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    2nd-quarter-reviewer

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    10- SCIENCE

    2nd QUARTER
    PISCES, POLARIS, SAGITTARIUS, TAURUS, CEPHEUS

    I. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

    INCREASING FREQUENCY AND ENERGY

    INCREASING WAVELENGHT

    • A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy.


    • James Clerk Maxwell formulated the Electromagnetic Wave Theory which says that an oscillating electric
    current should be capable of radiating energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
    • Heinrich Hertz discovered the Hertzian waves which is now known as radio waves.
    • Hertz is the unit used to measure the frequency of waves.
    • Electromagnetic (EM) waves have unique properties.
    ► EM waves can travel through a vacuum.
    ► EM waves travel at the speed which is constant in a given medium and has a value of c = 3.0 x 108 m/s
    in vacuum.
    ► EM waves are disturbances in a field rather than in a medium.
    ► EM waves have an electric field that travels perpendicular with the magnetic field.
    ► EM waves form when moving charged particles transfer energy through a field.
    • Most EM waves are invisible to the eye but detectable. Only the visible light is seen by humans.
    • The waves in the various regions in the EM spectrum share similar properties but differ in wavelength,
    frequency, energy, and method of production.
    • The regions in the EM spectrum have various uses and applications as
    follows:
    EM Wave Applications / Uses
    Radio waves Radio and television communication
    Microwaves Satellite television and communication
    Infrared Remote control, household electrical
    Visible light Visible light Artificial lighting, optical fibers in medical uses, screen of electronic devices
    Ultraviolet Sterilization, Fluorescence
    X-rays Medical use, engineering applications
    Gamma rays Medical treatment

    II. PLANE MIRROR

    REFLECTION OF LIGHT
     When light hits a smooth surface like a mirror, light is reflected.
     Reflection is the turning back of light when it hits the barrier.

    LAWS OF REFLECTION
     The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the
    reflecting surface all lie in the same plane.
     The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
    IMAGES FORMED BY PLANE MIRRORS
     A plane mirror is a flat and smooth surface where light is reflected by specular reflection.
     This is the one that we use as looking glasses.
     DISTANCE
    For plane mirrors, the object’s distance is equal to the
    image distance.
     SIZE
    The image formed by a plane mirror is the same size
    as the object and found apparently behind the mirror.
     The image formed by plane mirrors is always
    erect, virtual, and laterally reversed.
     the formula to solve the number of images
    formed by two plane mirrors,
    360
    N= −1
    θ

    TYPES OF REFLECTION
    1.Specular/Regular Reflection- reflection of light on smooth
    surfaces
    such as mirrors or calm body of water.
    2. Diffused/Irregular Reflection- this is a reflection of
    light on rough surfaces such as clothing, paper,
    wavy water, and the asphalt roadway.

    III. REFLECTION ON SPHERICAL MIRRORS


    Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors
    1. The Concave Mirror
    • It is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface
    bulges away from the light source.
    • It is called Converging
    Mirror because the parallel incident rays converge or
    meet/intersect at a focal point after reflection.
    . The Convex Mirror
    • It is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface
    bulges towards the light source.
    • It is called Diverging Mirror because the parallel incident
    rays diverge after reflection. When extending the reflected
    rays behind the mirror, the rays converge at the focus
    behind the mirror.
    IV. LENSES
    REFRACTION
     the bending of light (it also happens with sound,
    water and other waves) as it passes from one
    transparent substance into another.
     The change in velocity of light when it passes
    from one medium to another of different optical
    densities.

    Convex Lens
     also called converging lens.
     which is thicker at the middle
    than at the edge.

    Concave Lens
     also called diverging lens.
     which is thicker at the edge
    than at the middle.
    .
    CONVEX LENS
    CONCAVE LENSE

    *MIRROR AND LENSE EQUATION


    1 1 1 h ' −q
    = + =
    f p q h p
    where:
    f = focal length or distance from the mirror and the focal point, F
    p = distance of the object from the mirror
    q = distance of the image from the mirror
    h’= height of the image
    h= height of the object

    V. ELECTRIC MOTORS AND GENERATOR

    ELECTRIC MOTORS
    A device that converts electrical energy to a mechanical energy
    GENERATOR
    a piece of mechanical equipment that converts a mechanical form of
    energy into electrical energy.

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