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Hydraulics
C.E. 137 (Chapter 1)

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
• Hydraulics – branch of mechanics which is concerned with the laws

controlling the behavior of water and other liquids in the states of rest
and motion.
 Hydrostatics – study of liquids at rest.
 Hydrokinetics – deals with the geometry of motion of liquids without
considering the forces causing that motion.
 Hydrodynamics – deals with the forces exerted by or upon liquids in motion
including relations between velocities and accelerations
involved in such fluid motions.
• Weight (W) – Earth’s gravitational pull upon a body. It’s dimension is

Newton (N) in S.I. units.
• Mass (M) – Quantitative measure of the amount of matter in a given
body. It’s dimension is kilogram (kg) in S.I. units.
Where g= 9.81 m/sec2, the acceleration of

gravity at sea level.
• Specific Weight (w) – weight of fluid contained in a unit volume.
Unit is newton per cubic

meters in S.I.
• Density ρ (rho) – The mass of fluid contained in a unit volume

ρ unit is kilogram per
cubic meters in S.I.
• Specific Volume (v) – volume per unit mass of fluid.
unit is cubic meters per kg

in S.I.
• Specific Gravity (s) – dimensionless ratio of the specific weight (w) or

density (ρ) of a fluid to the specific weight (ws) or density (ρs) of
a standard substance.
For liquids and solids, standard substance is pure water at 4 oC with

specific weight (ws) = 9.81 kN/m3 and density (ρs) =1000 kg/m3
For gases, standard substance is either hydrogen or air at 0oC and under
pressure of 101.3 kPa. Air at this temperature and pressure has specific
weight (ws) = 12.7 N/m3 and density (ρs) =1.29 kg/m3
PROPERTIES OF WATER
a) Specific Weight of Water

• Dependent on its temperature , purity and pressure under which it exist.
Maximum density (ρ) and specific weight (ws) occurs at 4oC.
• Table shows specific weight of water under normal atmospheric pressure of
of 101.3 kPa.
• For ordinary ranges of temperature, the value of specific weight of water is

approximately 9810 N/m3 .
• Sea water is heavier due to its impurities. For general computation, specific
weight of sea water is taken as 10,100 N/m3 .
PROPERTIES OF WATER
b) Compressibility and Elasticity of Water

• Compressibility of water or any other liquid varies inversely as its volume
modulus of elasticity, also known as bulk modulus.
Where p is unit of pressure in Pa, v is

specific volume in m3/ kg, EV is N/m2 or Pa
PROPERTIES OF WATER
c) Viscosity
• Property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to a
shearing stress.
Velocity distribution
• Shearing stress varies directly as the rate of change of the velocity along the
direction perpendicular to the direction of fluid motion.
m is called coefficient of dynamic or absolute velocity

PROPERTIES OF WATER
d) Kinematic Viscosity
• The ratio of the viscosity to the density.
PROPERTIES OF WATER
e) Cohesion, Adhesion: Surface Tension and Capillarity

• Cohesion – property of liquid to resist tensile stress.
• Adhesion – property of liquid to adhere to another body.
• Surface Tension – an imaginary “skin” (or film) over the surface which could
support small loads.
• Capillarity – a phenomenon where surface of liquid arises when in contact

vertical solid, due to intermolecular cohesive and adhesive forces.
When cohesion has greater effect than adhesion, the liquid surface
will be depressed at the point of contact. When adhesion is greater
than cohesion, the liquid surface arises at the point of contact.
PROPERTIES OF WATER
f) Vapor Pressure
• All liquids have tendency to vaporize or to change from liquid state into
gaseous state.
• This is due to continual projection of molecules into space above the liquid.
• If confined in a closed space, these molecules are capable of exerting a
pressure known as vapor pressure of the liquid.
• Since pressure depends on molecule activities of the vaporized liquid, it will
increase with increasing temperature.
• Table below shows a comparative value of the vapor
PROPERTIES OF AIR
a) Density ρ (rho)
• Considering specific volume of gas we will have the ff;
ρv = constant - (Boyle’s Law)

p/T = constant - (Charles Law)
• Combination of variables which will satisfy these two laws simultaneously is;
• from then
P= absolute pressure in pascals (Pa)

T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (K=oC+273o)
R = gas constant in N-m/Kg-K (for air R=287 N-m/Kg-K)
b) Specific Weight (w)

• From the ff;
then
PROPERTIES OF AIR
c) Viscosity
• Viscosity of gases changes with temperature and practically not affected by
pressure.
• However kinematic viscosity of gases which depends on density is both
affected by pressure and temperature.
• Values of viscosity of air at various temperature are tabulated below;
Chapter 1
Problem
1) If a certain gasoline weighs 7 kN/m3, what are the values of its density, specific
volume, and specific gravity relative to water at 15 o C?
2) At a depth of 8 km in the ocean the pressure is 82.26 MPa. Assume the

specific weight at the surface to be 10.10 kN/m3, and the average bulk
modulus is 2344 MPa for that pressure range;
a) What will be the change in specific volume between that at the
surface and at that depth?
b) What will be the specific volume at that depth ?
3) A city of 6000 population has an average total consumption per person per
day of 100 gallons. Compute the daily total consumption of the city in cubic
meter per second (1 ft3 =7.48 gallons).
END

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Hydraulics

C.E. 137 (Chapter 1)

• Hydraulics – branch of mechanics which is concerned with the laws

• Weight (W) – Earth’s gravitational pull upon a body. It’s dimension is

Where g= 9.81 m/sec2, the acceleration of

• Specific Weight (w) – weight of fluid contained in a unit volume.

Unit is newton per cubic

• Density ρ (rho) – The mass of fluid contained in a unit volume

• Specific Volume (v) – volume per unit mass of fluid.

unit is cubic meters per kg

• Specific Gravity (s) – dimensionless ratio of the specific weight (w) or

For liquids and solids, standard substance is pure water at 4 oC with

a) Specific Weight of Water

• For ordinary ranges of temperature, the value of specific weight of water is

b) Compressibility and Elasticity of Water

Where p is unit of pressure in Pa, v is

m is called coefficient of dynamic or absolute velocity

e) Cohesion, Adhesion: Surface Tension and Capillarity

• Capillarity – a phenomenon where surface of liquid arises when in contact

ρv = constant - (Boyle’s Law)

P= absolute pressure in pascals (Pa)

b) Specific Weight (w)

2) At a depth of 8 km in the ocean the pressure is 82.26 MPa. Assume the

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