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Sanda Malinga
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7 views

b psych portfolio

portfolio

Uploaded by

Sanda Malinga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PSYCHOLOGY 1: ESSAY ASSIGNMENT COVERSHEET

Name: Sanda
Mark:
Malinga
Adjusted
Student Number:24M3928
Mark:
Tutor: Thandazile
Mngomezulu

Assignment Title: Biological Psychology Portfolio

Lecturer: Nicola Wannenburg

Date Due: 22/04/2024

Members of Group (where applicable): N/A

Declaration and Signature


Please read the following and sign your name. Assignments that are not accompanied by this
signed coversheet will not be marked.

Plagiarism declaration
I have read and understood the University’s policy on plagiarism, and I understand that if found
guilty of plagiarism I will be punished, even to the extent of being asked to leave the University.
Plagiarism includes letting other people copy my work.

Late submission
I have read and understood the Psychology Department’s policy on late submissions, as outlined in
the relevant course handbook for the year.

Signed: SV Malinga Date: 22/04/2024


Task 1

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder that affects the nervous system of an individual
and the parts of the body that are controlled by the nerves. It is a brain disorder that causes
unintended or uncontrollable movements such as shaking (National Institute on Aging, 2022).
Parkinson’s disease is a central neurodegenerative disease second only to Alzheimer’s
disease. The incidence of Parkinson’s disease ranges from 10 to 18 per 100000 people
(Hindawi, 2022). Having a single symptom of Parkinson’s disease means that you should not
be worried but if you have more than one you might want to consider making an appointment
to get checked. These symptoms include a loss of smell, trouble moving or walking and
difficulties sleeping (Parkinson’s, 2024). Other symptoms include a cramped or a small
handwriting known as micrographia and difficulty maintaining balance because Parkinson’s
disease targets nerve cells that are located deep within the brain.
Hindawi. (2022, December 14). Mechanisms of Autoimmune Cell in DA Neuron Apoptosis of
Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancement.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2022/7965433/?
msclkid=d6bd570059ab195e458832fd21a49bc6&utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm
_campaign=HDW_MRKT_GBL_SUB_BNGA_PAI_

Mayo Clinic. (2023, May 26). Parkinson’s disease. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-


conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055

Medical News Today. (2023, July 27). 13 early signs of Parkinson's disease.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324087

National Institute on Aging. (2022, April 14). Parkinson’s disease: Causes, Symptoms, and
Treatments. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-disease-causes-
symptoms-and-treatments

Parkinson’s Foundation. (2024). 10 Early Signs. https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-


parkinsons/10-early-signs 2024
Task 2

1) Parkinson’s disease which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affects the


brains ability to produce dopamine, a chemical messenger. Parkinson’s disease does
not only have physical symptoms but also psychological symptoms such as anxiety,
depression and apathy (National Library of Medicine, 2013). Hallucinations and
paranoid ideation have been observed in a relatively small number of Parkinson
patients (Dakof & Mendelsohn, 1986). These non-motor difficulties can be equally as
difficult to the Parkinson’s disease patients and for their caregivers. Another factor
that may affect the psychological aspect of a patient with Parkinson’s disease is the
stigmatism each patient might encounter due to the effects of Parkinson’s disease.

2) Treatments that might help with the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include
physical, occupational and speech therapy which could help with voice disorders,
tremors and rigidity and the decline in mental functions. Other forms of medicine that
can be used to treat Parkinson’s disease is to increase the dopamine levels in the brain.
The main therapy for Parkinson’s disease is levodopa. Nerve cells use levodopa to
make dopamine to replenish the brain’s dwindling supply. Usually, people take
levodopa along with another medication called carbidopa, which helps with the side
effects of levodopa therapy (National Institute on Aging, 2022). Treatment should be
tailored to an individual’s symptoms via a shared decision-making process with their
healthcare provider.
APDA (2019, December 3) Planning for the What-Ifs — Mental health concerns in advanced
PD – psychosis and behavioral problems https://www.apdaparkinson.org/psychosis-and-
behavioral-problems-in-advanced-parkinsons-disease/

Dakof, G. A., & Mendelsohn, G. A. (1986). Parkinson's disease: The psychological aspects of
a chronic illness. Psychological Bulletin, 99(3), 375–387. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-
2909.99.3.375

Frisina, P. G., Borod, J. C., Foldi, N. S., & Tenenbaum, H. R. (2008). Depression in
Parkinson’s disease: Health risks, etiology, and treatment options. Neuropsychiatric Disease
and Treatment, 4(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s1453

Jane Simpson, Helen McMillan, Donna Reeve, "Reformulating Psychological Difficulties in


People with Parkinson’s Disease: The Potential of a Social Relational Approach to
Disablism", Parkinson’s Disease, vol. 2013, Article ID 608562, 8 pages, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/608562

National library of medicine (2013, August 13) Reformulating Psychological Difficulties in


People with Parkinson's disease: The Potential of a Social Relational Approach to Disablism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3755389/

Parkinson’s Foundation (2024) Living with Parkinson’s disease


https://www.parkinson.org/living-with-parkinsons/treatment
Task 3

a) Parkinson’s Disease: The Causes, Symptoms and The Possible Treatments

b) The website sources that I used were different from each other in that some of the
sources were not very detailed and lacked the relevant information that I was looking
for. They were similar to each other in that the information that they did have that was
the same verified the accuracy of the content. The difference between the website
sources and the academic sources was that the website sources in comparison to the
academic sources are not as reliable as with some of the website I was unable to even
identify the author. Despite the website sources and the academic sources presenting
the same content the major difference lies in the quality of the content with academic
sources providing not only the bare minimum but as well as additional information in
helping understand Parkinson’s Disease. A positive aspect of the website sources was
that they seemed to be more recent in comparison to some of the academic sources I
had used. Academic sources are generally more preferred for assignments because of
their reliability and accuracy as they undergo scrutiny from experts in that field. They
also offer an in depth analysis of the topic and finally they provide unbiased
information because the authors of academic sources present their information based
on research and evidence.

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