Snm pll} v<Jlurno In
Aan gA of 80 0 mg/I ,

0-6
- - - No dllullon ---
of ml xll ue

1,0 00
--
5() :500
4- 12
20 20 0
10 -30
10
100
20-60
5
50
40-120
20
100-300 2
10
20 0- 60 0
5
400-1 ,200 0.5
2
1,0 00 -3 ,00 0 0.2

2,000-6,000 0. 1
0.5
Above 6,000 0.05

Calculation

BOD . mg/I/= (D 0 - D_.

) x dilution factor
the sample
where. Do= Initial Do in
D'.' = D0 after 5 days re m ov e it due to its toxi<.: effect
s
rine: it is ne ce ss ar y to
ntains free residual chlo e 50 ml. of the sample
Note : If the sample co of resid ua l ch lorin e tak
the sample. For removal Na-,S-,O 1 (U .025 N)
on microorganisms of ah ou t I g KI . Ti trate wi th
acetic acid ( I + I). Add r ml. of the sample
and acidify with JO ml. e of Na S 0 re qu ire d pe
tor. Calculate the volum 2 2 1
using starch as an indica BO D .
accord ingl y lO the sample 10 he tested for
and add c materials.
CO D of the sam ples . suspected of having toxi
It is advisahlc 10 rely on

DEMAND (COD)
(C) CHEMICAL OXYGEN
the
Principle
of ox ygen cons um ed during the oxidation of
re
and (COD) is the measu the presence of sulphu
ric
Chemical Oxygen Dem agent. Po tassium D ich ro m ate in
r hy a strong oxidising
oxidisahle organic matte agent in determination of
COD.
ed as an oxidising
acid is generally us
ence of m ercu ric su lphate to neutralise the
in pres
e sam pl e is reflu xe d with K2Cr20 7 and H2S04 potas siu m di chro m atc is titrated against
Th excess of
ch lorid es an d silve r sulphate (catalyst) . The ou nt of K2Cr2O7 used is propor
tional to
effect of dicator. Th e am
te using fcrroin as an in
lt:rrous ammonium sulpha e.
atter present in the sampl
the oxidisahlc organic m

Reagents .
ve 12 .259 g of dr ied A. R. grade K2Cr 2O 7 In
issol
ate solution. 0.25 N : D
A. Potassium dichrom
litre of solution.
di,tillcd water to make l Cr O 10 times ( JOO➔ I .00O
ml.)
Dilute 0. 25 N K 2 2 7
ate solution, 0.025 N :
8 . Potassium dichrom
 896 ENVI RONM ENTA L SCIENCE

C. Ferr ous amm oniu . m su I h te O l N . Disso lve 39 .2 g of Fe(N

p II , • · · . H.1
.
),- )
(SO ), .6H.,O in water addin . . H SO tO make I litre of solut ion.
4 g ~O ml. com.:. 2 -l .
K.., c r2o7 . Fors·t•an dardi satio n: dilute 10.0 ml.. of K,Cr
- _
stand ardis e- this solutl·lln with
·
to about 100 ml adu _,0 ml or cone. H SO-l. and titrate .- ,O,
-
2 with ferro us amm onium sulph ate
using ferroin as an im.licator.
D. Ferrous ammonium sulphate, 0.01 N : Dilut
e 0.1 N ferro us amm onium
sulph ate to 10 times ( 100 ➔ 1.000 ml.).
E. Ferroin indic ator: Disso lve 1.485 g of 1.10
- phcn onthr oline and 0 .695 g of
ferrou s sulph ate (FeSO4. 7H2O ) in distil h:d wate r to
make I 00 ml. of solut ion .
F. Sulphuric acid : H SO • com:. (sp. gr. 1.84)
2 4
G. Mercuric sulph ate: HgSO • solid
4
H. Silver sulphate : Ag SO • solid
2 4

Procedure

I. Take 20 ml. of samp le in a 250-5 00 ml. COD

Fig. 60.1 : coo
flask . ( Roun d botto m or reflux assem bty
Erlen meye r flask with a groun d joint for Liebi g reflux
com. knser (Fig. 60. l ).
2. If the samp le is expe cted to have COD more than
50 mg/I. add IO ml. of 0 .02.5 r--; pola.ssium
dichr omat c solut ion. Extre me care shoul d be taken in
case of lmv COD samp les. A small trace
of organ ic matte r in glass ware may contr ihutc a signi
!,can t error .
3. Add a pinch of Ag2SO.~ and HgSO-'. lfthc samp le conta
ins chlor ides in high er amou nt. HgS 0.1
is added in the ratio of 10 : l. to the chlor ides. COD
cann ot be deter mine d accur ate lv if th.:
samp le conta ins more than 2,000 mg/1 of chlor ides.
4. Add 30 ml. of sulph uric acid.

5. Rellu x at least for 2 hours on a wate r bath or a

hot plate . The renu x wate r to made the fi na l
volum e to abou t 140 ml.

6 . Add 2-3 drops of ferro in indic ator, mix. thoro ughly

and titmt e with 0.1 N ferro us amm oni um
sulph ate (with 0.01 N ferro us amm onium sulph ate
if 0.025 N K 2Cr::0 7 has ~n US(:O t
7. Run a blank with distil led water using same quan
tity of the chem icals .
Calculadon

(b - a) x N of K.,Cr 'lO x l .000 x 8

COD , mg/I = - - 7
ml samp le
wher e. '1 = ml of titran t with samp le
b = ml of titran t with blank .
I
, (D) INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS

Prlnclple

The phosphates in water react with ammonium moly

(molv hvrlo nho,n hon bdate :.md fo m, com'."' k ,; ~:· _,-, n · ' ,_