Lesson 2 : Abu bakr As-Siddiq ( R )

It was Abubakr Assiddiq (r ) , who led the Islamic state after the Prophet (s) . He was the first man to accept Islam
when Muhammad (s) came with Divine message. He was an intimate friend of the prophet (s) since his childhood
. Abubakr(r) married his daughter ‘Aaisha (r ) to the prophet (s) due to his closeness to the prophet (s).

Before embracing Islam , his name was ‘Abdul Ka’aba ( The slave of Ka’aba). After his acceptance of Islam, the
prophet (s) changed his name to ‘Abdullah. He is popularly known by the name Abubakr , which means ‘The one who
came earlier’, as he was the first man who believed in the Prophet’s (s) message. As he doubtlessly testified the news
of Israa , and Mi’raaj , (the overnight journey of the prophet (s ), and his ascending to the heavens,, Abubakr ( r) got
the title ‘Assiddiq’ .

Abubakr(r ) is a shining personality in Islamic history. He endured many sacrifices and sufferings , and worked very
hard for the welfare of the people. He was an ideal figure in the fields of worship, and public welfare activities.
He was a shelter for the poor. Abubakr (r ) led a very simple life even when he was the head of the Islamic state.

“Oh , Abubakr, A man like you should not leave his homeland , nor should he be driven out”
Abubakr (r) was a very popular and much beloved person among his people before and after his embracing Islam.
Still he had to face many oppressions , as he worked for Islam. At last , when the tortures became unbearable, he
Decided to migrate to Abyssinia as instructed by the holy prophet(s). On his way to Abyssinia, Ibn ud Dugna, the chief
the area met him. He asked , “ Abubakr, where are you going to ?”. “My people turned me out . So I want to wander on
the earth and worship my Lord “, Abubakr (r ) replied. Hearing this, Ibnu Ddugna said, “ O Abubakr, a man like you
should not leave his homeland , nor should he be driven out because you help the destitute earn their livings , keep
good elations with your kith and kin, help the poor and weak, entertain guests generously, and help calamity – stricken
people. Therefore I guarantee you security. Go back and worship your Lord in your own town. “. Thus Abubakr (r )
returned home and Ibn ud Dugna acco0mpanied him. See! , Why did Ibnuddugna, a non muslim take the responsibility
of Abu baker's protection ? ! Areal believer is always in the service of the people , and people love such personalities.

Hijra with the Prophet (s) :

It became impossible for the Muslims to lead their free Islamic life in Makkah. Allah Almighty commanded them to
migrate to Yathrib where the situation was more free and favorable for them to live according to their faith . ‘Yathrib’
is the old name of the place which began to be known as ‘Madina’ , after the migration of the prophet(s) to there.
After almost all Muslims had migrated, the prophet(s) decided to migrate with Abubakr ( r) . What a luck is there than
getting a chance to accompanying Allah’s Messenger(s) in his Hijra!

During their migration to Yathrib, both of them hid in a cave ’Thaur’ for some days in order to escape from falling into
the eyes of the enemies. Abubakr (r ) was very vigilant about the safety and protection of the prophet(s). Though he
had sealed all the holes in the cave, a snake bit on Abubakr’s leg. As the prophet was sleeping , and Abubakr did not like
to disturb him (s) , he struggled himself to swallow the pain of the snake-bite. Still , a ear drop of Abubakr fell on the
cheek of the holy prophet (s) , and the prophet woke up to see Abubakr in a very disturbed situation. When the prophet
enquired , Abubakr (r ) told him what had happened. He examined the wound of Abubakr (r ) , then applied some saliva
on it , and prayed for his cure. Allah Almighty gave him immediate relief .

Both of them left ‘Thaur’ and continued their journey to Yathrib. Abubakr (r ) was very anxious throughout the journey
about the safety of the prophet(s). So, Abubakr constantly changed his position to the right, then to the left, front and
back of the prophet(s) in order to safeguard him. After arriving Yathrib, the Prophet (s) renamed the place as ‘Al Madina’,
and made it the capital of the Islamic state. Abubakr (r ) at the forefront with the prophet (s) in all the activities.
 Abubakr (r ) gave all his wealth for the cause of Islam. During the Battle of Tabuk, the whole Madinah was
suffering from famine. The Prophet (s) called upon the Sahabah (r ) to donate as much as they could for war
preparations. All required, all the Sahabis reached Prophet’s Masjid with their shares for the war fund. “ I
should overtake Abubaker in terms of charity this time “ , with this thought in mind ‘Umar (r ) donated half of
his total wealth to the fund. After a while, Abubakr (r ) reached with his share and submitted to Allah’s
Messenger. On receiving it, the Prophet (s) enquired, “ What is remaining with you at home ?” . “Allah and His
Rasool (s) “ , replied Abubakr (r ) . On hearing this response, ‘Umar (r ) accepted his defeat with a smile.

Who can defeat this great personality in virtue and charity ! Allah’s Messenger once said : “ No other person’s wealth has
benefitted me than that of Abubakr.”

Abubakr (r ) was very brave as well as he was generous. At the time of the demise of our beloved Prophet(s), even prominent
Sahabis like ‘Umar (r ) staggered , but Abubaker(r ) explained the matters to the people with a controlled, unshaken mind.

The First Khalifa :

We have already discussed about the circumstances under which Abubakr(r ) was chosen as the Caliph. He deserved that
post in all levels. The Prophet (s) used to appoint him as the leader in so many important matters. As the Prophet did not
participate in the Hajj in the 9th year H, the year just before his demise, Abubakr (r ) was appointed as the Ameer (Leader) of
Hajj. It was him whom the Prophet had entrusted to lead the ‘Salah’ in the Prophet’s(s) Masjid when he (s) was in his sick bed.
It was due to these reasons that the Sahabah declared their Bai’ah to Abubakr(r) as the Khalifa.

Declaration of Policy :

If we go through the Policy declaration of the first khalifa, we can see that there has never been a policy
similar to this in world history :
“Oh people, I have been appointed over you, but I am not he best among you. If I do well ,support me;
and if I act wrongly, then correct me. The weak among you is strong with me until I return what rightfully
his; And the strong among you is held weak with me until I take from him the right of others that he took
wrongly , in shaa Allah. Obey me as long as I obey Allah and His messenger. If I disobey Allah and His
Messenger, I don’t have the right to be obeyed.
Administrative Procedures
A period of two years from 11 H. to 13 H. was the reign of Abubakr(r ). It was a period of so many challenges for the Islamic
State. The Khalifa could suppress the riots that broke out in various parts of the country, following the demise of the Prophet(s).
To secure the power and strength of the state was first task of the Khalifa. Deniers of ‘Zakat’ were the first ones who raised a
challenge . They argued that the Zakat is not to be paid to the government, as Allah’s Messenger had left this world. On hearing
this, Abubakr(r) declared, “If they refuse to give even a head band of the camel to me, I will fight against them”.
Upon this statement all the deniers surrendered.

Against the False Prophets

Some false prophets had appeared during the life time the Prophet(s) itself. These types of aspirants dared to claim publicly
to be the messengers of Allah. The hypocrites (‫ )المنافقون‬and those of weak faith believed their claim to be true. Khalifa felt that it
should not be neglected. When they realized that there would be military action against them some of them gave up their
claim of prophet hood, Some others surrendered , and some of them absconded.
But Musalima, ( known as ‘Musailma ,the Liar- ‫ ) مسيلمة الكذاب‬one of the claimants to be the messenger of Allah , declared war
against the Khalifa. He raised a huge army consisting of forty thousand soldiers against the Khalifa. Abubakr (r ) arranged an
army to fight against them as Khalid bin Al Waleed as its commander.
Both the armies met at Yamama, and Musailima was killed in the battle, putting an end to that threat.

People’s Leader , Their Servant

A helpless blind old lady lived in a hut in the outskirts of Madina. She lived there alone, and there were
nobody to help her in her needs. Abubaker(r ) used to go to the hut before dawn and do whatever she was in
need of , like cleaning, bringing water, cooking etc. When ‘Umar (r) came to know about the distress of the lady,
he decided to help her. He went to there early in the morning , but he was surprised to find that already done
all that she needed.
The same thing was repeated for several days. Finally, ‘Umar(r) reached there at midnight, waiting to find out
who the person came there everyday. When the person reached closer to ‘Umar, he was surprised to realize
that it was Abubakr(r ) .
 Compilation of the Qur’ an
Holy Qur’an was not complies into a book during the life time of the Prophet (s), but there were so many sahabis who had
fully memorized exactly in the form and order as taught by the Prophet(s). As instructed by the Prophet(s) , some of the sahabis
had kept the Qur’anic verses in writing in various places such as bones, leather, stones etc. So many of the Sahabis who had
memorized it were martyred in the battle of Yamama, which was fought against the false prophet Musailma. “How can be the
Qur’an handed over safely to the generations if the number of Hafidhs dwindles like this!”, ‘Umar (r ) expressed his concern in
the matter. Considering this concern seriously, Abubakr(r ) started efforts to compile the Qur’an into a Book. The Khalifa
appointed Zayd bin Thabit(r ), the Prophet’s clerk , tor this purpose Thus a group of eminent Sahabis supervised by Zayd (r)
worked hard and got the Qur’an into a Book. This first Book of the Qur’an is known as ‘Mus-haf Siddiqi’ (‫) مصحف صديقي‬.
Another major challenge to Madina was that from the Roman- Persian Empires. Abubakr(r ) succeeded in in defeating both
these powers and saving the people from their cruelties. By this the message of began to spread to far areas of the world.
Many groups of Sahaba travelled to various parts of the world to propagate the message of Islam.

Military Policy
Abubakr’s (r ) advice to the Muslim soldiers going for war is unique in history:

* Do not commit Treachery.

* Do not Steel or commit Fraud.
* Do not mutilate anybody.
* Do not harm the women, Children, or Old people of the enemy soldiers.
* Do not Cut off Fruitful trees.
* Do not slaughter cattle except for food.
* Do not Disturb or Harass the worshippers in their places of worship.

Abubakr(r), who led a very simple life , was very keen to understand the problems of the people directly by himself. He cared the
sick, and the senior citizens. He delivered food to those who struggled without it, consoled all types of laborers When he heard
somebody prasing him, he would bow his head with shame and say, ”Oh Allah, Make better than they think, and Forgive me what
they do not know, Do not catch me for what say “ (‫ وال تؤاخذني بما يقولون‬, ‫ و اغفرلي ما ال يعلمون‬, ‫ )اللهم اجعلني خيرا مما يظنون‬.
 Following the demise of Allah's Messenger and the activities of some subversive groups, the Muslim society would have
collapsed , but Abubakr(r) could manage the situation and bring up them to a part of a tight knight community under a
government based in Madina. He was blessed with the support of a well disciplined team of sahaba. . Over all, he had help and
blessings Allah Almighty in this .
He feared that whatever has been built would be collapsed , if a proper was not there after him. So, he suggested the name
of “Umar (r ) as the next Khalifa, and discussed the matter with the senor Sahabis and got their approval. Then the people also
accepted it.
Abubakr(r) left this world on 22 Rabi’ul Akhir ,13 H at the age of 63. He was buried beside the Qabr of Allah’s Messenger(s).

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 Gr.6 : History - L.1 The Caliphate (‫)الخالفة‬

The prophet (s) has left this world. Now who will lead the Muslims? There is no more prophet to come. Madina needs a ruler. A new leader
Should be elected before the burial of the body of the holy prophet.
The prominent members of the Sahabah ( companions of the prophet(s) ) were concerned about the possible calamities that may occur in
the absence of
a proper successor of the prophet. Meanwhile, the Ansars of Madina have assembled together and began discussions to
To select a new leader. Muslims should stand together without being divided, for the cause of Islam. If they don’t do so, the consequence
would be very harmful.
By this time , the senior Sahabis Umar (r ) , Abubakr (r ) and Abu ‘Ubaidah (r ) also got together to discuss the matter.
They too rushed to the place and joined with the people there. After detailed discussions that lasted for a long time, they choose Abubakr (r) )
as the successor of the prophet to lead them. At first, Abubakr (r ) was not ready to accept the responsibility as he was of the opinion that
either ‘Umar (r )
or ‘Ubaida should become the caliph. But, when ‘Umar (r )nominated Abubakr’s (r ) name repeatedly, and declared his Bai’ah (pledge of
obedience to the leader)
by holding his hand , Abubakr (r ) had to agree. Then others also did same as ‘Umar(r ). Thus, Abubakr
as Siddeeq became the first caliph .
Bai’ah ( ‫ ) البيعة‬: The Islamic practice of accepting a chosen person as the leader by the followers, and declaring their
Pledge that they would obey him as long as his decisions are in accordance with the Qur’an and the Sunnah is known as
Bai’ah or Pledge of allegiance.
We have earlier learned that man is called Caliph (Khalifa) as he is the representative of Allah on earth , who is appointed with the task of
carrying out Divine justice on earth. Similarly, the person chosen to lead the Islamic community is also known as Caliph , as he is entrusted
with carrying out the affairs of the society as the representative of the Prophet (s ) . The duty of the Caliph is to carry out the affairs of the
society, and lead the administration as the Prophet’s representative. A caliph is chosen by the Muslim public or a body of their representatives
through consultation. He should carry out the administration on the basis of Holy Qur’an , the Sunnah of the Prophet (s ) and the guidance of
the scholars . There will be an advisory body called Consultative Council ( ‫ )مجلس الشورى‬to assist him. The caliph is directly responsible to
the people. This system of government is known as Caliphate or Khilafah.

The Qur’an and the Prophet’s Sunnah are the fundamentals of Islamic administrative system. It is through consultation based on these
two sources that the legislation is made , and the rule is carried out.
 The rule of the first four caliphs were completely in Islamic model. They are known as ‘The Rightly Guided Caliphs or ‘The Rashidoon
Khalifas ( ‫ ) الخلفاء الراشدون‬. The Rashidoon caliphate ( ) lasted for a period of 30 years , from 11 to 40 Hijri ( 632 – 661 A.D).

The Rashidoon Caliphs ( ‫ ) الخلفاء الراشدون‬:

1. Abubakr as Siddiq (r ) ( ‫) أبوبكر الصديق رضي هللا عنه‬ 2. ‘Umar bin al Khatab ( r ) ( ‫) عمر بن الخطاب رضي هللا عنه‬

3. ‘Uthman bin ‘Affan ( r ) ( ‫) عثمان بن ع ّفان رضي هللا عنه‬ 4. ‘Ali bin Abi talib (r ) ( ‫) علي بن أبي طالب رضي هللا عنه‬
 Exercises :

I - Write short notes on :

1- Caliphate ( ‫) الخالفة‬ 2- Caliph ( ‫) خليفة‬
3- Consultative Council ( ‫)مجلس الشورى‬ 4- Bai’ah ( ‫)البيعة‬
5- The Rashidoon Caliphate ( ‫) الخالفة الراشدة‬

II- Write in the proper order : Ali bin Abi talib , Abubakr as Siddiq , ‘Uthman bin ‘Affan , ‘Umar bin al Khatab .

III- Correct the statement if wrong :

1- The Khalifa is directly responsible to the Shura.
2- In Islamic administration system the legislation (law making) is done on the basis of the opinion of the majority of the consultative
council.
3- The first caliph who was called by the title ‘ Ameer ul mu’mineen ‘ is Abubakr (r ) .

IV- Match the following :

1 Islamic government system ‫القرءان و السنة‬

2 Consultative council ‫أمير المؤمنين‬
3 Pledge of allegiance ‫مجلس الشورى‬
4 Leader of the believers ‫الراشدون‬
5 Fundamental sources of Isl. legislation ‫بيعة‬
6 The Rightly Guided ‫الشورى‬

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 Gr.6- History - L.5
‘Ali bin Abi Talib ( ‫) علي بن أبي طالب رضي هللا عنه‬

Ali (r) , is the son of Abu Talib, the Prophet‟s (s) father‟s brother. His mother is Fatima bint Asad. Being
the Prophet‟s paternal cousin, his childhood was spent in the Prophet‟s house itself. Ali (r) was only ten years
old when Muhammad (s) got prophet hood. He did not have any doubt in the trustworthy and truthfulness of
the prophet, as he had a great opportunity to directly understand the latter's character. Ali was the youngest
of those who embraced Islam in the beginning.

Ali (r) became a youth of a very good character, as he was brought up under the direct discipline of Prophet
Muhammad (s).He was extremely intelligent and brave. He excelled in martial arts as well. He became eminent as
a poet, preacher, commentator of Holy Qur‟an, narrator of Hadith, thinker and warrior. He married Fatima (r),
daughter of the prophet (s). Hassan and Husain ( ‫ ) رضي هللا عنهما‬were his two sons born in Fatima (r).

His Migration ( ‫ ) هجرة‬and Life in Madina :

Having come to know that the muslins had started migrating from Makkah to Yathrib , the Quraishi leaders
besieged the Prophet‟s house and waited outside for him (s), aiming to assassinate him. Then, the Prophet (s)
left his house at night, making Ali (r) lay on his bed . It was only when Ali (r) came out from the Prophet‟s bed at
day-break, that they came to be aware that the Prophet (s) had left the place tactically. As Mohammad‟s (s)
trustfulness was well-known among the Makkans, they used to entrust him to keep their valuable belongings.
Before leaving the house, the Prophet had authorized Ali (r) to return all such things to their owners. Ali completed
this task within three days, and left for Madina. Hiding somewhere at night and travelling on foot during day-time,
finally he reached the destination. By the time he reached Madina, he was exhausted and his legs swollen.

In Madina , Ali (r) stayed with an Ansari named Sahl bin Hudaifa (r).
He married Fatima (r) in the second year o f Hijra. He recalls his memory of his marriage with Fatima (r) like this :

„ When I wished to marry Fatima, I had no money at all with me. But, when I thought of my intimacy with
the prophet (s) , and his love towards me, I got the confidence. Thus, I presented the matter to the prophet (s).
“ Do you have something with you ? ” , the Prophet asked me. “Nothing “ , I responded.
Then he asked again : “ Where is the armor that I have given you ?” . “ Oh, it’s with me” . I answered.
“ Give it to her ” ( as dowry ) , The Prophet (s) said. Thus the marriage was solemnized.‟

The family life of Ali- Fatima couple , who lived in extreme poverty , was the greatest example of simplicity.
They neither had a mattress nor a bed sheet to sleep on , but palm fronds only. They had to often starve as there
was nothing with them for food.

The Prophet (s) gifted a sword called Dhu l Faqaar ( ) to Ali (r) during the battle of Badr. He kept it with him till
end of his life. Ali used to accompany the Prophet in all of his journeys. During the t expedition of Tabook, Ali served
as the viceroy of the Prophet in Madina. After the Prophet, Ali served as the advisor and assistant of the caliphs Abu-
Bakr, Umar , and Uthman (r) . Ali (r) was a great support for these caliphs, especially at times of crises.

Caliphate (‫ )خالفة‬of Ali (r) .

Following the martyrdom of „Uthman (r), the entire Muslim world was shocked and were thrown into the middle of
problems. All the prominent Sahaba were bewildered. Nobody was ready to take over the leadership. Ali (r) diddn‟t
come out of the house either. People were compelling him to take charge of the caliphate, but disagreed. At last, he
agreed and accepted the „Bai‟at‟ of the people the Prophet‟s Masjid.

Ali‟s (r) caliphate was full of challenging trials. It was not easy to control the problems that arouse in the country.
As there was no evidence to find the assassin of Uthman (r), Ali (r) could not take any legal action in the case. At the
same time, a large number of people, including many prominent, came forward strongly demanding to the capture
and punishment of the assassin of Uthman (r).This worsened the situation to such an extend that the Muslims had
turned into two groups to clash with each other.
 Battle of Jamel
Battle of Jamel is one of the saddest events in the history of Islam. The word ‘Jamel” means ‘Camel’. The battle is known by this name
Because it was a battle led by Aaesha (r) sitting on a camel’s back. I t started as protest march to Basara led by Aesha, Zubzir, and Talha (r) , but
ended in a battle. Ali (r) had solved the issue in a peaceful manner, after speaking to these leaders,. Unfortunately, there were some people in
Both sides , who did not like peace. They started riots at night Both the troops thought that they were being pushed to danger by the opposite
side by deception. This misunderstanding finally ended in a fighting between them.

Ali won the battle. Then he sent Aaeysa (r) back to Madina with all respects, after convincing her of the reality of the incident. Later, Aaesha (r)
regretted to having to participate in the battle , and she used to cry . After this battle, Ali (r) changed the capital from Madina to Koofa.

Battle of Siffeen
A battle was fought against Ali (r) under the leadership of Mu’aawiya , the Syrian governor. At the end of the battle that lasted for ten days ,
when the victory of Ali (r) was certain, the opposite troop came forward for a peace treaty, but it failed due to the deception from their own
side. A new group called ‘The Kharijites’ ( ‫ ) الخوارج‬emerged after this battle. They too turned against Ali ( r). Though Ali defeated them at
Nehruwan, they continued their conspiracy against the caliphate . Abdur rahman bin Muljim from the Kharijites stabbed the caliph while the
latter was on his way to the masjid for the ‘Fajr’ prayer. Following the wound by the attack , Ali (r) was martyred on 17TH Ramadhan, 40 H.

His Achievements and Limitations

It was ‘Umar (r) whom Ali ( r) made his role model in the administrative affairs. He often used to appreciate the sense of justice of Umar (r) .
Ali (r) gave special emphasis in helping the poor. It was his policy that everyone is equal before the law. Once, a Jew stole his armor. Ali (r)
did not take any action against the thief. Instead, he filed a complaint to the judge just like any ordinary citizen. In the Qadhi’s (judge’s) trial,
Ali ( r) could not prove that it was his armor and the Jew had stolen it. So, the judge acquitted the Jew of the crime.Ali accepted the verdict
Without any hesitation. The Jew, who was fascinated by the justice of Islam and the sense of justice of the caliph, repented , embraced Islam
on the spot, and gave back the armor to Ali (r). Ali returned it to the Jew happily as a gift.
|
 Ali (r) , who liked a simple life , strictly abandoned the squandering of the public wealth . Many of the corrupt employees of the government
absconded from the country for fear of being punished by the caliph. Later, such people played a vital role in provoking the public into riots
against the caliph. Though Ali (r) did his best to quell the riots and separatist movements, he could nor bring everything under full control.
He was often disturbed by the lack of discipline of his own companions.
Ali (r) left this world without appointing a successor. When he was asked why he did not appoint a successor , he replied : “ I would like to
Go back from this in the same way that our beloved prophet has left.”

The Last will (‫ )وصية‬of Ali ( r)

The ‘wasiyyah’ of Ali (r ) that he gave his children , when he realized that he is about to leave this
world , is well-known in history. :

“ I advise you to fear Allah; Do not die in a state other than being Muslims. Stay united, Hold fast the
rope of Allah together, and never disperse; I have heard Allah's Messenger saying that unity is
greater than Salah and Fasting .Fear Allah in the matter of the Qur’an.
Let no one leave you behind in good deeds .Fear Allah in the matter of the poor and needy, Make
them your partners in your livelihood .Don’t fear those who mock at you and criticize in the matters
related to Allah. Allah is sufficient for you to handle those who hurt you. Never give up commanding
good and forbidding evil . Speak to the people what is good, as Allah has commanded. Your duty is to
establish relationships, not to break them. Co operate in righteousness and piety., Don’t co operate
in sin and aggression “

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 Model Questions ( Chapter 5- Ali bin Abi Talib (r ) )

1- What were the two family relations of Ali (r) with the prophet (s) ?
2- Who was Ali’s mother ?
3- How old was Ali, at the of Muhammad ‘ (s) prophet hood ?
4- Who were the two grandsons of the prophet ?
5- Mention some of the great qualities of Ali .
6- Who was lying in the prophet(s)’s bed at the time of his migration?
7- Whom did the prophet (s) authorize to return the things entrusted with him their owners ?
8- With whom did Ali(r) stay in Medina upon his arrival there?
9- What was the dowry (Mahr) that Ali (r) to Fatima?
10- What was the name of the sword that the prophet (s) gifted to Ali (r ) ?
11 - How did Ali (r ) serve the first three caliphs ?
12 - Why couldn’t Al(r ) take any action against the assassins of Uthmaan (r ) ?
13- Why is the Battle of Jamel known by that name ?
14- Who were three leaders of the opposing group in the battle of Jamel ?
15- Who was the opposition leader in the battle of Siffeen ?
16- Which was the new group that emerged after the battle of Siffeen ?
17- Following which battle was Ali (r ) martyred ?
18- Who was the assassin of Ali ® ?
19- Who was Ali (r )’s role model in administrative affairs ?
20- Mention an incident proving the high sense of justice of Ali .
21- Analyze the last will of Ali bin Abi Talib (r ) .

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