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sewage

Uploaded by

kushagraprajapati04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LITTLE FLOWER

INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL

12th Science
Session:2024-25
BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT-
SEWAGE TREATMENT

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED
BY
Mrs. PRIYANKA GUPTA KUSHAGRA PRAJAPATI

CONTENT
 Introduction
 Objectives
 Theoretical
Background
 Methodology
 Application
 Future
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Refrences
Introduction
 Sewage treatment is an
essential process to manage
wastewater and ensure the health
of ecosystems and human
populations. It involves the
removal of contaminants and
organic matter from sewage to
produce an effluent that is safe to
release into the environment or
reuse. This project explores the
different stages of sewage
treatment, their importance, and
their role in sustainability.

Objectives
o To understand the process of
sewage treatment.
o To study the role of
microorganisms in the process of
breakdown of organic waste.
o To know more about the
importance of different stages of
sewage treatment.
o To highlight the environmental
and health benefits of proper
sewage treatment.

Theoretical
Background
Sewage contains a mixture of
domestic, industrial, and agricultural
waste. It includes organic matter,
pathogens, and various pollutants
that can harm the environment. The
sewage treatment process typically
includes two main stages:

1. Primary Treatment: Physical


removal of solid waste through
filteration and sedimentation.

2. Secondary Treatment:
Biological degradation of organic
matter using microorganisms.

Methodology

1) Primary Treatment
o These treatment steps basically
involve physical removal of
particles – large and small – from
the sewage through filtration
and sedimentation.
o These are removed in stages;
initially, floating debris is
removed by sequential filtration.
o Then the grit (soil and small
pebbles) are removed by
sedimentation.
o All solids that settle form the
primary sludge, and the
supernatant forms the effluent.
o The effluent from the primary
settling tank is taken for
secondary treatment.
2) Secondary Treatment

o The primary effluent is passed into


large aeration tanks where it is
constantly agitated mechanically and
air is pumped into it. This allows
vigorous growth of useful aerobic
microbes into flocs (masses of
bacteria associated with fungal
filaments to form mesh like
structures).
o While growing, these microbes
consume the major part of the
organic matter in the effluent. This
significantly reduces the BOD
(biochemical oxygen demand) of the
effluent.
o BOD refers to the amount of the
oxygen that would be consumed if all
the organic matter in one liter of
water were oxidised by bacteria.
o The sewage water is treated till the
BOD is reduced. The BOD test
measures the rate of uptake of
oxygen by micro-organisms in a
sample of water and thus, indirectly,
BOD is a measure of the organic
matter present in the water. The
greater the BOD of waste water,
more is its polluting potential.
o Once the BOD of sewage or waste
water is reduced significantly, the
effluent is then passed into a settling
tank where the bacterial ‘flocs’ are
allowed to sediment. This sediment
is called activated sludge.
o A small part of the activated sludge
is pumped back into the aeration
tank to serve as the inoculum. The
remaining major part of the sludge is
pumped into large tanks called
anaerobic sludge digesters. Here,
other kinds of bacteria, which grow
anaerobically, digest the bacteria
and the fungi in the sludge.
o During this digestion, bacteria
produce a mixture of gases such as
methane, hydrogen sulphide and
carbon dioxide. These gases form
biogas and can be used as source of
energy as it is inflammable.
o The effluent from the secondary
treatment plant is generally released
into natural water bodies like rivers
and streams.
Application
o Reuse of treated water in
irrigation.

o Implantation of sewage treatment


plants in schools for practical
environmental education.
o It is helpful in the removal of
harmful substances and
pollutants from wastewater before
releasing it into the
environment.This protects public
health and aquatic ecosystems.

Future
o This methodology has been
practiced for more than a century
now, in almost all parts of the
world.

o Till date, no manmade technology


has been able to rival the
microbial treatment of sewage.
o We are aware that due to
increasing urbanisation, sewage is
being produced in much larger
quantities than ever before.
However the number of sewage
treatment plants has not
increased enough to treat such
large quantities. So the untreated
sewage is often discharged
directly into rivers leading to their
pollution and increase in water-
borne diseases.

o The Ministry of Environment and


Forests has initiated Ganga Action
Plan and Yamuna Action Plan to
save these major rivers of our
country from pollution. Under
these plans, it is proposed to build
a large number of sewage
treatment plants so that only
treated sewage may be
discharged in the rivers.

Discussion

 The role of microorganisms in


degrading organic matter
highlights the importance of
biological processes in sewage
treatment.

 The BOD level demonstrates the


amount of organic matter in the
sewage water.
 Limitations such as the need large
areas for proper infrastructure
and energy for working of models.

Conclusion
o In summary,wastewater treatment
process is one of the most
important environmental
conservation processes that should
be encouraged worldwide.Most
sewage treatment plants treat
wastewater from homes and
business places Industrial
plant,refineries and manufacturing
plants wastewater is usually
treated at the onsite facilities.
These facilities are designed to
ensure that the wastewater is
treated before it can be released to
the local environment.
o It is illegal for disposing untreated
wastewater into rivers,lakes,oceans
or into the environment and if
found culpable on can be
prosecuted

Refrences

 Biology NCERT.

 CBSE Environmental Science


Textbook.

 Online resources on Sewage


Treatment.
Than
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