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BOWEL CANCER

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3 views

BOWEL CANCER

Uploaded by

aniruddhanvinodhchittezhi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BOWEL CANCER:

Bowel cancer is one of the most preventable forms of cancer. Nearly half of all cases
could be prevented every year if we all keep at a healthy weight, followed a healthy
diet, were more physically active and didn’t drink alcohol.

SYMPTOMS OF BOWEL CANCER:


The symptoms of bowel cancer usually appear in later stages with less serious
conditions such as hemorrhoids. Symptoms of bowel cancer include:
 Blood in faeces or bleeding from the rectum.
 Changes in normal bowel habits that persists for more than three weeks, such
as diarrhea, constipation or passing stools more frequently than usual.
 Abdominal pain.
 Unexplained weight loss.
 Anaemia, caused by bleeding inside the bowel that reduces the level of
RBCs.
 Bowel obstruction manifested as feeling bloated, usually around the belly
button; abdominal pain; constipation; vomiting.
TEST FOR BOWEL CANCER:
A small number of cancers can only be diagnosed by a more extensive examination
of the colon.
The two tests used for this are colonoscopy or CT colonography. Emergency
referrals, such as people with bowel will be diagnosed by a CT scan. Those with
severe iron deficiency anemia and few or no bowel symptoms are usually diagnosed
by colonoscopy.
A flexible sigmoidoscopy is an examination of your back passage and some of your
large bowel using a device called a sigmoidoscope. A sigmoidoscope is a long, thin,
flexible tube attached to a very small camera and light. Its inserted into your bottom
and up into your bowel.
A colonoscopy is an examination of your entire large bowel using a device called a
colonoscope, which is like a sigmoidoscope but a bit longer. Occasionally, it may not
be possible to pass the colonoscope completely around the bowel. In this case, a CT
colonography may be necessary.
CT colonography, also known as a ‘virtual colonoscopy’, involves using a CT
scanner to produce 3D images of the large bowel and rectum. During the procedure,
gas is used to inflate the bowel using a thin, flexible tube placed in your bottom. CT
scans are then taken from a number of different angles. A CT colonography can help
identify potentially cancerous areas in people who cannot have a colonoscopy
because of other medical reasons.
STAGES OF BOWEL CANCER:
After all tests have been completed, it's usually possible to determine the stage of
your cancer.

There are 2 ways that bowel cancer can be staged.

The first is known as the TNM staging system:


 T – indicates the size of the tumour
 N – indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
 M – indicates whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body
(metastasis)
Bowel cancer is also staged numerically. The 4 main stages are:

 stage 1 – the cancer is still contained within the lining of the bowel or rectum
 stage 2 – the cancer has spread beyond the layer of muscle surrounding the
bowel and may have entered the surface covering the bowel or nearby organs
 stage 3 – the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes
 stage 4 – the cancer has spread beyond the bowel into another part of the
body, such as the liver.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/
diagnosis/
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/
dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/solid-tumor
https://www.wcrf-uk.org/uk/blog/articles/
2014/04/bowel-cancer-most-preventable-
common-cancer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC3548359/

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