Sensors & Actuators: B.

Chemical 371 (2022) 132481

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/snb

Gas sensing performance of carbon monoxide sensor based on rod-shaped

tin diselenide/MOFs derived zinc oxide polyhedron at room temperature
Dongyue Wang, Dongzhi Zhang *, Qiannan Pan , Tian Wang , Fengjiao Chen
College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This paper introduces a high-efficiency CO gas sensor based on ZnO/SnSe2 composite film. The rod-shaped SnSe2
Tin diselenide and polyhedral ZnO composite nanostructures were prepared by template sacrificial method and solvothermal
Metal-organic frameworks method. The developed composite material was characterized by scanning X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray
CO sensor
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and I-V testing methods, and its
UV illumination
Heterostructure
microstructure and composition were explored. Through comparative experiments, it was found that the
response of ZnO/SnSe2 was the highest when the loading rate of SnSe2 is 25%, which was superior to pure ZnO
and SnSe2 sensors. The ZnO/SnSe2 composite sensor showed excellent selectivity and good dynamic charac­
teristics to CO at room temperature (RT). To further improve the performance of the prepared CO sensor, we
studied the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light on the sensor, and the research concluded that UV light can improve
the gas-sensing characteristics of the sensors. The possible CO sensing mechanism is related to the hetero­
structure between n-type SnSe2 and n-type ZnO nanomaterials and the photoelectrons excited by UV light.

1. Introduction for toxic gas detection research, such as H2S and NO2 gas sensor [16].
Guo et. al. reported a H2S sensor based on SnSe2/WO3 composite [17].
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a tasteless, odorless and colorless gas. It The SnSe2/WO3-50% enhances 2.37 times more response to 10 ppm H2S
mainly comes from exhaust emissions from chemical plants and auto­ than pure SnSe2, which can be used in the application of the egg spoilage
mobile exhaust, and excessive emissions will seriously endanger the evaluation. Rani et. al. designed a NO2 sensor prepared by
safety of the natural environment [1–3]. In addition, the gas poisoning n-SnSe2/p-SnO/n-SnSe heterojunction [18]. The calculated limit of
in life is also related to CO, which can cause poisoned people to vomit, detection was ~115 ppb with a 38% response.
faint, shock and even death [4]. The World Health Organization pro­ In recent years, metal oxide such as SnO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, and Co3O4
poses that if humans stay in the atmosphere containing 26 ppm CO for 1 have been widely used in sensing because of their advantages such as
h, it may cause health problems [5]. Thence, it is necessary to prepare excellent selectivity, low cost, and easy preparation [19–22]. And metal
high-performance sensors that can monitor carbon monoxide in the organic frameworks (MOFs) with high porosity and special structure
atmosphere. have been used in various fields [23–25]. MOFs is a new type of porous
Recently, two dimensional semiconductor materials have become material and its organic ligands are decomposed by high-temperature
ideal materials for the preparation of electronic devices such as field calcination to form a metal oxide with a large surface area and more
effect transistors and photodetectors because of their unique electrical gas adsorption sites, which improve the gas sensing performance. ZnO
and optical properties [6–8]. It also has unique advantages in sensing derived from MOFs is an n-type semiconductor with wide band gap of
application due to the characteristics of more active sites and high 3.37 eV, and it is usually used to detect reducing gases. Although ZnO
carrier rate [9]. For example, two-dimensional transition metal mate­ has excellent sensing properties, its high resistance makes the sensor
rials such as MoS2 [10], WS2 [11], MXene [12–14] and SnSe2 [15] with need high temperature during the detection process, which leads to high
different morphologies have been widely researched because of their energy consumption. However, previous reports have shown that het­
good response to toxic gases. SnSe2 is an n-type semiconductor with high erojunction and light irradiation can effectively improve the disadvan­
carrier mobility and an adjustable band gap, which has begun to be used tages of metal oxide sensors and enhance the gas-sensing characteristics

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Zhang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132481
Received 5 July 2022; Received in revised form 1 August 2022; Accepted 3 August 2022
Available online 4 August 2022
0925-4005/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
D. Wang et al. Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical 371 (2022) 132481

[26]. Yao et. al. reported a light-activated NO2 sensor prepared by

WS2/Au/ZnO nanorods [27]. The sensor showed better sensing perfor­
mance than the ZnO-based sensor under light activation. Bai et. al. re­
ported a room-temperature NO2 gas sensor based on CuO/MoS2
heterojunction [28]. The prepared sensor exhibited remarkable
response (8.98) and fast response/recovery time (18.5/53.5 s) to 10 ppm
NO2 at room temperature under red light illumination, which was
obviously better than that under dark.
In this paper, we prepared a high-efficiency room temperature gas
sensor based on ZnO/SnSe2 for CO gas. The MOFs derived ZnO/SnSe2
composites were prepared by template sacrificial method and sol­
vothermal method. And the ZnO/SnSe2 sensor showed excellent selec­
tivity and good dynamic characteristics to CO at room temperature. To
improve the gas-sensing characteristics of the CO sensor, we studied the
effect of UV light on the sensors. Finally, the potential gas-sensing
mechanism and illumination mechanism of ZnO/SnSe2 composites Fig. 1. Schematic illustration the sensor performance test platform.
were discussed from n-n heterostructure and light-excited electrons.
spectroscopy (XPS Thermo Scientific K-Alpha XPS spectrometer) was
2. Experiment used to detect the chemical composition of the samples. The micro­
structure of pure SnSe2, ZnO and ZnO/SnSe2 nanocomposites were
2.1. Materials characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM,
Hitachi S-4800).
Hydrazine hydrate (N2H4⋅H2O), tin chloride dihydrate (SnCl2⋅2H2O),
selenium dioxide (SeO2), 2-methylimidazole (2-MeIM), and zinc nitrate 3. Results and discussion
hexahydrate [Zn(NO3)2⋅6H2O] were obtained from Sinopharm Chemi­
cal Reagent Co. Ltd. 3.1. Characterization results

2.2. Material synthesis and sensor fabrication The crystal phases of the samples were determined by XRD. As shown
in Fig. 2, well-defined characteristic diffraction peaks located at 2θ
The SnSe2 was prepared by hydrothermal reduction method [29]. = 14.38◦ , 26.98◦ , 30.88◦ , 40.17◦ , 44.09◦ , 47.77◦ , 50.19◦ , 52.58◦ ,
SnCl2⋅2H2O (0.01 mol) and SeO2 (0.02 mol) were added into 70 mL 57.92◦ , 60.34◦ , 63.96◦ , 66.99◦ , 73.77◦ and 78.22◦ correspond to (001),
deionized (DI) water, and stirred to complete the reaction. Add hydra­ (110), (011), (012), (003), (110), (111), (103), (201), (004), (202),
zine hydrate (10 mL) slowly to the mixed solution, and the solution (113), (023) and (121) planes of SnSe2 structures (JCPDS card
quickly turns dark red with many small bubbles. The resulting solution no.23–0602) [30]. While peaks of ZnO (JCPDS Card no. 36–1451) can
was transferred to an autoclave with a capacity of 100 mL, and subjected be divided into (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103) and (112)
to hydrothermal treatment at 180 ◦ C for 24 h. Finally, the precipitate of planes, located at 2θ of 31.69◦ , 34.16◦ , 36.10◦ , 47.36◦ , 56.45◦ , 62.69◦
the solution was filtered, washed, and dried. and 67.68◦ , respectively [31,32]. The XRD spectrum of the ZnO/SnSe2
ZIF-8 was prepared by a simple static precipitation method. First, nanomaterial shows the peaks of the original ZnO and SnSe2, and there
added 594 mg of Zn(NO3)2⋅6H2O powder and 656 mg of 2-methylimida­ is no impurity peak, indicating the successful synthesis of the ZnO/SnSe2
zole powder to 50 mL of methanol, respectively. Then, the 2-methylimi­ nanomaterial.
dazole solution was slowly poured into the Zn(NO3)2⋅6H2O solution, The SEM is a detection technology to observe the micro-morphology
stirred for 30 min to react completely, and allowed to stand at 25 ◦ C for of materials. The morphology of pure SnSe2, pure ZnO, and ZnO/SnSe2
24 h. The final product was washed with ethanol for many times, and composites was characterized by SEM. Fig. 3(a) shows the morphology
dried to obtain ZIF-8 powder. Finally, the ZIF-8 powder was calcined at of pure SnSe2, which is a rod-shaped substance composed of particles.
450 ◦ C for 3 h at a heating rate of 1 ◦ C/min in an air atmosphere to Fig. 3(b) illustrates the morphology of MOFs-derived ZnO, which has a
obtain ZnO polyhedron. polyhedral shape with a side length of 300–400 nm. Fig. 3(c-d) shows
SnSe2 (50 mg) and ZnO (150 mg) powder were added in 10 mL of that the ZnO/SnSe2 sample maintains the similar shapes to ZnO and
deionized water, and sonicated for 30 min to form ZnO/SnSe2 com­ SnSe2, the two substances are dispersed and distributed, and the rod-
posite, in which ZnO and SnSe2 were uniformly distributed. The shaped SnSe2 is evenly dispersed in the gaps of the ZnO polyhedron.
resulting suspension was spin-coated on a circular interdigital electrode
based on Cu/Ni metal material, and dried at 60 ◦ C in a vacuum 3.2. CO sensing properties
environment.
Different ratios of ZnO/SnSe2 have different response characteristics.
2.3. Gas sensor fabrication and characterization First, we studied the influence of different SnSe2 loads on the gas-sensing
performance of ZnO/SnSe2 sensor at RT. Fig. 4(a) shows that under a
All gas-sensing tests were carried out in the self-made test room at load of 25 wt% SnSe2, the ZnO/SnSe2 sensor has a maximum response to
room temperature (25 ◦ C), and the test device is shown in Fig. 1. The CO 200 ppm CO, which is higher than that of other sensors. This sensor will
sensors are placed in the home-made chamber, and resistance signal of be used as the best choice for subsequent system experiments. The gas
the CO sensor was collected by keysight 34970 A. The response of sen­ sensing properties of SnSe2, ZnO and ZnO/SnSe2 sensors were studied by
sors is represented by S, S= (Ra-Rg)/Ra× 100% (Rg refers to the resis­ recording the resistance changes when they exposed to different CO
tance value of sensors in CO gas, while Ra is the resistance base value in concentrations (10–1000 ppm), as shown in Fig. 4(b). When the sensors
air). It is worth noting that CO gas with different concentrations of exposed to air, the resistance of the sensor rises to the base again, which
10–1000 ppm can be obtained by diluting 1000 ppm CO gas with air. indicates that CO molecules interact weakly with the sensing material
The crystal structure of the SnSe2, ZnO and ZnO/SnSe2 were con­ instead of forming a strong chemical bonds. The response value of ZnO/
ducted by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, Rigaku D/Max 2500 PC, SnSe2 towards 200 ppm CO is 9.8%, which is 4.67 and 1.88 times higher
Japan) with Cu Kα radiation (k = 1.5418 Å). X-ray photoelectron than that of SnSe2 sensor (2.1%) and ZnO sensor (5.2%). Fig. 4(c) shows

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D. Wang et al. Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical 371 (2022) 132481

Fig. 2. (a) XRD spectra of ZnO, SnSe2 and ZnO/SnSe2; XPS spectra of the ZnO/SnSe2 nanocomposites: (b) survey, (c) O 1 s, (d) Zn 2p, (e) Sn 3d and (f) Se 3d.

the fitting curves of sensors, which explains that the ZnO/SnSe2 com­ and 500 ppm CO gas was further investigated at RT, and the response
posite sensor has better sensing performance compared with the pure value of ZnO/SnSe2 sensor did not change significantly within 30 days,
SnSe2 and ZnO sensors. Anti-humidity interference is an important in­ confirming excellent stability (Fig. 5(d)).
dicator of sensor application. Fig. 4(d) shows the influence of different Illuminate ZnO/SnSe2 sensor with visible and UV lights to explore
relative humidity (RH) on the sensor. The test environment gradually the light excitation effect of the gas sensor. The P.L. (photo­
changed from low humidity to high humidity, and the response of the luminescence) spectra of the new ZnO/SnSe2 composite is shown in
sensor decreased slightly, which indicated that the ZnO/SnSe2 sensor Fig. 6(a). The ZnO/SnSe2 composite has a distinct diffraction peak at
had excellent resistance to humidity interference. 372 nm. The ZnO/SnSe2 was tested for optical switch under blue light
Fig. 5(a) demonstrates the response/recovery tests of ZnO, SnSe2, with 460 nm, purple light with 395 nm, and ultraviolet light with
ZnO/SnSe2 sensors for 200 ppm CO. The response/recovery time is the 365 nm, and the resistance change of the ZnO/SnSe2 sensor was
time required for the sensor to change from its initial resistance to 90% observed, as shown in the Fig. 6(b). The sensor resistance changes the
of the total resistance change. Through calculations, the response and most and the sensitivity is the highest under UV light compared with
recovery time of ZnO/SnSe2 sensor is 19 s/13 s, while that of ZnO and blue and violet light, which shows that ZnO/SnSe2 is the most sensitive
SnSe2 sensors are 21 s/30 s and 49 s/77 s, which suggests that the ZnO/ to UV light. Fig. 6(c) shows the influence of the lights with different
SnSe2 sensor can detect CO gas faster than pure ZnO sensor and SnSe2 wavelengths on the gas sensitivity, and the result shows that the UV light
sensor. Reproducibility is a significant indicator of gas sensor perfor­ excited the sensor to a greater extent and improves its gas sensitivity
mance. As shown in Fig. 5(b), the response of the ZnO/SnSe2 composite characteristics. The sensor under UV light excitation is studied and
sensor was repeatedly tested in 50, 200 and 500 ppm CO gas. Obviously, tested under different concentrations of CO. Fig. 6(d) shows the
with each repetition, the resistance of the sensor can be restored to its response-concentration curve, and it is obvious that the ultraviolet light
original state, indicating excellent repeatability. Anti-interference abil­ excitation improves the overall response of the sensor to CO. Table 1
ity is an important performance of the sensor. As shown in Fig. 5(c), the compares our current work with the previously reported CO sensing
selectivity of ZnO/SnSe2 sensor was analyzed by comparing the response materials in many aspects [33–36].
in 200 ppm CO and other interference gases (carbon dioxide (CO2),
sulfur dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), LPG and
hydrogen (H2)). The long-term stability of ZnO/SnSe2 sensor in 50, 100

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D. Wang et al. Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical 371 (2022) 132481

Fig. 3. SEM images of (a) SnSe2, (b) ZnO, and (c) ZnO/SnSe2.

Fig. 4. (a) The CO-sensing performance of ZnO/SnSe2 composite with different SnSe2 mass loading. (b) Sensing properties of the pristine ZnO, SnSe2, and ZnO/SnSe2
composite at different CO concentrations. (c) Response fitting of three sensors versus CO concentration. (d) Response of the ZnO/SnSe2 composite towards 200 ppm
CO under different relative humidity.

3.3. CO-sensing mechanism the sensing material. Fig. 7(b) illustrates the I-V curve of ZnO/SnSe2
sensor tested by Keithley-2400, and the reverse current of the ZnO/
As shown in Fig. 7(a), the main mechanism of the resistive semi­ SnSe2 sensor between − 5 and 5 V is significantly smaller than the for­
conductor sensors can be explained by the resistance change of the ward current, which indicates a better rectifying behavior of the het­
sensing film, and this change mainly occurs during gas adsorption and erojunction. Both SnSe2 and ZnO are n-type semiconductors, most
desorption. The I-V characteristics reflect the electrical characteristics of carriers of which are electrons. The sensing mechanism of SnSe2 and

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D. Wang et al. Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical 371 (2022) 132481

Fig. 5. (a) The response/recovery curves of ZnO, SnSe2, and ZnO/SnSe2 composite sensors exposed to 200 ppm CO gas; (b) The repeatability, (c) selectivity, and (d)
long-term stability of the ZnO/SnSe2 composite sensor.

Fig. 6. (a) PL spectrum of the ZnO/SnSe2. (b) Light switch curve under blue, violet, and ultraviolet light. (c) Sensing properties of the ZnO/SnSe2 composite sensor at
200 ppm CO. (d) Responset-Concentration comparison of the ZnO/SnSe2 sensor under UV light and without UV.

ZnO for CO molecules can be explained by the chemical reactions and was exposed to air, O2 adsorbed on the surface of sensing layer generate
charge transfer between CO and sensing material surface. And the O-2 toions by extracting electrons from conduction band in air [37].
response of the ZnO/SnSe2 sensor is mainly caused by the resistance While, when the sensor was exposed to CO atmosphere, CO reacted with
change caused by the sensor in different environments. When the sensor O−2 adsorbed on composite the material. Marikutsa et al. introduced

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D. Wang et al. Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical 371 (2022) 132481

Table 1
Comparison of CO sensing properties of the sensor studied in this work with previously reported sensors.
Sensor material Fabrication method τres/τrec Response (%) Temperature Ref.

Pd-SnO2/PRGO Hydrothermal 120/120 s 3.8 (400 ppm) RT [33]

B-diamond CVD 30/50 s 5.5 (100 ppm) RT [34]
Ag-ZnO/MoS2 LbL self-assembly 45/40 s 4.8 (100 ppm) RT [35]
TiO2/rGO Electrochemical exfoliation 60/30 s 10 (100 ppm) RT [36]
ZnO/SnSe2 Hydrothermal 19/13 s 14.8 (200 ppm) RT This work

Fig. 7. (a) The chemical reaction between CO and chemisorbed oxygen ions. (b) The current-voltage curve of ZnO/SnSe2 sensor. The energy band diagram of the
ZnO/SnSe2 film (c) before and (d) after the formation of the n-n junction.

diffuse-reflectance infrared fourier-transformed (DRIFT) spectra to the on the surface of the illumination sensor, as specifically reflected below
study of the chemical reaction between CO and chemisorbed oxygen [43]:
ions and the possible products, and found that the possible product is
O2 (gas) + e- (hv) → O-2 (hv)
CO2 [38]. In the above reaction process, CO gas molecules release
electrons to the conduction band of the composite material, increasing When exposure to CO atmosphere, some gas molecules react with O-2
the concentration of free electrons in the sensing layer and reducing the (hv). As the reaction consumes electrons, the resistance of the resistive
resistance of the sensor. layer increases until it stabilizes. Due to the participation of excited
Compared with pure-SnSe2 and ZnO films, it was found that sensing electrons generated by the UV light, the gas sensing response increased
characteristics of ZnO/SnSe2 sensor showed an improved response at significantly.
room temperature. The reasons why the ZnO/SnSe2 composite sensor
responds higher than the single sensors are as follows. First, the 4. Conclusions
improvement in sensing performance is caused by the formation of n-n
heterojunction formed between SnSe2 and SnO2. As we all kown, the The rod-shaped tin diselenide/polyhedral zinc oxide was synthesized
work functions of ZnO and SnSe2 are 5.01 and 4.3 eV, and energy band by simple hydrothermal and template sacrificial methods. The micro­
gaps are 3.37 and 1.4 eV [39,40]. When When ZnO and SnSe2 are in structure and electrical properties of the prepared ZnO/SnSe2 sample
contact with each other in air, electrons will be transferred from SnSe2 to was inspected by XRD, XPS, SEM and I-V detection techniques. The re­
ZnO until their Fermi level reaches equilibrium [41]. In this process, the sults show that the synthesized material has the highest response when
energy band is bent at the contact interface between SnO2 and SnSe2, the loading rate of SnSe2 nanorods is 25%, the sensing characteristics of
and a depletion layer is formed on the contact surface of SnSe2 and the a single ZnO and SnSe2 nanomaterial-based sensor for CO at room
accumulation layeron is formed on that of ZnO, forming n-n hetero­ temperature were also studied. The experimental results show that the
junction. And in this process, the carrier concentration decreases, ZnO/SnSe2 nanocomposite sensor has better response, faster response/
resulting in a high-resistance interface state of the sensor [42]. When the recovery time, excellent selectivity. The studies have shown that ultra­
ZnO/SnSe2 sensor was exposed in the CO environment, CO gas mole­ violet light excitation is beneficial to enhance the dynamic character­
cules can react with O-2 to release electrons, causing an increase in the istics of the sensor. The sensing mechanism of ZnO/SnSe2 sensor was
carrier concentration, a narrower depletion layer, and a decrease in explained from n-n type heterojunction. This work finally proves that
resistance, as shown in Fig. 7(c) and (d). In addition, the polyhedron the ZnO/SnSe2 sensor is a potential candidate for monitoring CO.
structure provides more active sites, which is conducive to gas adsorp­
tion and desorption. CRediT authorship contribution statement
When the UV light irradiate the ZnO/SnSe2 composite thin film
sensor, a large number of photo-generated electron pairs are generated, Dongzhi Zhang: Supervision, Conceptualization, Formal analysis,
and the illumination changes the number of carriers on the surface by Funding acquisition, Methodology. Qiannan Pan: Investigation. Tian
exciting the electrons from the valence band of the material to the Wang: Writing – review & editing. Fengjiao Chen: Investigation.
conduction band, resulting in a decrease in the sensor resistance. Due to
the presence of photoelectrons, atomic oxygen ions O-2 (hv) are formed

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D. Wang et al. Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical 371 (2022) 132481

Declaration of Competing Interest [20] D. Wang, D. Zhang, Y. Yang, Q. Mi, J. Zhang, L. Yu, Multifunctional latex/
polytetrafluoroethylene-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered organ-
like MXene/metal-organic framework-derived CuO nanohybrid ammonia sensor,
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial ACS Nano 15 (2021) 2911–2919.
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence [21] F. Pan, H. Lin, H. Zhai, Z. Miao, Y. Zhang, K. Xu, B. Guan, H. Huang, H. Zhang, Pd
the work reported in this paper. doped TiO2 film sensors prepared by premixed stagnation flames for CO and NH3
gas sensing, Sens. Actuators B 261 (2018) 451–459.
[22] N. Cuong, D. Khieu, T. Hoa, D. Quang, P. Viet, T. Lam, N. Hoa, N. Hieu, Facile
Data Availability synthesis of a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for high-performance CO gas sensor, Mater. Res.
Bull. 68 (2015) 302–307.
[23] K. Lee, J. Howe, L. Lin, B. Smit, J. Neaton, Small-molecule adsorption in open-site
The data that has been used is confidential. metal–organic frameworks: a systematic density functional theory study for
rational design, Chem. Mater. 27 (2015) 668–678.
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[17] X. Guo, Y. Ding, C. Liang, B. Du, C. Zhao, Y. Tan, Y. Shi, P. Zhang, X. Yang, Y. He, Dongyue Wang received his B.S. degree from Shandong University of Technology in
Humidity-activated H2S sensor based on SnSe2/WO3 composite for evaluating the 2014, M.S. degree from China University of Petroleum in 2018. He is currently a Ph.D.
spoilage of eggs at room temperature, Sens. Actuators B 357 (2022), 131424. student at China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China. His fields of in­
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U. Deshpande, V. Singh, Temperature-dependent n− p− n switching and highly
selective room-temperature n‑SnSe2/p-SnO/n-SnSe heterojunction-based NO2 gas Dongzhi Zhang received his B.S. degree from Shandong University of Technology in 2004,
sensor, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 (2022) 15381–15390. M.S. degree from China University of Petroleum in 2007, and obtained Ph.D. degree from
[19] J. Lee, S. Kim, H. Yoo, W. Lee, Pd-WO3 chemiresistive sensor with reinforced self- South China University of Technology in 2011. He is currently a professor at China Uni­
assembly for hydrogen detection at room temperature, Sens. Actuators B 368 versity of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China. His fields of interests are gas and hu­
(2022), 132236. midity sensing materials, nanotechnology, and polymer electronics.

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D. Wang et al. Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical 371 (2022) 132481

Qiannan Pan is a graduate student at China University of Petroleum (East China), Fengjiao Chen graduated from Shandong University of Science and Technology with a B.
Qingdao, China. Her fields of interests include nanomaterials-based gas sensors. S. degree in measurement and Control Technology and Instrument in 2020. Currently, she
is a graduate student major in electronic information at China University of Petroleum
(East China), engaged in research on micro-nano materials and advanced sensors, detec­
Tian Wang received her B.S. degree in measurement and control technology and instru­
tion technology and automation device, measurement technology and instruments.
mentation from YanTai University in 2020. Currently, she is a graduate student at China
University of Petroleum (East China). Her fields of interests include micro-nano materials
and advanced sensors, detection technology and automation devices test and measure­
ment technology and instruments.