Vellore Institute of Technology,

Chennai Campus
Fall Semester 2024-2025
BEEE102L
Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Submitted by

Vaibhav Krishna M 24BEC1424

Vibhav Milind Hage 24BEC1428
Manibharathi. V.P 24BEC1429
Krishna R 24BEC1432
Vishaal Madhav S.K 24BEC1436

Submitted To
Dr. Kaustab Ghosh
Associate Professor Senior
SENSE
Submission Date:
25-11-2024

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 Project Report
SONAR SYSTEM

1 Objective
The primary objective of this project is to design and implement a radar system capable of
accurately measuring the distance of objects within its proximity. The system will collect
and transmit real-time distance data, enabling remote monitoring and control.

2 Introduction
We know everything produces sound wave just by existence and effect flow of air around
them with their natural frequency. These frequencies are beyond hearing range of humans.
Wave of frequency range of 20000hz and thereabouts are called ultra-sonic wave and these
waves can be detected by an ultrasonic sensor which helps us to get various knowledge.
An Ultrasonic detector usually has a transducer which convert sound energy into
electrical energy and electrical energy into sound energy. They are used for measuring object
position and orientation, collision avoidance system, surveillance system etc. Ultrasonic
technology provide relief from problem such as linear measurement problem, as it allows user to
get non-contact measurements in this way distance between object and its speed etc can be
easily measured.
Speed of travel of sound wave depends upon square root of ratio between medium density
and stiffness. Also, property of speed of sound can also be changed by natural environment
condition like temperature. So basically, an ultrasonic sensor sends ultrasonic waves which
travels in air and gets reflected after striking any object. By studying the property of reflected
wave, we can get knowledge about objects distance, position, speed etc.
A processing software and an Arduino software is used with hardware system for
detection of objects various parameters. One of the most common application of ultra-sonic
sensor is range finding. It is also called as sonar which is same as radar in which ultrasonic
sound is directed at a particular direction and if there is any object in its path it strikes it and
gets reflected back and after calculation time taken to come back we can determine distance
of object in real life this method is used by bats.

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 Figure 1: Sonar system using Arduino

(a)

Figure 2: Visualization of the radar

3 Working
The aim of this project is to calculate the distance and position of the object placed at some distance
from the sensor. Ultrasonic sensor sends the ultrasonic wave in different directions by rotating with
help of servo motor. This wave travels in air and gets reflected back after striking some object. This
wave is again sensed by the sensor and its characteristics is analyzed and output is displayed in screen
showing parameters such as distance and position of object. Arduino IDE is used to write code and
upload coding in Arduino and helps us to sense position of servo motor and posting it to the serial port
along with the distance of the nearest object in its path. The processing 4.3 is used to visualize the
output from the ultrasonic sensor and the angle of servo motor.

Figure 3: working model

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4 Hardware Descriptions
4.1 Ultrasonic sensor
An ultrasonic sensor works similar as of sonar. It can measure distance of object by sending sound
waves. Sound waves are sent at a specific frequency at a specific direction and listen for sound wave
to come back. time taken by sound wave to come back helps us to determine distance of the object.

Figure 4: Ultrasonic sensor

4.2 servo motor

A servo motor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular position, velocity and
acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a
relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed specifically for use with
servomotors. Servomotors are not a different class of motor, on the basis of fundamental operating
principle, but uses servomechanism to achieve closed loop control with a generic open loop motor.
Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery or automated manufacturing.

Figure 5: Servo Motor

4.3 Arduino uno

The Arduino Uno is a popular, beginner-friendly microcontroller board that has revolutionized the
field of electronics and programming. Its simple interface, open-source nature, and extensive com-
munity support make it an ideal platform for both hobbyists and professionals.
The board features an ATmega328P microcontroller, 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog input
pins, and operates at a clock speed of 16 MHz. It can be powered via a USB cable or an external
power supply. The Arduino IDE, a user-friendly software environment, allows users to write code in
a simplified C++ dialect to control the board’s various functions.

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 Figure 6: Arduino Uno R3

5 Software Specifications
5.1 Arduino IDE
The Arduino IDE is a user-friendly software that simplifies the process of programming Arduino
microcontrollers. It provides a text editor for writing code in a simplified version of C++, a compiler
to translate the code into machine language, and an uploader to transfer the compiled code to the
Arduino board. The IDE also includes a serial monitor for debugging and communication with the
board. Additionally, it offers a vast library of pre-written code for common tasks, making it easier
to implement complex functionalities. With its intuitive interface, open-source nature, and active
community support, the Arduino IDE empowers users to explore the world of electronics and create
a wide range of innovative projects.

5.2 Processing 4.3

Processing 4.3 is a versatile software sketchbook and language designed for creating visual and inter
active experiences. It provides a user-friendly environment for artists, designers, and coders to
experiment with code and generate stunning visuals, animations, and interactive installations. With its
intuitive syntax and a wide range of libraries, Processing empowers users to explore concepts in
computer graphics, data visualization, and interactive media.

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6 Schematic Diagram

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7 Discussion of Results/Conclusion and Future Scope
In this paper a system radar system was designed with the help of Arduino, servo motor and
ultrasonic sensor which can detect the position, distance of obstacle which comes in its way and
converts it into visually representable form.
This system can be used in robotics for object detection and avoidance system or can also be
used for intrusion detection for location sizes.
Range of the system depends upon type of ultra-sonic sensor used. We used HC-SR04 sensor
which range from 2 to 60 cm
It can be used for 3D mapping of a simple object

8 References
1. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment

2. Wikipedia

3. https://processing.org/