International Journal of Chemical Studies 2018; 6(1): 1503-1507

P-ISSN: 2349–8528
E-ISSN: 2321–4902
IJCS 2018; 6(1): 1503-1507 Effect of lime coating and molybdenum seed
© 2018 IJCS
Received: 04-11-2017 treatment on productivity and nutrient uptake of
Accepted: 05-12-2017
different pulses grown in Alfisols
Purbasha P Padhi
Department of Soil Science,
College of Agriculture, OUAT, Purbasha P Padhi, SK Pattanayak and Purushottam
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

SK Pattanayak
Abstract
HOD, Department of Soil In order to study the effect of lime coating and molybdenum seed treatment on pulses grown in Alfisols,
Science College of Agriculture, a field trial was conducted in the village Haripur of Khordha district during summer (2017). The
OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, experimental soil was sandy loam in texture, strongly acidic soil reactions (pH w-4.49) with low organic
India carbon (4.6g/kg soil), and low status for available N, P, K, S and Mo. Each of the four crops (green gram,
black gram, cowpea, horse gram) was subjected to five package of practices (POPs), namely (i) Only
Purushottam application of soil test dose (STD) of fertilizers without seed inoculation with Rhizobium, (ii) STD + seed
Department of Agronomy inoculation with Rhizobium (R), (iii) STD + seed inoculation with Rhizobium (R) + seed coated with lime
College of Agriculture, IGKV, (CaCO3) @ 12.5 mg seed-1 or 4 kg CaCO3 for 25 kg of seed required for one hectare of land (S L), (iv)
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India STD + seed inoculation with Rhizobium (R) + molybdenum seed treatment @ 10 g sodium molybdate 25
kg-1 seed required for one hectare of land (Mo), (v) Adoption of all the above packages
(STD+R+SL+Mo). The POPs supported balanced nutrition of crops with all positive balance for organic
carbon and available major nutrients like N, P, K and S in post-harvest soil. The POPs were capable of
doubling the seed yield under problematic soil conditions like acid soils.

Keywords: Pulses, productivity, lime coating, Rhizobium, molybdenum, acid soil

Introduction
Promoting the cultivation of pulses can help India overcome nutrition insecurity, improve soil
fertility by nitrogen fixation and provide income support to farmers. Besides, being a rich
source of protein, pulses have the capacity to fix the atmospheric nitrogen and can sustain in
low fertility and limited soil moisture conditions due to deep root system. It fix atmospheric N 2
ranging from 50-100 kg ha-1 annum-1. However under Odisha condition it ranges from 25 to 55
kg ha-1 (Pattanayak, 2016) [14, 16, 18]. The per capita availability of pulse in Odisha is improving
gradually as a consequence of increasing in cultivated area but not the productivity (508
Kg/ha) which is lesser than national average (651.2kg/ha).
Soil acidity is the major constraint for pulse production. Acidic soil reduces nodule formation
and nitrogen fixation, reduces plant flavonoid secretion. More than seventy percent soil of
Odisha is acidic, out of which more than 25 percent need immediate liming having pH < 5.5
(Pattanayak and Sarkar, 2016) [16]. Again Rhizobium starvation is common in micronutrients
deficient acid soil. In acidic soils (pH <5·5) molybdenum availability decreases as anion
adsorption to soil oxides increases (Reddy et al., 1997) [20]. It is generally accepted that
legumes need more Mo than most of other plants (Mcbride, 2005) [12] due to its key
involvement in the Nitrogen-fixation process. Molybdenum is required to the Rhizobium
bacteria for proper function of nitrogenase enzyme which involved in nitrogen fixation. Again
molybdenum is the cofactor for the enzyme nitrate reductase which involved in nitrogen
assimilation (Hansch and Mendel, 2009) [7]. The application of molybdenum in deficient soil
encouraged nitrogen fixation and nodule formation (Rahman et al., 2008) [19].
Liming (CaCO3) is routinely used as long-term agricultural management practice to neutralize
the acid produced in the soil and to overcome the problems associated with soil acidification.
Most plants grow well at a pH range of 5.5–6.5 and liming is aimed to maintain the pH at this
Correspondence range. Earlier recommendation was application of lime at full rate 15-30 days before sowing.
Purbasha P Padhi Then lime application @ 0.2 L.R for dicot and 0.1 L.R for monocots have been recommended
Department of Soil Science, for crop production. But the effect of lime is not permanent, it needs frequent application
College of Agriculture, OUAT,
preferably mixed with organic materials (Pattanayak and Sarkar, 2016) [16].
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

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The pure liming material (CaCO3) is costly, less available and lime using sagoo as sticker. The water soaked sago (Tapioca
not affordable by poor farmers. root extract) was boiled in hot water to form a jelly like
To reduce the amount of liming materials and getting almost sticking substance. Allowed it to cool, before adding it to the
similar effect of liming, coating of seeds of green gram with inoculated seed (since hot water will kill the Rhizobia). It was
lime using gum acacia (Majhi and Pattanayak 2015) [11] and poured in to a container containing Rhizobium inoculated
sagoo (Pati and Pattanayak 2016) [14] as stickers proved to be seeds and powdered lime. Then rotated and shaken in a
a better option for increasing productivity, grown in acid manner so that lime get coated on each seed. Seeds were
soils. treated with sodium molybdate @ 10g 25kg-1 seed either in
There is tremendous scope to increase current yield potential combinations with Rhizobium culture or with lime coating as
of pulses by enhancing the nutrient availability and better per the treatment.
plant growth through liming, incorporation of micronutrients Yield attributes were recorded at physiological maturity stage.
and biofertilizers in the production system. However selection The seed and stover yield was recorded from net plot area of
of effective combination of package of practices is a critical each treatment and expressed in kg ha-1.
step. Keeping this view in mind the present study was The soil samples were tested with organic carbon content,
formulated with four pulse crops like green gram, black gram, available N, P, K as per methods given by Subbiah and Asija
cow pea and horse gram to access the most suitable (1956) [22]. Available S extracted by the method of Willams
combination of Rhizobium, Mo seed treatment and lime and Steinbergs (1959) [25] and determined by the method of
coating of seed for maximization of pulse productivity and its Chesnin and Yien (1951) [5]. Available Mo extracted with
effect on nutrient uptake in acid soil. Ammonium oxalate solution and was estimated by spectro-
photometer as outlined by Dhyansingh and Chhonkar (2010)
[22]
Materials and Methods . The plant samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and
The field experiment was conducted in the village Haripur of S. The samples were analysed (except N) by taking 0.5mg
Khordha district during summer (January 2016-17). Haripur is materials digesting in di-acid mixture [HNO3: HClO4 (3:2)]
situated at 200 07’ 66” N latitude and 850 42’ 81” E longitude. by using standard analytical methods (Jackson 1973).Nitrogen
The soil of the experimental field comes under the soil order was estimated by micro-kjeldhal method. (AOAC 1960) [1]
of Alfisols. The four crops were selected with three replicates
and each consisted of five package of practices (POPs), Results and Discussion
namely (i) Only application of soil test dose (STD) of The present study was conducted based on confirmation of
fertilizers without seed inoculation with Rhizobium, (ii) STD results of two sets of experiments one on Mo seed treatment
+ seed inoculation with Rhizobium (R), (iii) STD + seed @ 10 g sodium molybdate per 25 kg legume crops seeds
inoculation with Rhizobium (R) + seed coated with lime grown in acid soil (Pattanayak et al., 2000, Dash et al., 2000)
(CaCO3) @ 12.5 mg seed-1 or 4 kg CaCO3 for 25 kg of seed [17]
and another “lime coating of green gram seeds influencing
required for one hectare of land (SL), (iv) STD + seed the yield, nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil properties”
inoculation with Rhizobium (R) + molybdenum seed (Pati and Pattanayak 2016) [14]. The present experiment was
treatment @ 10 g sodium molybdate 25 kg-1 seed required for on the occasion of “International Year of Pulses giving
one hectare of land (Mo), (v) Adoption of all the above emphasis on increasing the productivity of pulse crops” the
packages (STD+R+SL+Mo) with four test crops i.e. Green essential component of balanced diet. The four target pulse
gram (Durga), Black gram [B-3-888 (CV.Prasad)], Cow pea crops were green gram, black gram, cowpea and horse gram.
[KSP-145 (Kalasa)], and Horse gram having a plot size 7m2. Their productivity in the state is 476, 455, 746 and 385 kg ha -1
The experiment was laid out with Factorial Randomised respectively against the demonstrated yield of 900, 800, 1100
Block Design with 5 (five) POPs, each replicated thrice. The and 900 kg ha-1. To bridge the yield gap, attempts were taken
treatments were allocated to different plots following the giving emphasis on liming of acid soil, seed coating with
random number table of Gomez and Gomez (1976). lime, supplementation of deficient nutrient (Mo) very much
After thorough field preparation initial soil samples were essential for biological N2 fixation, other essential soil
taken to analyze the initial soil properties. The soil of the nutrients and Rhizobium seed inoculation (Pattanayak, 2016,
experimental field was sandy loam in texture with 11 percent Pattanayak and Rao, 2014, Pattanayak and Sarkar, 2016) [16, 14,
16, 18, 15]
clay and 7.0 percent sand. It was strongly acidic in reaction .
(pHw 4.49) with low organic carbon (4.60 g kg-1), available
nitrogen (201 kgha-1), phosphorus (7.2 kgha-1), potassium Green gram equivalent yield of pulse crops: The green
(108 kgha-1), Sulphur (14.5 kgha-1), boron (0.15 mg kg-1) and gram equivalent yield of pulse crops varied between 240 and
molybdenum (0.023 mg kg-1), but zinc (0.74 mg kg-1) was 763.6 kg ha-1, lowest with horse gram and highest with
adequate. The CEC was 8.2 cmol(p+) kg-1 soil with no cowpea. Based on productivity different pulse crops can be
limitation for exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+. The base arranged in the order: cowpea > black gram > green gram >
saturation percent was 58 percent. Aluminum acidity was horse gram (Table 1). With the application of soil test based
dominating over acidity due to H+ ions. The lime requirement fertilizers, the mean productivity of four pulse crops was 336
was 1.2 t CaCO3 ha-1 to raise the pH to 6.5. kg ha-1 (green gram equivalent yield) without any
Fertilizers were applied on the basis of Soil test Dose i.e. N - amelioration measure. On an average 16 percent yield could
P2O5 - K2O - ZnSO4 – Borax (kg/ha) (20 - 40 - 40 – 25 - 10) be increased with adoption of seed inoculation with suitable
from different sources like Navaratna (20-20-0-13), SSP, Rhizobium. Asokan et al. (2000) [2] found that seed
MOP, Borax and Zinc sulphate along with application of inoculation with bio fertilizers supplied the bioactive
farmyard Manure (FYM) @ 3 t ha-1. compounds such as vitamins, hormones, enzymes and
The seeds were treated with bavistin @ 2 g kg-1 seed as seed essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and
treatment chemical against fungal seed borne diseases. As per molybdenum favorably influenced the plant vigor,
treatment specificity seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium @ morphology and metabolic processes, which ultimately
20 g kg-1 seed. The inoculated seeds were again coated with enhanced the pods per plant and total yield. Combining acid
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soil ameliorative measure by seed coating with lime could though the uptake of Ca by horse gram and green gram crops
increase the yield by 14 percent. In an experiment done by were at par, but uptake by black gram crop was significantly
Hartley et al. (2004) [8], lime supply increased nodulation and higher compared to earlier pulse crops. Cowpea crop removed
yield of Serra Della. The beneficial effects of liming on maximum Ca amongst the pulse crop (21.0 kg ha-1). The total
nodulation and plant growth most likely resulted from the Mg uptake by pulse crops varied between 2.1 and 14.5 kg ha -
1
enhanced conditions for seedling growth and nodulation. , lowest through black gram and highest through cowpea.
Likewise combining Mo seed treatment with Rhizobium Similarly, combining all the POPs the total Sulphur uptake
inoculation was very much effective in increasing crop increased by 66 percent over S uptake of 0.6 kg ha-1 with
productivity (45 percent higher yield). Various studies have Rhizobium inoculation alone.
reported that application of Mo enhances the yield in crops
that grow in deficient soil (Liu, 2001; Min et al., 2005; Xue- Post-harvest soil characteristics: Initially the soil was
Cheng et al., 2006) [10, 13, 26]. Sable et al. (2000) [21] reported strongly acidic in reaction (pHw 4.49). Irrespective of the
significant influence of seed inoculation with Rhizobium and crops and the POPs at 7 DAS the pH in soil increased,
molybdenum on soybean roots growth and yield. Bambara & thereafter decreased till the harvest of the crop. However, the
Ndakidemi (2010) [3] demonstrated that the Mo is less package of practice of lime coating of seeds maintained
available in acidic soil and foliar application can overcome higher pH comparatively for longer period of time compared
this problem. Although foliar application of Mo is beneficial, to no lime POPs under each of the pulse crops. The rise in soil
but the seed and soil applications remain effective for longer pH under non-limed POPs during initial days was mostly due
period under normal conditions. As the soil was deficient in to the impact of organics addition in buffering the soil pH and
Mo, its supplementation encouraged N2 fixation and imparted through irrigation water. The POPs had significant influence
other beneficial effects on crop growth. Combination of all on OC status of soil, with STD organic carbon status
the three POPs, seed coating with lime, Rhizobium seed decreased to 3.8 g kg-1 soil from 4.6 g kg-1 soil in initial stage.
inoculation and Mo seed treatment helped doubling the The status improved considerably with POPs and attended a
productivity from 336 kg ha-1 to 630 kg ha-1 even if in the maximum of 7.1 g kg-1 soil with all packages adopted in
problematic soil. single package (Table 3). Initial available N status was 201 kg
ha-1. In the post-harvest soil it varied between 168 and 326 kg
Total nutrient uptake: The total N uptake by the pulse crops ha-1, lowest under black gram and highest in cowpea.
varied between 26.1 and 97.3 kg ha-1. Based on N uptake Comparing the available P status under different crops, it was
different pulse crops can be arranged in the order: black observed that there was depletion with green gram crop but
gram> cowpea > green gram > horse gram (Table 2). Seed build up with rest of the crops. The all the POPs had
treatment with Mo had greater influence on N uptake than significant positive influence on buildup of the status
other POPs. The total uptake of P by four pulse crops varied irrespective of the uptake (Table 3). Initial soil K and S was
widely between 1.6 and 6.1 kg ha-1. Based on P uptake low i.e.108 kg ha-1 and 14.4 kg ha-1. Irrespective of the POPs
different pulse crops can be arranged in the order: cowpea > and crops its status increased in post-harvest soil and ranged
black gram > green gram > horse gram (Table 2). The from 162 to 208 kg ha-1 for K and 12.3 to 28.3 kg ha-1 for S
different POPs have significant influence on K uptake. (Table 3). The extra N uptake due to POPs ranged from 8 to
Uptake of K was significantly different (higher) for cowpea 43 kg ha-1, for P from 0.7 to 3.6 kg ha-1, for K from 3 to 13 kg
than other three crops. Four different pulse crops differed ha-1, Ca from 4.5 to 16 kg ha-1, Mg from 1.1 to 7.5 kg ha-1 and
significantly for their uptake of Ca and Mg (Table 2). Even for S from 0.3 to 1.0 kg ha-1.

Table 1: Green gram equivalent yield (kg ha-1) of pulse crops as influenced by liming, Rhizobium inoculation of seed and molybdenum seed
treatment
POPs Crops -R +R R+SL R+Mo R+SL+Mo Mean
Green gram 337.3 388.7 465.3 606.6 683.6 496.3
Black gram 335.0 344.0 413.6 647.0 719.3 491.8
Cowpea 431.6 568.0 620.0 701.3 763.6 616.9
Horse gram 240.0 264.0 286.0 310.0 352.6 290.5
Mean 336.0 391.1(16) 446.2(14) 566.2(45) 629.8(61)
Crop POPs C x POPs
SE (m)  12.3 13.7 27.5
LSD(p=0.05) 35.2 39.4 78.8
CV (%) 10.0

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Table 2: Total Nutrient uptake by crops under the influence of lime coating of seeds, inoculation with Rhizobium and treatment with
molybdenum
-R +R R+SL R+Mo R+SL+Mo Mean -R +R R+SL R+Mo R+SL+Mo Mean
POPs Crops
Total nitrogen uptake (kg ha-1) Total phosphorus uptake (kg ha-1)
Green gram 25.3 30.2 38.8 58.4 68.2 44.2 1.8 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.1 3.6(33)
Black gram 41.1 55.3 65.0 95.0 97.3 70.7 2.3 2.9 3.8 5.1 5.9 4.0(48)
Cowpea 37.8 47.6 56.7 73.4 80.2 59.1 2.3 3.1 3.7 5.4 6.0 4.1(56)
Horse gram 26.0 29.5 40.8 47.1 55.6 39.8 1.5 1.9 2.5 3.2 4.0 2.6
Mean 2.6 40.6(24) 50.3(54) 68.5(68) 75.3(85) 2.0 2.6(32) 3.2(22) 4.5(73) 5.5(111)
Crop POPs C x POPs Crop POPs C x POPs
SE (m)  0.6 0.7 1.4 0.07 0.07 0.15
LSD(p=0.05) 1.9 2.1 4.2 0.2 0.2 0.4
CV(%) 4.8 7.6
Total potassium uptake (kg ha-1) Total calcium uptake (kg ha-1)
Green gram 11.4 14.2 18.2 23.3 25.8 18.6 6.0 10.0 12.3 19.8 19.1 13.4
Black gram 12.2 15.4 17.6 22.2 24.7 18.4 5.5 12.8 15.8 19.5 23.2 15.3
Cowpea 14.8 19.8 22.9 28.1 27.9 22.7 10.8 14.9 20.8 27.4 30.70 20.9
Horse gram 12.7 15.1 18.6 21.3 25.6 18.6 6.1 8.1 13.4 15.5 19.4 12.5
Mean 12.8 16.1(25) 19.0(20) 23.8(47) 26.0(60) 7.1 11.4(62) 15.6(35) 20.5(79) 23.1(101)
Crop POPs C x POPs Crop POPs C x POPs
SE (m)  0.61 0.68 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.5
LSD(p=0.05) 1.7 1.9 3.9 2.0 2.2 4.5
CV(%) 12.1 17.4
Total magnesium uptake (kg ha-1) Total sulphur uptake (kg ha-1)
Green gram 2.6 4.1 5.5 7.9 9.1 5.8 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.03
Black gram 2.1 3.2 4.7 6.0 6.3 4.4 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.07
Cowpea 3.7 5.8 8.8 12.5 14.4 9.1 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.50
Horse gram 2.3 3.1 4.7 6.6 8.1 5.0 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.93
Mean 2.7 4.1(51) 5.9(44) 8.2(100) 9.5(130) 0.6 0.9(44) 1.1(23) 1.4(56) 1.5(66)
Crop POPs C x POPs Crop POPs C x POPs
SE (m)  0.2 0.2 0.5 0.02 0.02 0.04
LSD(p=0.05) 0.7 0.8 1.6 0.05 0.06 0.1
CV(%) 16.6 6.9

Table 3: Post harvest soil nutrients status

-R+R R+SL R+Mo R+SL+Mo Mean -R +R R+SL R+Mo R+SL+Mo Mean
POPs Crops
Organic carbon (g/kg) status in post-harvest soil Available Nitrogen (kg ha-1) in post-harvest soil
Green gram 4.0 5.1 6.1 6.7 8.0 6.0 177.6 195.0 210.3 220.3 235.3 208
Black gram 3.6 7.6 6.6 7.0 7.3 6.4 168.0 198.6 225.0 230.3 254.3 215
Cowpea 3.7 6.2 7.0 7.0 8.3 6.4 260.0 274.3 293.0 304.3 326.3 291
Horse gram 4.0 6.6 7.3 7.6 5.0 6.1 228.3 240.3 248.6 254.6 260.0 246
Mean 3.8 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 208.5 227.0 244.2 252.4 269.0
Crop POPs C x POPs Crop POPs C x POPs
SE (m)  0.43 0.4 0.9 4.9 5.4 10.9
LSD(p=0.05) 1.2 1.3 2.7 14.0 15.6 31.3
CV(%) 16.7 7.9
Available Phosphorus (kg ha-1) in post-harvest soil Available Potassium (kg ha-1) in post-harvest soil
Green gram 4.23 4.27 6.57 7.93 8.50 6.30 162.3 202.6 204.3 204.0 208.6 196.4
Black gram 22.11 28.23 29.10 30.33 34.00 28.76 165.0 171.3 176.2 179.0 190.3 176.3
Cowpea 20.63 24.83 27.27 31.93 32.80 27.49 172.3 176.0 181.0 194.3 200.0 184.7
Horse gram 21.27 25.20 26.90 31.63 32.43 27.49 165.7 171.0 178.6 181.0 199.3 179.1
Mean 17.06 20.63 22.46 25.46 26.93 166.3 180.2 185.0 189.5 199.5
Crop POPs C x POPs Crop POPs C x POPs
SE (m)  1.0 1.1 2.3 5.2 5.9 11.8
LSD(p=0.05) 3.0 3.3 6.7 15.1 16.9 33.9
CV(%) 18.2 11.1
Available Sulphur (kg ha-1) in post-harvest soil
Green gram 12.33 14.67 15.33 17.17 18.83 15.7
Black gram 13.45 15.68 19.73 24.53 28.33 20.4
Cowpea 13.80 16.47 18.83 20.30 24.43 18.8
Horse gram 14.57 16.57 18.60 20.77 24.93 19.0
Mean 13.5 15.9 18.1 20.7 24.1
Crop POPs C x POPs
SE (m)  0.5 0.65 1.3
LSD(p=0.05) 1.6 1.8 3.7
CV(%) 12.3

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Conclusion 14. Pati S, Pattanayak SK. Encapsulation of green gram seed

Lime coating of seed increased the soil pH from initial with lime influencing its productivity and quality.P.G
extremely acidic soil pH (4.49) to moderate range (pH 5.1 to thesis submitted to OUAT. 2016.
5.5), and thus indirectly favoured creation of more suitable 15. Pattanayak SK, Rao DLN. Technical bulletin on
medium for nutrient uptake by legumes. This condition “Biofertilizers improve Triable Livelihood in Odisha.
creates a conducive soil environment for the crops that AINP on Soil-Biodiversity-Biofertilizers (ICAR), Orissa
enables efficient use of both organic and inorganic nutrients University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar,
which ultimately resulted in better performance of yield in Odisha. 2014, 1-27
legumes. Lime coating of pulse seeds was useful proposition 16. Pattanayak SK, Sarkar A. Sustainable management of
for increasing the seed yield, when grown in acid soils by 14 Acid Soils: Technologies and their Transfer. Indian
percent compared over no lime coating practice. Molybdenum Journal of Fertilizers. 2016; 12(7):16-24 & 3
seed treatment @ 10 g sodium molybdate was capable of 17. Pattanayak SK, Dash D, Jena MK, Nayak RK. Seed
increasing the seed yield by 45 percent compared over no Mo treatment of green gram with Mo and Co. Effect on
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external source bears the capacity to influence the pulse seed soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2000;
by at least 16 percent compared over no inoculation. 48(4):769-773
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double the productivity of pulse crops. Potential and Prospects in Supplementing Nitrogen needs
of the crops. Indian journal of fertilizer, 2016; 12(4):94-
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