Engineering-Computing Academy of

Science and Technology

BSIT

Course Code CCC 112 A

Course Description Introduction to Computer Programming 1
Module Title Data Types, Operators and Conditionals

I. INTRODUCTION:

Understanding data types and control flow in C is essential for mastering the core
principles of this versatile programming language. Data types define the kind of data
variables can store, enabling programmers to manage memory efficiently and perform
precise operations. C offers a range of data types, from fundamental types like integers
and floating points to more complex structures, ensuring flexibility in handling data.
Complementing these are control flow mechanisms, such as conditional statements and
loops, which allow developers to implement logic and decision-making in their programs.
Together, these concepts form the backbone of C programming, empowering developers
to create robust, dynamic, and optimized solutions across various applications.

II. PRE- DISCUSSION ACTIVITY:

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III.DISCUSSION:
CHAPTER 3.1 Data Types

Data Types in C

Each variable in C has an associated data type. It specifies the type of data

that the variable can store like integer, character, floating, double, etc. Each

data type requires different amounts of memory and has some specific

operations which can be performed over it.

The data type specifies the size and type of information the variable will store.
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Basic Format Specifiers

There are different format

specifiers for each data

type. Here are some of

them:

The char Type

The char data type is used to store a single character.

The character must be surrounded by single quotes, like 'A' or 'c', and we use

the %c format specifier to print it:

If you try to store more than a single character, it will only print the last character:
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To store multiple characters (or whole words), use strings

Numeric Types

Use int when you need to store a whole number without decimals, like 35 or

1000, and float or double when you need a floating point number (with decimals),

like 9.99 or 3.14515.

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float vs. double

The precision of a floating point value indicates how many digits the value can

have after the decimal point. The precision of float is six or seven decimal digits,

while double variables have a precision of about 15 digits. Therefore, it is often

safer to use double for most calculations - but note that it takes up twice as

much memory as float (8 bytes vs. 4 bytes).

Scientific Numbers

A floating point number can also be a scientific number with an "e" to indicate the

power of 10:
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Set Decimal Precision

You have probably already noticed that if you print a floating point number, the

output will show many digits after the decimal point:

If you want to remove the extra zeros (set decimal precision), you can use a dot

(.) followed by a number that specifies how many digits that should be shown

after the decimal point:

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Type Conversion

Sometimes, you have to convert the value of one data type to another type. This

is known as type conversion.

For example, if you try to divide two integers, 5 by 2, you would expect the result

to be 2.5. But since we are working with integers (and not floating-point values),

the following example will just output 2:

To get the right result, you need to know how type conversion works.

There are two types of conversion in C:

 Implicit Conversion (automatically)

 Explicit Conversion (manually)

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Implicit Conversion

Implicit conversion is done automatically by the compiler when you assign a

value of one type to another.

For example, if you assign an int value to a float type:

As another example, if you divide two integers: 5 by 2, you know that the sum

is 2.5. And as you know from the beginning of this page, if you store the sum as

an integer, the result will only display the number 2. Therefore, it would be better

to store the sum as a float or a double, right?

Why is the result 2.00000 and not 2.5? Well, it is because 5 and 2 are still

integers in the division. In this case, you need to manually convert the integer

values to floating-point values.

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Explicit Conversion

Explicit conversion is done manually by placing the type in parentheses () in front

of the value.

Considering our problem from the example above, we can now get the right

result:

Constants

If you don't want others (or yourself) to change existing variable values, you can

use the const keyword.

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This will declare the variable as "constant", which

means unchangeable and read-only:

CHAPTER 3.2 Operators

Operators

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:
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Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in the

example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a

variable and another variable:

C divides the operators into the following groups:

 Arithmetic operators

 Assignment operators

 Comparison operators

 Logical operators

 Bitwise operators
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Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator (=) to assign the

value 10 to a variable called x:

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Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is

important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make

decisions.

The return value of a comparison is either 1 or 0, which means true (1)

or false (0).
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In the following example, we use the greater than operator (>) to find out if 5 is

greater than 3:

A list of all comparison operators:

Logical Operators

You can also test for true or false values with logical operators.
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Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values,

by combining multiple conditions:

Bitwise Operators
A bitwise operator is a character that represents an action taken on data at
the bit level, as opposed to bytes or larger units of data. More simply put, it is an
operator that enables the manipulation of individual bits in a binary pattern.

CHAPTER 3.3 Boolean in C

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Booleans

Very often, in programming, you will need a data type that can only have one of

two values, like:

 YES / NO

 ON / OFF

 TRUE / FALSE

For this, C has a bool data type, which is known as booleans. Booleans

represent values that are either true or false.

Boolean Variables

In C, the bool type is not a built-in data type, like int or char. It was introduced in

C99, and you must import the following header file to use it:

#include <stdbool.h>

A boolean variable is declared with the bool keyword and can take the

values true or false:

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Before trying to print the boolean variables, you should know that boolean values

are returned as integers:

 1 (or any other number that is not 0) represents true

 0 represents false

Therefore, you must use the %d format specifier to print a boolean value:
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Comparing Values and Variables

Comparing values are useful in programming, because it helps us to find

answers and make decisions.

For example, you can use a comparison operator, such as the greater

than (>) operator, to compare two values:

In the example below, we use the equal to (==) operator to compare different values:
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CHAPTER 3.4 Conditionals in C

Conditions and If Statements

You have already learned that C supports the usual logical conditions from

mathematics:

 Less than: a < b

 Less than or equal to: a <= b

 Greater than: a > b

 Greater than or equal to: a >= b

 Equal to a == b

 Not Equal to: a != b

You can use these conditions to perform different actions for different decisions.

C has the following conditional statements:

 Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition

is true

 Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition

is false
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 Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false

 Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed

The if Statement

Use the if statement to specify a block of code to be executed if a condition

is true.

Note that if is in lowercase letters. Uppercase letters (If or IF) will generate an
error.
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The else Statement

Use the else statement to specify a block of code to be executed if the condition

is false.
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The else if Statement

Use the else if statement to specify a new condition if the first condition is false.
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III. ASSESSMENT:

Reference List:
C - Basic Syntax. (n.d.). https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_basic_syntax.htm

GeeksforGeeks. (2023, June 16). C Basic Syntax. GeeksforGeeks. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-

basic-syntax/

S, H. S. (2024, July 23). The One-Stop Solution To Learn Everything You Need To Know About

Variables In C. Simplilearn.com. https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/c-tutorial/what-is-

variables-in-c#:~:text=In%20C%20programming%20language%2C%20a,times%20during

%20the%20program%20execution.

W3Schools.com. (n.d.). https://www.w3schools.com/c/c_variables_reallife.php

What is an IDE? - Integrated Development Environment Explained - AWS. (n.d.). Amazon Web

Services, Inc. https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/ide/

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Recommending Approved:

Approval:
 Engineering-Computing Academy of
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Justin Nichol P. Dr. Jane M. Virgo C. Lopez, PhD Donna Padilla

Pasamonte Fernandez Vice President for Taguiba, PhD
Faculty,E-Coast Dean,E-Coast Academics President

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