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1.Introduction
2.The Drug Misuse
3. Epidemiology of drug abuse
4.Can we quit drugs
5.In Australia
6.Impact of Drugs in Australia

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 THE DRUG ABUSE

1.Introduction,
In general, Drugs are substances that change a person’s
mental or physical state. They can affect the way your
brain works, how you feel and behave, your
understanding and your senses. This makes them
unpredictable and dangerous, especially for young people.
The are prepared from the pant,processed plant
products,ssynthetic chemical such as cannabis,heroinand
amphetamines respectively and also from various
products.

Commonly these Drugs are intaken by various

methods such as,
 swallowing tablets or drinking liquids – the body
absorbs the drug through the stomach lining
 breathing them into the lungs – the body absorbs the
drug through the lining of the lungs
 snorting into the nose – the body absorbs the drug
through the thin nasal lining
 injecting – the user injects the drug directly into the
bloodstream
 through the skin – the body slowly absorbs the drug
from a cream or patch

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  rectally or vaginally as a suppository – the body
absorbs the drug through the bowel or vaginal
lining.
Some drugs – such as alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine –
are legal but may be subject to restrictions based on age,
location of use, driving and point of sale regulations.
Other drugs such as cannabis, amphetamines, ecstasy,
cocaine and heroin, are illegal. They are not subject to
quality or price controls and the amount of active
ingredient varies. A person using illegal drugs can never
be sure of how strong the drug is, or what is actually in
it.

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Some Drugs
wUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUe
say Illicit
UUUUUUUUUUUdrugUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
UUUs which are illegal , prescription mines that have
been obtained illegally or are not being used for
medicinal purposes , #÷#÷õõõõ

 memory loss
 anxiety and depression
 drowsiness – this makes operating heavy machinery
or driving a car unsafe
 paranoia

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  being irritable or aggressive – you could
become violent towards others
 developing skin rashes fertility issues
 becoming dependent on the drug
 weight gain
 overdosing
 death – especially when combined with other
drugs
 such as alcohol.

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Illicit drugs are never safe and the impact on your health
and life can be harmful.

They can affect your health, social life, work, school,

friends and family.

Drugs affect your central nervous system. As a young

person, your brain is still growing and won’t be fully
formed until your mid-20s.õõõõõ##ú#ú#ú#ú#ú# Taking
drugs affects your developing brain by:

 damaging connections within the brain

 reducing your ability to experience pleasure or reward
 causing memory and learning problems
 making it hard to control impulses

and so we have risk of damaging our health,harming
others,and also affects in various aspects

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Drug laws vary between states and territories. Under-
18s can be punished as an adult for some drug
offences.

If you’re at school you risk being suspended, or even

expelled. The police may also be contacted.

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2.The Drug misuse,
The use of a substance for a purpose not consistent with
legal or medical guidelines is Drug misuse.It has a
negative impact on health or functioning and may take
the form of drug dependence, or be part of a wider
spectrum of problematic or harmful behaviour
This guideline is concerned with psychosocial treatment
of the misuse of opioids, stimulants and cannabis.
In the UK, it has been estimated that around 4 million
people use illicit drugs each year, with cannabis by far
the most commonly used, followed by cocaine and
ecstasy.
Opioid misuse occurs on a
s##õõ#÷#÷#÷TTTTTTTTTmaller scale but is associated
with much greater rates of harm than either cocaine or
cannabis. The term ‘opioids’ refers to a class of
psychoactive substances derived from the poppy plant
Illicit use of opioids generally involves injecting, or
inhaling the fumes produced by heating the drug.
Illicit stimulants include cocaine, crack cocaine and
amphetamines. Cocaine is one of the most commonly
misused illicit stimulants in the UK. Extracted from the
leaf of the coca plant and generally sniffed in

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powder form.
Cannabis is a generic term denoting the various
preparations of the cannabis sativa plant, including
cannabis leaves (the most common form, which is
smoked), haTTT©shish resin and the rar

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The diagnosis of dependence is clearest with opioids. The WHO states
that:

‘opioid dependence develops after a period of

regular use of opioids, with the time required
varying according to the quantity, frequency and
route of administration, as well as factors of
individual võõõulnerability and the context in which
drug use occurs. Opioid dependence is not just a
heavy use of the drug but a complex health
connotation that has social, psychological and
biological determinants and consequences,
including changes in the brain. It is not a weakness
of character or will.’
Tolerance develops to opioids, stimulants and cannabis. Cessation of use
leads to reduced tUUU olerance and this may present significant risks
for individuals who return to drug doses at a level to which they had
previously developed tolerance. This can result in accidental overdoses

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3.Epidemiology of drug abuse,
Cannabis, marijuana and hashish are the
most widely abused drugs in the world.
Around 141 million people worldwide consume
cannabis.
The use of stimulants such as amphetamine and ecstasy
is also widespread, with nearly 30 million people abusing
these drugs. Cocaine is used by around 13 million people
across the globe, with the highest number of users in the
United States.#####TTWW
Abuse of heroin and other opioids is less common than
with other drugs and is taken up by around 8 million
people worldwide, mainly in South-East and South-West
Asia and Europe.
Drug abuse is seen in various different age groups and in
individuals from nearly all walks of life and
socioeconomic strata.
However, men are more likely to abuse drugs than
women, single people are more likely than married
individuals and urban dwellers more likely than rural
dwellers.
Prisoners, street children and younger individuals are also
more likely to abuse drugs.

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4.Can we quit Drugs?
 Yes,its possible as my research whichmight result to:
improve your physical and mental wellbeing
 reduce your risk of permanent damage to vital
organs and death
 improve your relationships with friends and family
 help you reconnect with your emotions
 increase your energy
 help you sleep better
 improve your appearance
 save you money.

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Recovered addicts say that they’ve never felt better
after quitting drugs, although this can take time.
Knowing why you want to quit drugs can help you to
stay motivated during the withdrawal process.
While quitting people might feel Symptoms vary
between people, and between drugs, and range from
mild to serious. They can last from a few days to a few
weeks — it's different for every person — but they are
temporary.
Cravings for the drug will sometimes be weak and at
other times very strong.
Learning how to manage them is important for
staying drug-free.

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5..In Australia,
According to the 2022–2023 National Drug
Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS), an estimated 10.2
million (47%) people aged 14 and over in Australia had
illicitly used a drug at some point in their lifetime
(including the non-medical use of pharmaceuticals), and an
estimated 3.9 million (18%) had used an illicit drug in the
previous 12 months. This was similar to proportions in
2019 (43% and 16%, respectively) but has increased since
2007 (38% and 13%, respectively) (Figure 1).
In 2022–2023, among people aged 14 and over, the most
common illicit drug used recently (in the previous 12
months) continues to be cannabis, 11.5%, similar to use in
2019 (11.6%), followed by cocaine (4.5%) and
hallucinogens (2.4%) (Figure 1).
A number of changes were reported in the recent use of
illicit drugs between 2019 and 2022–2023:
 cocaine (from 4.2% in 2019 to 4.5% in 2022–2023)
 ecstasy (from 3.0% to 2.1%)
 hallucinogens (from 1.6% to 2.4%)
 ketamine (from 0.9% to 1.4%) (Figure 1) (AIHW
2024c).
In 2022–2023, an estimated 1.1 million people (5.3%)
aged 14 and over used a pharmaceutical drug for non-
medical purposes in the previous 12 months.
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This decline is most likely due to a reclassification of
medications contain#÷#÷#÷#÷#÷#÷#÷#÷#÷##ing
codeine that was implemented in 2018.
Under the change, drugs with codeine (including
some painkillers) can no longer be bought from a
pharmacy without a prescription.
The proportion of people using codeine for non-
medical purposes has more than halved since 2016,
from 3.0% to 1.2% in 2022

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6..Impact of Drugs in Australia,
Preliminary analysis of
the AIHW National Mortality Database showed that the
vast majority of drug-induced deaths in 2022 (97% or
1,640) were due to the acute effects of drugs, while a
further 3.1% (53 deaths) were ##### ue to the chronic
effects of drugs (including drug-induced cardiac
conditions).
Opioids continued to be the most common drug class
present in drug-induced deaths over the past decade (4.0
per 100,000 population in 2022). Opioids include the use
of a number of drug types, including heroin, opiate-based
analgesics (such as codeine and oxycodone) and synthetic
opioid prescriptions (such as tramadol and fentanyl).
Benzodiazepines were the most common single drug type
present in drug-induced deaths (2.7 per 100,000
population) (benzodiazepines are included in the drug class
‘depressants’).
Over the past decade there has been a substantial rise in
deaths involving psychostimulants (such as amphetamines,
including methamphetamine).
The rate increased from 0.8 per 100,000 population (170
deaths) in 2013 to 1.8 per 100,000 (459 deaths) in 2022.
According to the Australian Burden of Disease Study
2018, illicit drug use contributed to 3% of the total burden
of disease and injury in 201818(AIHW 2022).
This included the impact of opioids, amphetamines,
cocaine, cannabis and other illicit drug use, as well as
unsafe injecting practices. The rate of total burden of
disease and injury attributable to illicit drug use increased
by 35% between 2003 and 2018 (AIHW 2022)
Opioid use accounted for the largest proportion (31%) of
the illicit drug use burden, followed by amphetamine use
(24%), unsafe injecting practices (18%), cocaine use (11%)
and cannabis use (10%).
Illicit drug use was responsible for almost all burden due
to drug use and disorders (excluding alcohol) (AIHW
2022).
For more information, see Burden of disease.
Drugs effect on Hospitalisation’s are,
In 2021–22,
hospitalisations with a drug-related principal diagnosis
accounted for 1.3% of all hospitalisations (135,000).
Amphetamines and other stimulants accounted for 9.0%
(12,200) of drug-related hospitalisations and most of these
related to methamphetamines (82% or 10,100).In 2021–22,
drug-related hospitalisations for:
 Amphetamines and other stimulants decreased to 47
hospitalisations per 100,000 people from 59
hospitalisations per 100,000 people in 2020–21.

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 Opioids decreased to 23 hospitalisations per
100,000 people from 26 hospitalisations per
100,000 people in 2020–21 (Figure 3).

 Non-opioid analgesics saw a decrease from 32

hospitalisations per 100,000 people in 2020–21 to
28 hospitalisations per 100,000 people in 2021–22.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232965/

https://www.health.gov.au/topics/drugs/about-drugs/types-of-drugs

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53217/

https://www.un.org/en/

http://www.unodc.org/docs/treatment/Guide_E.pdf

https://www.vcu.edu/

https://ncadv.org/

http://www.csun.edu/~hcpsy002/0135128978_ch9.pdf

http://www.cdc.gov/idu/facts/cj-satreat.pdf

https://www.thirteen.org/

https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/illicit-drug-use

https://www.health.gov.au/topics/drugs/about-drugs/drug-laws-in-
australia

www.ncert.niic.in

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