I.

Past simple  Present perfect

1. My uncle last painted his house last year.
My uncle hasn’t painted his house since last year
2. They last visited me 5 years ago.
They haven’t visited me for 5 year
3. Mary last took some pictures when she was on holiday last year.
Mary hasn’t taken any pictures since she was on holiday last year
4. My children last ate ice cream last summer.
My children haven’t eaten ice cream since last summer
5. The last time my sister bought some clothes was 9 months ago.
My sister hasn’t bought any clothes for 9 months
6. He last wrote to his parents 6 months ago.
He hasn’t written to his parents for 6 months
7. They last had a holiday abroad in 2019.
They haven’t had a holiday abroad since 2019
8. Janet started playing the piano when she was in grade 5.
Janet has played the piano since she was in grade 5
9. These workers began working in that factory in 2001.
These workers have worked in that factory since 2001
10.My friends began studying English 15 years ago.
My friends have studied English for 15 years

II. Comparison
1. No student in the class is as smart as Bill.
Bill is the smartest studen in the class
2. The countyside is more peaceful than the city.
The city isn’t as peaceful as the countryside
3. The seats at the front are more expensive than the seats at the back.
The seats at the back aren’t as expensive as the seats at the front
4. No city in Britain is as exciting as Liverpool.
Liverpool is the most exciting city in Britain
5. Speaking Japanese is easier than writing Japanese.
Writing Japanese isn’t as easy as speaking Japanese
6. Travelling by plane is more comfortable than by train.
Travelling by train isn’t as comfortable as by plane
7. The countryside is not as noisy as the city.
The city is noisier than the countryside
8. Many people say that no city in the world is as romantic as Venice.
 Many people say that Venice is the most romantic city in the world
9. No place on the Earth is as cold as Antarctica.
Antarctica is the coldest place on the Earth
10.Central Park in New York is bigger than Hyde Park in London.
Hyde Park in London isn’t as big as Central Park in New York

III. Relative clauses (Combine sentences using who. which & where)
1. He worked for a woman. She used to be an artist.
He worked for a woman who used to be an artist
2. They called a doctor. He lived nearby.
They called a doctor who live nearby
3. I wrote an email to my sister. She lives in Italy.
I worte an email to my sister who lives in Italy
4. The police officer has just arrested a man. He robbed the bank.
The polie officer has just arrested a man who robbed the bank
5. We broke a car. It belonged to my uncle.
We broke a car which belonged to my uncle
6. Nam loves books. They have happy endings.
Nam loves books which have happy endings
7. I first learned English from a book. I've just reread it.
I first learned English from a book which I’ve just reread
8. She opened the cupboard. She kept her best glasses in there.
She opened the cupboard where she kept her best glasses
9. This is a very old house. General Giap lived here.
This is a very old house where General Giap lived
10.There's a great new bookshop in town. You can buy all the latest magazines
there.
There’s a great new bookshop in town where you can but all the latest
magazines

IV. First conditional

1. l. I'll be very disappointed unless he passes his exam.
If he doesn’t pass his exam, I will be very disappointed
2. They won't let her into the concert if she doesn't have a ticket.
Unless he has a ticket, they won’t let her into the concert
3. If she doesn't water these plants, they will die.
Unless she waters these plants, they will die
4. I won't be able to do any work if I don't have a quiet room.
Unless I have a quiet room, I won’t be able to do any work
5. If you don't stop smoking, you will be seriously ill.
Unless you stop smoking, you will be seriously ill
6. She won't agree to that unless you accept her suggestion.
If you accept her suggestion, she will agree to that
7. If she doesn't pay up, we're going to be in real trouble.
Unless she pays up, we’re going to be in real trouble
8. If it doesn't rain this August, there will be water shortages.
Unless it rains this August, there will be water shortages
9. Unless it stops raining, we will not have a picnic.
If it stops raining, we will have a picnic
10.Unless you start now, you will not reach there in time.
If you start now, you will reach there in time

V. Second conditional.
1. I can't take you to the airport because I don't have a car.
If I had a car, I could take you to the airport
2. I have a headache. I can't go swimming.
If I didn’t have a headache, I could go swimming
3. We don't take a holiday this year because we haven't got any money.
If we had some money, we would take a holiday this year
4. We don't live in a big house. We can't invite friends to stay.
If we lived in a big house, we could invite friends to stay
5. Kevin doesn't get good grades because he doesn't study much.
If Kevin studied much, he would get good grades
6. Francis works very hard. He doesn't have time to spend with his family.
If Francis didn’t work very hard, he would have time to spent with his family
7. Andrea doesn't pay attention in class. Then she doesn't understand the
homework.
If Andrea paid attention in class,she would understand the homework
8. Johnny's mom often gets angry with Johnny because he doesn't pick up his toys.
If Johnny picked up his toys, Johnny’s mom wouldn’t get angry with Johnny
9. Ben drives too fast so he gets a lot of speeding tickets.
If Ben didn’t drive too fast, he wouldn’t get a lot of speeding tickets
10.Andrew coughs a lot because he smokes.
If Andrew didn’t smoke, he wouldn’t cough a lot
VI. Direct speech  Reported speech
1. Jane said, "I want to study medicine, father."
Jane said her father that she wanted to study medicine
2. "I studied music for five years." Alex said
Alex said that he had studied music for five years
3. "I've been to Shanghai." She said
She said that she had been to Shanghai
4. "We can help you." John said
John said that they could help me
5. He said to me, "I saw your friend at the cinema yesterday. "
He said to me that he had seen my friend at the cinema the day before
6. Mr West said, "I am very tired. "
Mr West said that he was very tired
7. He said, "I am flying to Rome tomorrow. "
He said that he was flying to Rome the next day
8. George said, "I have lived in this village all my life."
George said that she had lived in that village all her life
9. Peter said to me 'I can't go out with you because I am not feeling well."
Peter said to me that he couldn’t go out with me because he wasn’t feeling well
10.Helen said to me, "I hope you have enjoyed yourself. "
Helen said to me that she hoped, I had enjoyed myself

VII. Modal Verbs: using Must(n't), Should(n't) and forms of Have to

1. Why was it necessary for you to go to school last Saturday?
Why did you have to go to school last Saturday?
2. I don't think it's a good idea for you to spend too much time playing games.
You shouldn’t spend too much time playing games
3. It's necessary for the children to wear a uniform.
The children must wear a uniform
4. I think it would be a good idea to say sorry to your parents.
You should say sorry to your parents
5. It is not a good idea for you to drink so much coffee.
You shouldn’t drink so much coffe
6. It is not necessary for him to apologize. He was absolutely right.
He doesn't have to apologize. He was absolutely right
7. It is necessary for us to give him our answer today or we'll lose out on the
contract.
 We have to give him our answer today or we'll lose out on the contract.
8. It's a good idea for you to go and lie down.
You should go and lie down
9. It's not necessary for you to learn all the new words.
You don’t have to learn all the new words
10.Is it necessary for you to attend every English lesson?
Do you have to attend every English lesson?
11. It would be a good idea if Harry took a holiday.
You should take a holiday
12.It's not a good idea to leave a child unsupervised
You shouldn’t leave a child unsupervised
13.It is necessary to register in advance to take the course.
You have to register in advance to take the course
14.It is not necessary to read all those books.
You don’t have to read all those books
15.I think she needs to spend more time with you.
You should spend more time with you

VIII. Although  Despite/ In spite of

1. Although she is beautiful, everybody hates her.
In spite of the fact that she is beautiful, everybody hates her.
2. Jane rarely sees Alan although they are neighbors.
In spite of the fact that they are neighbors, Jane rarely sees Alan
3. Kate did not do well in the exam in spite of working very hard.
Although Kate worked very hard, she didn’t do well in the exam
4. Although I was very hungry, I couldn't eat.
In spite of the fact that I was very hungry, I couldn't eat
5. In spite ofthe difficulty, they managed to solve the math problem.
Although it was difficult, they managed to solve the math problem
6. She decided to go abroad for a year in spite of loving her boyfriend very much.
Although she loved her boyfriend very much, she decided to go abroad for a
year
7. Although it was cold, Marie didn't put on her coat.
In spite of the fact that it was cold, Marie didn't put on her coat
8. Clare did the work in spite of being ill.
Although Clare was ill, she did the work
9. Although the weather was bad, we enjoyed our trip.
In spite of the fact that the weather was bad, we enjoyed our trip
10.The children slept well in spite ofthe noise.
Although it was noisy, the children slept well