MODULE 2 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS AUTHOR

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Intellectual revolutions that defined society

Time Allotted: 2 hours

Fatima A. Rivera,
MA Ed

1. Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science

and technology.

LEARNING
OUTCOMES

Intellectual and Scientific Revolution

As you recall, the period between 1300 and 1600 was a time
of significant change in Europe. During this time, scientists
began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories
ENGAGE based on experimentation.

In this module, you will evaluate the different intellectual and

scientific revolutions that changed the way people perceived
the influence of science on society in general. As a warm-up,
read the excerpt from Kent (2009) below:

The word "revolution" indicates a period of disorder and social upheaval

where thoughts about the world change severely, and a new era of
academic study is ushered in. The medieval scientific philosophy was
abandoned during the scientific revolution in favor of the new methods
proposed by Bacon, Galileo, Descartes, and Newton. The significance of
experimentation to the scientific method was reaffirmed. The importance
of God to science was, for the most part, invalidated, and the pursuit of
science itself (rather than philosophy) gained validity on its terms.

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 Significant Steps in the Intellectual and Scientific Revolution

What were some of the essential ideas of the scientific

revolution? To further understand what happened during the
scientific revolution, it is important to examine the different
EXPLORE events during that time.

Examine the timeline below to identify the key figures and

ideas of the scientific revolution.

Timeline of the Scientific Revolution

Although there are many intellectual/scientific revolutions, this

module focuses on the four important ones that altered the
way humans view science and its impact on society. These are
the Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian, and Baconian
revolutions.

The following table sums up the impacts of the four scientific

revolutions.

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 Scientific Impacts
Revolutions
Copernican Transformation in the view of the universe
by Copernicus changed the geocentric view of the universe. His theory shows
Nicolaus that Earth, along with other planets, orbits the sun and rotates on its axis.
Copernicus
Abandonment of the geocentric view of the universe
Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei elaborated and supported Copernicus'
idea. This lead to the abandonment of the geocentric view of the universe
and the adaptation of heliocentric belief.

Darwinian Presented new way to understand living organisms

by Charles Darwin came up with five essential points to support the Theory of
Charles Evolution: Perceptual Change, Common Descent, Multiplication of Species,
Darwin Gradualism, and Natural Selection. These theories offer a different point of
view and understanding of how species arise and develop.

Explained how organisms develop

Charles Darwin's Natural Selection theory explains how organisms' traits can
be reflected in their offspring. The thesis considered heredity and variation as
factors that can describe how different organisms arise and develop.

Freudian A different point of view of understanding the self

by Through the psychoanalytic theory, a person's behavior can be explained by
Sigmund observing the unconscious mind. Freud introduces three structures of the
Freud mind: id, ego, and superego.

Treatment for psychopathology

Due to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, mental issues such as psychopathology
can be treated.
Scientific Introduction to a new approach or method
(Baconian) Francis Bacon proposed the scientific method as a new way of proving a
Method claim. This method starts from the general points down to a specific
by conclusion that uses observation, experimentation, analysis, and reasoning.
Francis
Bacon Foundation of Modern Scientific Inquiry
The scientific method not only uses observation and experiment, but it is also
systematic and comprehensive. With these characteristics, the method
became the foundation of modern scientific inquiry.

Which event or circumstance do you consider to be the most

significant? Why?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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 Paradigm Shifts and the Scientific Revolution

This section introduces the idea of the paradigm shift. However,

what is a paradigm shift? How are they created, and how do
scientific revolutions take place? To answer these questions,
EXPLAIN study the diagram below. This diagram presents the cycle of
patterns of the scientific revolution as proposed by Thomas
Kuhn.

Pattern of scientific revolution. Source: Thomas Kuhn, 1970

To better understand the paradigm shift concept, watch the

video-lecture presentation found in the link below—the video-
lecture mentions old (or existing) and new paradigms. Take
note of these changes so that you can perform the next task.

For OBL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjAiepJ9DOI&t=4s

For CBL: Open the file in the USB Flash Drive: Paradigm Shifts

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 The video-lecture describes several old paradigms that were
changed due to scientific research and shreds of evidence.
Describe two old paradigms that were changed, as
mentioned in the video. Write your answers below.

ELABORATE Old Paradigm New Paradigm

Well done, Louisian! Now that you have figured out the
connection of paradigm shifts to the scientific revolution, you
can deduce that the technologies we use today are the results
of these so-called paradigm shifts. This cycle will continuously
happen because our world is continually changing and
challenged by new problems every day. In the next section of
this module, you will apply the paradigm shift concept in the
context of the modern world.

Intellectual/Scientific Revolution is the rise of contemporary

science during the early modern period. This era is when
developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology
KEY POINTS (including human anatomy), and chemistry changed how
society viewed the natural world
(courses.lumenlearning.com,2020).

A paradigm shift is a necessary transformation that transpires

when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is
substituted by a novel and different mode (Merriam-
Webster,2020).

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 Modern Problems Need Modern Solutions

In today’s modern society, scientists and scholars use the

scientific method to derive conclusions and solve existing
problems. Connect the idea of the paradigm shift in today’s
EVALUATE society by completing the culminating task, which is described
below.

THIS IS THE CULMINATING TASK FOR THIS MODULE.

Total No. of Points: 20

Describe a 21st-century societal problem that has been

solved by modern-day technology/way of thinking. The
societal problem may be in the following fields: the
economy, agriculture, political science, education,
medicine, infrastrure, communication, transportation, etc.

Present this in a poster or an annotated diagram.

Use any available drawing paper to create your output.
You may enhance your poster/diagram with colors and
texts.

Below it, provide a 100 to 150-word explanation of how

and why it transformed the present society. Please take
note that you will hand-draw the poster/diagram.

Scan/take a photo of your output. Save your final

result as a PDF or JPEG. Rename the file to:

LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_SOLUTIONPOSTER
e.g., RIVERA_FATIMA_SOLUTIONPOSTER

For OBL: Your course instructor will give you the submission bin link.
For CBL: Save your output in the USB Flash Drive.

Scoring: Check Appendix A for the scoring rubric.

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means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 6
 Before you end today, check/color the emoji that reflects how
you got on in today’s lesson.

CHEd Recommendations
 The Scientific Revolution | Boundless World History. (, 2020). Retrieved 20 October 2020, from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-scientific-

revolution/

REFERENCES  Roots of the Scientific Revolution | History of World Civilization II. (, 2020). Retrieved 20

October 2020, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-tcc-worldciv2/chapter/roots-

of-the-scientific-revolution/

 Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions - outline. (, 2020). Retrieved 20 October 2020, from

https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/Kuhn.html

 Foundation, C. (2020). CK12-Foundation. Retrieved 9 August 2020, from

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/user:zxbpc2rzcziwmthaz21hawwuy29t/cbook/world-history-

studies_episd/section/6.3/primary/lesson/the-scientific-revolution

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 APPENDIX A
RUBRIC FOR GRADING POSTER/DIAGRAM WITH ANNOTATIONS

EXCELLENT AVERAGE NEEDS

IMPROVEMENT

10 7 4
Graphics & Graphics are all in Most graphics are Many graphics
Content of focus and the in focus, and the are not
Answer content quickly content is easily transparent or are
viewed and viewed and too small.
identified. identified.

Excellent Moderate
elaboration of the elaboration of the Insufficient
answer to the answer to the elaboration of the
question. question. answer to the
question.
4 2 1
All graphics are Some graphics Graphics do not
Relevance related to the relate to the topic. relate to the topic.
topic and make it
easier to
understand.
3 2 1
Labels All items of Several items of No items of
importance are importance are importance are
clearly labeled. clearly labeled. clearly labeled, or
labels are too
small to view.
3 2 1
Neatness The The The
poster/diagram is poster/diagram is poster/diagram is
beautiful in terms acceptably distractingly
of design, layout, attractive though messy or very
and neatness. it may be a bit poorly designed.
cluttered.

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means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 8