Scribd
Upload
8 views

Lecture on Atoms

Uploaded by

Robert obispo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Lecture on Atoms

Uploaded by

Robert obispo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Lesson#3: Matter

ATOMS

Key Concept/s:
● Atom is the smallest unit that matter can be broken down into without releasing any electrically charged particles.
● A molecule can be defined as the combination of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds.

Difference between Atoms and Molecules


Properties Atoms Molecules

Definition Most fundamental and the The most fundamental and


smallest part that can exist of an smallest part that can exist of an
element. Two or more atoms element. Two or more atoms
chemically bonded together. chemically bonded together.

Examples Oxygen – O Oxygen – O2


Phosphorus – P Phosphorus – P4
Sulfur – S Sulfur – S8
Hydrogen – H Water – H2O

Structure The smallest particle with Combination of two or more


properties of an element. atoms.

Stability An atom may not always be Molecules are formed to attain


stable in nature due to the stability.
presence of electrons in the
outer shells.

Constituents Protons, Electrons & Neutrons Two or more atoms of the same
or different elements.

Reactivity Except for the noble elements, Compared to an atom, the level
atoms of all elements showcases of reactivity is less because
a certain level of reactivity. some valence points are filled by
electrons of combined elements.

Atomic Theories Models


Democritus
● Democritus was a Greek philosopher (470-380 B.C.) who is the father of modern atomic thought.
● He proposed that matter could NOT be divided into smaller pieces forever.
● Democritus named the building blocks of matter as atomos, meaning “indivisible.”
Atomic Theory Timeline

1803 1904 1911 1913 1926


John Dalton Joseph John Thomson Ernest Rutherford Neil Bohr Erwin Schrodinger

John Dalton
● John Dalton created the very first atomic theory.
● Dalton viewed atoms as tiny, solid balls.
● Dalton was an English schoolteacher who performed many experiments on atoms.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
● Atoms are tiny, invisible particles.
● The atoms of one element are all the same.
● Atoms of different elements are different.
● Compounds form by combining atoms.
Joseph John Dalton
● J.J. Thomson discovered electrons.
● An atom was made up of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded by a positive charge to
balance the electron's charge.
● His model was known as Plum Pudding Model.
Ernest Rutherford
● Rutherford replaced the plum pudding model with a new model of the atom as a core of positive charge in the nucleus
surrounded by negatively-charged electrons. He concluded that the nucleus was very small. This new model of the atom
was called the nuclear model.
● He showed that atoms have (+) particles in the center and are mostly empty spaces.
● He called these (+) positive particles protons and he called the center of atoms the nucleus.
Neils Bohr
● Niels Bohr adapted and improved on Rutherford’s model and known as the planetary model.
● He proposed that electrons move around the nucleus in specific layers or shells.
● Shells are also called energy levels. Every atom has a specific number of electron shells.
Erwin Schrodinger
● Used mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of finding an electron in a certain position.
● He theorized electrons move in waves, and they have no exact location.
● It became the basis of what would come to be known as the Electron Cloud (or Quantum Mechanical) Model.
Subatomic Particles
● Electrons have a negative electric charge
● Protons have a positive electric charge
● Neutrons are neutral in electric charge

Properties of Subatomic Particles


Particle Location Relative Mass Actual Mass Charge
(Proton)

Electron Electron cloud in 1/1836 9.11 x 10⁻²⁸ g Negative


energy levels -1

Proton Nucleus 1 1.674 x 10⁻²⁴ g Positive


+1

Neutron Nucleus 1 1.675 x 10⁻²⁴ g Neutral


0

Determining the Number of Subatomic Particles


Atomic Number
● The atomic number (represented by the letter Z) of an element is the number of
protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element.
● An atom can be classified as a particular element based solely on its atomic
number.
Atomic Mass
● The mass number (represented by the letter A) is defined as the total number of
protons and neutrons in an atom.
● If the atomic mass number can be divided by 2 then it means that the proton
and neutron are equal.
Rules in Determining the Number of Subatomic Particles
● The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the atomic number
(Z).
● The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons.
● The mass number of the atom (A) is equal to the sum of the number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus.
● The number of neutrons is equal to the difference between the mass number of
the atom (A) and the atomic number (Z).
●
Isotopes
● Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different masses because they
contain a different number of neutrons.

Uses of Isotopes
1. Geological Experiments 6. Determining the Thickness of Plastic or Metal
2. Radiocarbon Dating 7. Used in Place of Large X-ray Machines
3. Detection of Cancerous Tumors 8. Source of Electric Power
4. Food Irradiation 9. Preventing Cancer Development
5. Treatment for Hyperthyroidism 10. Used as Tracers

Ions
● Ions are atoms that have a positive or
negative charge because they have
unequal numbers of protons and
electrons.
● Cations are atoms that contain a positive
charge. The positive charge is a result of
the atom containing more protons than
electrons.
● Anions are atoms that contain a negative
charge. The negative charge is a result of
the atom containing more electrons than
protons.

How ions are formed?

You might also like