Raman
Raman
Raman
”
It Was Discovered By C.V. Raman And K. S. Krishnan
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
RAMAN & FTIR
Raman spectroscopy FTIR spectroscopy
• Raman spectroscopy is an inelastic • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
scattering phenomenon the probes (FTIR) is a form of vibrational spectroscopy
molecular vibrations to provide a molecular that relies on the absorbance, transmittance or
fingerprint of materials. reflectance of infrared light. Using this
method, light is absorbed in different amounts
in a sample at distinct frequencies which
correspond to the vibrational frequencies of
the bonds in the sample.
• Raman spectroscopy depends on a change in • IR spectroscopy depends on a change in the
polarizability of a molecule. dipole moment.
• Raman spectroscopy measures relative • IR spectroscopy which measures absolute
frequencies at which a sample scatters frequencies at which a sample absorbs
radiation. radiation.
• Raman on the other hand is sensitive to • FTIR spectroscopy is sensitive to hetero-
homo-nuclear molecular bonds. For nuclear functional group vibrations and polar
example, it can distinguish between C-C, bonds, especially OH stretching in water.
C=C and C≡C bonds.
SCATTERING
ABSORPTION
PHENOMENON
THE RAMAN
SPECTROSCOPY
PRINCIPLE
When monochromatic radiation is incident PRINCIPLE
upon a sample then this light will interact
with the sample in some fashion. It may be
reflected, absorbed or scattered in some
manner. It is the scattering of the radiation
that occurs which gives information about
molecular structure
When light interacts with molecules in a
gas, liquid, or solid, the vast majority of the
photons are dispersed or scattered at the
same energy as the incident photons.
This is described as elastic scattering, or
Rayleigh scattering.
A small number of these photons,
approximately 1 photon in 10 million will
scatter at a different frequency than the
incident photon. This process is called
inelastic scattering, or the Raman effect.
Raman is based on scattering.
The sample is irradiated with a coherent
source, typically a laser. Most of the
radiation is elastically scattered (called the
Rayleigh scatter). A small portion is
inelastically scattered (Raman scatter,
composed of stokes and anti-stokes
portions).
The spectrum is measured with the laser line as a reference. Hence, the
peaks are measured as the shift from the laser line.
The peak positions are determined by the vibrational energies
associated with the bonds in the molecule(s) of which the sample is
composed. Because of this, the spectrum ends up looking very similar
to an IR spectrum and is interpreted similarly.
The bands that are emphasized in a Raman spectrum are those that
are due to highly polarizable bonds such as those with π electrons.
SCATTERING
• Scattering of light at the same frequency as incident light is
called RAYLEIGH SCATTERING
• Light scattered with different frequency is called RAMAN
SCATTERING
• The material absorbs energy and the emitted photon has a lower
energy than the absorbed photon Stokes Raman scattering
• The material loses energy and the emitted photon has a higher
energy than the absorbed photon Anti Stokes Raman
scattering
RAYLEIGH SCATTERING
• Rayleigh scattering is the term used for elastic scattering of light by
molecules, and is by far the most dominant scattering process.
• The interaction does not change the energy state of the molecule and
as such the scattered photon has the same color (wavelength) as the
incident photon.
• In a Raman spectrometer, the Rayleigh scattered light has to be
removed from the collected light, otherwise it would obscure the
Raman signals.
ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SCATTERING
Quantitative applications
• Raman spectra tend to be less cluttered with peaks than infrared spectra. As a consequence,
peak overlap in mixtures is less likely, and quantitative measurements are simpler. In
addition, Raman sampling devices are not subject to attack by moisture, and small amounts
of water in a sample do not interfere.
Biological Applications of Raman Spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy has been applied widely for the study of biological systems.
The advantages of his technique include the small sample requirement, the minimal
sensitivity toward interference by water, the spectral detail, and the conformational
and environmental sensitivity.