Difference between Raster image and Vector image

Raster images and vector images are two different types of digital images,
each with its own characteristics and uses.

1. Raster Images:

 Raster images are composed of a grid of pixels, where each

pixel contains information about color and intensity.

 Common raster image formats include JPEG, PNG, GIF, and

BMP.

 When you zoom in on a raster image, you may notice a loss of

quality or pixelation, especially if you zoom in significantly.

 Raster images are suitable for photographs and complex images

with subtle color variations and gradients.

 Editing raster images involves modifying individual pixels.

Software like Adobe Photoshop is commonly used for raster
image editing.

 Raster images are resolution-dependent, meaning they have a

fixed number of pixels and can lose quality if scaled up.

2. Vector Images:

 Vector images are composed of mathematical equations that

define shapes, lines, and curves.

 Common vector image formats include SVG, AI, EPS, and PDF.

 Vector images can be scaled infinitely without losing quality

because they are based on mathematical equations rather than
pixels.

 They are ideal for illustrations, logos, icons, and other graphics
that require scalability and precision.

 Editing vector images involves manipulating the mathematical

descriptions of shapes and lines, which allows for easy resizing,
reshaping, and modification.

 Vector images are resolution-independent, making them suitable

for various applications, including printing and digital media.
B Spline Curve

A B-spline curve, short for Basis spline curve, is a mathematical

representation of a smooth curve defined by a set of control points. It is
widely used in computer graphics, CAD (computer-aided design), and other
fields for creating smooth curves and surfaces. Here are the characteristics
of B-spline curves:

1. Control Points: A B-spline curve is defined by a set of control points.

These points influence the shape of the curve. The curve does not
necessarily pass through these control points but is influenced by
their positions.

2. Local Control: Each segment of the B-spline curve is influenced by

only a subset of control points. This local control property allows for
smooth transitions between segments and enables easier
manipulation of the curve.

3. Degree: B-spline curves have a degree parameter, which determines

the degree of the polynomial functions used to define the curve
segments. The degree dictates the smoothness and flexibility of the
curve. Higher degrees generally result in smoother curves but may
require more control points.

4. Continuity: B-spline curves can exhibit different levels of continuity

at their junctions (knots). Continuity refers to the smoothness of the
curve and its derivatives at these junctions. B-spline curves can
achieve different degrees of continuity, including C0 (position
continuity), C1 (tangential continuity), C2 (curvature continuity), and
higher.

5. Knot Vector: The knot vector is a sequence of values that determines

the parameterization of the curve. It defines how the curve
interpolates between control points and influences the shape of the
curve. The knot vector also determines the multiplicity of knots, which
affects the continuity of the curve.

6. Flexibility and Smoothness: B-spline curves offer a balance

between flexibility and smoothness. They can represent a wide range
of curves, from simple shapes to complex contours, while maintaining
smoothness and continuity.

7. Bezier Curves as Special Cases: Bezier curves are a subset of B-

spline curves. In fact, cubic Bezier curves are a special case of cubic
 B-spline curves with specific knot values and control point weights.
Bezier curves are often used in graphics software due to their
simplicity and intuitive control.

Computer Graphics and application of computer graphics

Computer graphics refers to the creation, manipulation, and representation

of visual content using computers. It encompasses a wide range of
techniques and technologies for generating images, animations, and
interactive visual experiences. Here's an overview of computer graphics and
its various applications in different fields:

1. Entertainment and Media:

 Animation: Computer graphics are extensively used in the

creation of animated films, TV shows, and video games.
Animators use software like Autodesk Maya, Blender, and Adobe
After Effects to create lifelike characters, environments, and
special effects.

 Visual Effects (VFX): VFX techniques are used to enhance live-

action footage with computer-generated imagery (CGI). They
are commonly employed in movies, TV commercials, and music
videos to create fantastical scenes, creatures, and
environments.

2. Design and Visualization:

 Architectural Visualization: Architects and designers use

computer graphics to create 3D models and renderings of
buildings, interiors, and landscapes. Software like Autodesk
Revit and SketchUp enables architects to visualize designs and
communicate ideas to clients effectively.

 Product Design: Computer-aided design (CAD) software is

used in product design and manufacturing industries to create
detailed 3D models of products and prototypes. Designers can
iterate on designs quickly and simulate real-world behavior
using tools like SolidWorks and Autodesk Inventor.

 Virtual Prototyping: Computer graphics are used to create

virtual prototypes of products, allowing designers to test
functionality, ergonomics, and aesthetics before physical
 production. This saves time and resources in the product
development process.

3. Science and Medicine:

 Medical Imaging: Computer graphics play a crucial role in

medical imaging techniques such as MRI, CT scans, and
ultrasound. They enable healthcare professionals to visualize
internal structures, diagnose conditions, and plan surgeries with
precision.

 Scientific Visualization: Scientists use computer graphics to

visualize complex data sets, simulations, and mathematical
models. Visualization techniques help researchers analyze and
interpret data in fields such as astronomy, physics, and biology.

4. Education and Training:

 Educational Software: Computer graphics are used in

educational software and simulations to enhance learning
experiences. Interactive 3D models, simulations, and virtual
reality (VR) environments help students understand complex
concepts in subjects like science, engineering, and history.

 Training Simulations: Computer graphics are used to create

realistic training simulations for industries such as aviation,
military, and healthcare. Trainees can practice skills and
procedures in a safe, controlled environment before performing
them in real-world settings.

5. Advertising and Marketing:

 Graphic Design: Computer graphics are used in advertising

and marketing campaigns to create visually appealing graphics,
logos, and promotional materials. Designers use software like
Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator to design graphics for print and
digital media.

 Interactive Marketing: Interactive graphics and animations

are used in digital marketing campaigns to engage audiences
and promote products or services. Techniques like augmented
reality (AR) and interactive web experiences enhance user
engagement and brand awareness.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

A Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that generates images by

accelerating electron beams onto a phosphorescent screen. It was a
standard display technology used in televisions, computer monitors, and
oscilloscopes before the advent of flat-panel displays like LCDs and LEDs.

Functioning of CRT:

1. Electron Gun:

 The CRT contains an electron gun at the back, which emits a

focused stream of electrons. The electron gun typically consists
of a cathode, control grid, and focusing anode.

 The cathode emits electrons when heated, and the control grid
controls the intensity of the electron beam. The focusing anode
focuses the electron beam into a narrow, well-defined path.

2. Deflection System:

 The electron beam generated by the electron gun is directed

towards the screen by electromagnetic deflection coils or plates.

 Horizontal deflection coils steer the electron beam from left to

right across the screen, creating one horizontal line at a time.

 Vertical deflection coils move the entire beam vertically,

allowing it to scan down the screen line by line.
 3. Phosphorescent Screen:

 The front of the CRT is coated with a phosphorescent material

that emits light when struck by the electron beam.

 The phosphor coating is divided into discrete pixels or lines,

corresponding to the resolution of the display.

4. Beam Scanning:

 The electron beam scans across the screen in a raster pattern,

starting from the top-left corner and moving horizontally across
each line until it reaches the bottom-right corner.

 As the beam scans across each line, it excites the phosphor dots,
causing them to emit light. The intensity of the electron beam
determines the brightness of the corresponding pixels on the
screen.

5. Color CRTs:

 Color CRTs use a shadow mask or aperture grille in front of the

phosphor screen to create color images.

 Three electron guns are used, each emitting electrons of

different colors (red, green, and blue).

 The electron beams from the three guns are directed through
the mask or grille, which ensures that each beam only strikes
the phosphor dots of its corresponding color.

Bezire Curve

"Bezier Curve." A Bezier curve is a type of mathematical curve commonly

used in computer graphics, vector drawing programs, and other related
fields. Here are the characteristics of Bezier curves:

1. Control Points: A Bezier curve is defined by a set of control points.

The curve does not necessarily pass through these points, but they
influence its shape.

2. Degree: Bezier curves can have different degrees, usually ranging

from linear (degree 1) to cubic (degree 3) or higher. The degree
determines the number of control points required to define the curve
and its smoothness.
3. End Point Interpolation: In a linear Bezier curve (degree 1), the
curve is a straight line connecting the first and last control points. In
higher-degree Bezier curves, the curve smoothly interpolates between
the first and last control points, forming a more complex shape.

4. Convex Hull Property: The Bezier curve always lies within the
convex hull of its control points. This property ensures that the curve
does not intersect itself and remains well-behaved.

5. Bezier Basis Functions: Bezier curves are defined using Bernstein

polynomials or basis functions. These functions interpolate between
control points to generate the curve. The weights assigned to each
control point influence the shape of the curve.

6. Local Control: Each segment of the Bezier curve is influenced by

only a subset of control points. This local control property allows for
easy manipulation of the curve's shape by adjusting individual control
points.

7. Continuity: Bezier curves can achieve different degrees of continuity,

including position continuity (C0), tangential continuity (C1), and
curvature continuity (C2). Higher-degree Bezier curves can exhibit
smoother transitions between segments.

8. Parametric Representation: Bezier curves are parameterized,

meaning that they are defined by a parametric equation that describes
the curve's position as a function of a parameter (usually denoted as
t). This allows for easy evaluation of points along the curve.

9. Affine Invariance: Bezier curves are invariant under affine

transformations such as translation, rotation, and scaling. This
property makes them useful for various geometric operations and
transformations.