Chapter-09_Chemical Equilibrium

Course No.
: GED 1161
Course Name: Chemistry . Istiaq Rahman Mahi
Chapter-09.(Chemical Equilibrium).
Chemical Equilibrium: Law of mass action, equilibrium constant, Relation between KP and KC,
Le-Chaltelier principle, effect of temperature, pressure, concentration and inert gas on equilibrium
constant.
Definition: Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic process. When the rates of the forward and reverse
reactions are equal and the concentrations of the reactants and products no longer change with
time, chemical equilibrium is reached.
H2O(l) ⇌ H2O (g)
Rate of reaction: The Rate of Reaction refers to the Speed of the Conversion of Reactants into
Products in a Chemical Reaction.
Law of mass action: The law of mass action states that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the
product of the concentrations of each reactant. It relates the concentrations of reactants and products
at equilibrium in terms of a quantity called the equilibrium constant.
The Equilibrium Constant:
Figure: Change in the concentrations of NO2 and N2O4 with time, in three situations. (a) Initially
only NO2 is present. (b) Initially only N2O4 is present. (c) Initially a mixture of NO2 and N2O4 is
present. In each case, equilibrium is established to the right of the vertical line.
A single elementary step in both the forward and reverse directions given as
Ways of Expressing Equilibrium Constants:
At constant temperature the pressure P of a gas is directly related to the concentration in moles per
liter of the gas; that is, P = (n/V)RT. Thus, for the equilibrium process
The quantity obtained by substituting the initial concentrations into the equilibrium constant
expression is called the reaction quotient (Qc).
Summary of the Rules for Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions:
1. The concentrations of the reacting species in the condensed phase are expressed in moles per
liter; in the gaseous phase, the concentrations can be expressed in moles per liter or in atmospheres.
Kc is related to KP by a simple equation.
2. The concentrations of pure solids, pure liquids (in heterogeneous equilibria), and solvents (in
homogeneous equilibria) do not appear in the equilibrium constant expressions.
3. The equilibrium constant (Kc or KP) is dimensionless.
4. In quoting a value for the equilibrium constant, we must specify the balanced equation and the
temperature.
What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us?
I. Qc < Kc The ratio of initial concentrations of products to reactants is too small. To reach
equilibrium, reactants must be converted to products. The system proceeds from left to
right (consuming reactants, forming products) to reach equilibrium.
II. Qc = Kc The initial concentrations are equilibrium concentrations. The system is at
equilibrium.
III. Qc > Kc The ratio of initial concentrations of products to reactants is too large. To reach
equilibrium, products must be converted to reactants. The system proceeds from right to
left (consuming products, forming reactants) to reach equilibrium.
Le Châtelier’s Principle
It states that if an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a
way that the stress is partially offset as it tries to reestablish equilibrium.
Factors that affect the chemical equilibrium:
1. Changes in Concentrations
2. Pressure and Volume
3. Temperature
Effect of Concentration:
Figure: Effect of concentration change on the position of equilibrium. (a) An aqueous Fe(SCN) 3
solution. The color of the solution is due to both the red FeSCN2+ and the yellow Fe3+ species. (b)
After the addition of some NaSCN to the solution in (a), the equilibrium shifts to the left. (c) After
the addition of some Fe(NO3)3 to the solution in (a), the equilibrium shifts to the left. (d) After the
addition of some H2C2O4 to the solution in (a), the equilibrium shifts to the right. The yellow color
is due to the Fe(C2O4)3- ions.
Changes in Pressure and Volume
In general, an increase in pressure (decrease in volume) favors the net reaction that decreases the
total number of moles of gases (the reverse reaction, in the preceding case), and a decrease in
pressure (increase in volume) favors the net reaction that increases the total number of moles of
gases (here, the forward reaction). For reactions in which there is no change in the number of moles
of gases, for example, H2(g) Cl2(g)Δ2HCl(g), a pressure (or volume) change has no effect on the
position of equilibrium.
Changes in Temperature
A change in concentration, pressure, or volume may alter the equilibrium position, that is, the
relative amounts of reactants and products, but it does not change the value of the equilibrium
constant. Only a change in temperature can alter the equilibrium constant. At equilibrium at a
certain temperature, the heat effect is zero because there is no net reaction. If we treat heat as
though it were a chemical reagent, then a rise in temperature “adds” heat to the system and a drop
in temperature “removes” heat from the system. As with a change in any other parameter
(concentration, pressure, or volume), the system shifts to reduce the effect of the change.
Therefore, a temperature increase favors the endothermic direction (from left to right of the
equilibrium equation), which decreases [N2O4] and increases [NO2]. A temperature decrease
favors the exothermic direction (from right to left of the equilibrium equation), which decreases
[NO2] and increases [N2O4].
Problem:
I. Define equilibrium. Give two examples of a dynamic equilibrium.

II. Explain the difference between physical equilibrium and chemical equilibrium. Give two
examples of each.
III. Briefly describe the importance of equilibrium in the study of chemical reactions.
IV. What do the symbols KC and KP represent?
V. Write the equation relating KC and KP and define all the terms.
VI. rite equilibrium constant expressions for KC and for KP, if applicable, for these processes:
(a) 2CO2(g) ⇌ 2CO(g) + O2(g)
(b) 3O2(g) ⇌2O3(g)
VII. What is the Kp at 1273℃ for the reaction?

2CO2(g) ⇌ 2CO(g) + O2(g)
if Kc is 2.24*10-22 at the same temperature.
VIII. The pressure of the reacting mixture at equilibrium is 0.105 atm at 350℃.
a. CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calculate KP and KC for this reaction.

Chapter-09_Chemical Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter-09_Chemical Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter-09_Chemical Equilibrium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Course No.

H2O(l) ⇌ H2O (g)

3. The equilibrium constant (Kc or KP) is dimensionless.

What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us?

Factors that affect the chemical equilibrium:

Changes in Pressure and Volume

I. Define equilibrium. Give two examples of a dynamic equilibrium.

(b) 3O2(g) ⇌2O3(g)

VII. What is the Kp at 1273℃ for the reaction?

if Kc is 2.24*10-22 at the same temperature.

You might also like