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Becoming Jewish, Believing in Jesus
Becoming Jewish,
Believing in Jesus
Judaizing Evangelicals in Brazil
MANOELA CARPENEDO
1
3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190086923.001.0001
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by Integrated Books International, United States of America
Preface
Neo-Pentecostal tendencies. In this form of Christianity, believers hold the tenets that
(a) Jesus offers salvation; (b) Jesus heals; (c) Jesus baptizes with the Holy Spirit; (d) Jesus
is coming again (Dayton, 1987; 19–23). In Chapter 1, I offer a fuller description of the
“Charismatic Evangelical” label.
Preface ix
Becoming Jewish, Believing in Jesus. Manoela Carpenedo, Oxford University Press (2021). © Oxford University
Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190086923.003.0001
2 Introduction
with long beards and personalized kippot1 sat on the right, and
women in full-length colorful skirts and tichels (headscarves) on
the left. Behind a central table was a cabinet containing the Torah.
On either side were shelves housing Jewish artifacts, including the
Israeli flag and the iconic Jewish nine-branch candelabrum, the
menorah.
Tziporah was warmer in person. But her gentle introduction
to the kehillah and overview of its links to Judaism and Yeshua
(Jesus) did little to assuage my discomfort. I felt I was intruding
into something very private, even secretive. I also battled with my
own judgments of women from modern backgrounds, with no
Jewish upbringing, who would want to “regress,” as I saw it, to such
orthodoxy.
It is seen that the agreement is close, and probably within the limits of
experimental error. A comparison with the second relation is not possible at present,
and we meet also here with a difficulty arising from the fact that Moseley observed a
greater number of lines in the radiation than should be expected on Kossel’s
simple scheme[33].
There is another point in connexion with the above considerations which appears
to be of interest. In a recent paper W. H. Bragg[34] has shown that, in order to
excite any line of the radiation of an element, the frequency of the exciting
radiation must be greater than the frequency of all the lines in the radiation. This
result, which is in striking contrast to the ordinary phenomena of selective
absorption, can be simply explained on Kossel’s view. The simple reverse of the
process corresponding to the emission of, for instance, would necessitate the
direct transfer of an electron from ring 1 to ring 2, but this will obviously not be
possible unless at the beginning of the process there was a vacant place in the latter
ring. For the excitation of any line in the radiation, it is therefore necessary that
the electron should be completely removed from the atom. Another consequence of
Kossel’s view is that it should be impossible to obtain the series of an element
without the simultaneous emission of the series. This seems to be in agreement
with some recent experiments of C. G. Barkla[35] on the energy involved in the
production of characteristic Röntgen radiation. From these examples it will be seen
that even if Kossel’s considerations will need modification in order to account in
detail for the high frequency spectra, they seem to offer a basis for a further
development.
As in the former section, it is assumed that the spectra considered above are due
to the displacement of a single electron. If, however, several electrons should
happen to be removed from one of the rings by a violent impact, the considerations
at the end of the former section would not apply, since the electrons removed in this
case can be replaced by electrons in the other rings. We might therefore possibly
expect that the rearrangement of the electrons, consequent to the removal of more
than one electron from a ring, would give rise to spectra of still higher frequency
than those considered in this section.
University of Manchester,
August 1915.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Communicated by Sir Ernest Rutherford, F.R.S.
[2] Phil. Mag. xxvi. pp. 1, 476, 857 (1918) and xxvii. p. 506 (1914). These papers
will be referred to as I., II., III., & IV. respectively. See Transcriber’s Notes
[3] van den Broek, Phys. Zeit. xiv. p. 32 (1913).
[4] See Rutherford, Phil. Mag. xxvii. p. 488 (1914).
[5] See J. H. Jeans, “Report on Radiation and the Quantum Theory,” Phys. Soc.
London, 1914.
[6] Nicholson, Month. Not, Roy. Astr. Soc. lxxii. p. 679 (1912).
[7] Einstein and Haas, Verh. d. D. Phys. Ges. xvii. p. 152 (1915). That such a
mechanical rotational effect was to be expected on the electron theory of
magnetism was pointed out several years ago by O. W. Richardson, Phys.
Review, xxvi. p. 248 (1908). Richardson tried to detect this effect but without
decisive results.
[8] Nicholson, Phil. Mag. xxvii. p. 541 and xxviii. p. 90 (1914).
[9] Fowler, Month. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. lxxiii. Dec. 1912.
[10] Evans, Nature, xcii. p. 5 (1913); Phil. Mag. xxix. p. 284 (1915).
[11] For we get a series in the extreme ultraviolet of which some lines
have recently been observed by Lyman (Nature, xcv. p. 343, 1915).
[12] See Nature, xcii. p. 231 (1913).
[13] See also Stark, Verh. d. D. Phys. Ges. xvi. p. 468 (1914).
[14] Rau, Sitz. Ber. d. Phys. Med. Ges. Würzburg (1914).
[15] Merton, Nature, xcv. p. 65 (1915); Proc. Roy. Soc. A. xci. p. 389 (1915).
[16] Stark, Elektrische Spektralanalyse chemischer Atome, Leipzig, 1914.
[17] Stark, loc. cit. pp. 51, 54, 55, & 56.
[18] On this view we should expect the Rydberg constant in (13) to be not
exactly the same for all elements, since the expression (5) depends to a certain
extent on the mass of the nucleus. The correction is very small; the difference in
passing from hydrogen to an element of high atomic weight being only 0.05 per
cent. (see IV. p. 7). In a recent paper (Proc. Roy. Soc. A. xci. p. 255, 1915),
Nicholson has concluded that this consequence of the theory is inconsistent with
the measurements of the ordinary helium spectrum. It seems doubtful, however,
if the measurements are accurate enough for such a conclusion. It must be
remembered that it is only for high values of that the theory indicates values
of very nearly unity; but for such values of , the terms in question are very
small, and the relative accuracy in the experimental determination not very high.
The only spectra for which a sufficiently accurate determination of seems
possible at present are the ordinary hydrogen spectrum and the helium spectrum
considered in the former section, and in these cases the measurements agree
very closely with calculation.
[19] Fowler, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A. 214. p. 225 (1914).
[20] Fowler, loc. cit. p. 262, see also II. p. 15.
[21] Stark, loc. cit. pp. 67-75.
[22] Rau, loc. cit.
[23] Franck & Hertz, Verh. d. D. Phys. Ges. xv. p. 34 (1918).
[24] Cuthbertson, Proc. Roy. Soc. A. lxxxiv. p. 18 (1910).
[25] Franck and Hertz, Verh. d. D. Phys. Ges. xvi. pp. 457, 512 (1914).
[26] Paschen, Ann. d. Phys. xxxv. p. 860 (1911).
[27] Stark, Ann. d. Phys. xlii. p. 239 (1913).
[28] This value is of the same order of magnitude as the value 12.5 volts recently
found by McLennan and Henderson (Proc. Roy. Soc, A. xci. p. 485, 1915) to be
the minimum voltage necessary to produce the usual mercury spectrum. The
interesting observations of single-lined spectra of zinc and cadmium given in their
paper are analogous to Franck and Hertz’s results for mercury, and similar
considerations may therefore possibly also hold for them.
[29] Moseley, Phil. Mag. xxvi. p. 1024 (1918); and xxvii. p. 703 (1914).
[30] Nicholson, Phil. Mag. xxvii. p. 562 (1914).
[31] Kossel, Verh. d. Deutsch. Phys. Ges. xvi. p. 953 (1914).
[32] Malmer, Phil. Mag. xxviii. p. 787 (1914).
[33] See Kossel, loc. cit. p. 960.
[34] Bragg, Phil. Mag. xxix. p. 407 (1915).
[35] Barkla, Nature, xcv. p. 7 (1915). In this note Barkla proposes an explanation
of his experimental results which in some points has great similarity to Kossel’s
theory.
Transcriber’s Notes
In footnote 2, the series of the first three papers were published in 1913
instead of 1918.
This series of papers are collected in a single paper entitled “On the
Constitution of Atoms and Molecules” namely: Paper I.—Binding Of Electrons By
Positive Nuclei, pp. 1-25; Paper II.—Systems Containing Only A Single Nucleus,
pp. 476-502; Paper III.—Systems Containing Several Nuclei, pp. 857-875. This
series of papers can be found at: Project Gutenberg.
Paper IV entitled “The effect of electric and magnetic fields on spectral lines”
can be found at: Project Gutenberg.
Page numbers in the present paper are refered to the above editions.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE QUANTUM
THEORY OF RADIATION AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM ***
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