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Friction.ppt

Friction

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Dejan Drenkov
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10 views

Friction.ppt

Friction

Uploaded by

Dejan Drenkov
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Friction

Physics terms
• coefficient of friction

• static friction

• kinetic friction

• rolling friction

• viscous friction

• air resistance
Equations
kinetic friction

static friction

rolling friction

Models for friction


The friction force is approximately equal to the
normal force multiplied by a coefficient of friction.
What is friction?

Friction is a “catch-all” term that collectively refers to all forces which


act to reduce motion between objects and the matter they contact.
Friction often transforms the energy of motion into thermal energy or
the wearing away of moving surfaces.
Kinetic friction
Kinetic friction is sliding friction. It is a force that resists
sliding or skidding motion between two surfaces.

If a crate is dragged to the right, friction points left. Friction acts


in the opposite direction of the (relative) motion that produced it.
Friction and the normal force
Which takes more force to push over a rough floor?
The board with the bricks, of course!

The simplest model of friction states that frictional force is


proportional to the normal force between two surfaces.
If this weight triples, then the normal force also triples—and
the force of friction triples too.
A model for kinetic friction
The force of kinetic friction Ff between two surfaces equals
the coefficient of kinetic friction μk times the normal force FN.

direction of
motion

The coefficient of friction is a constant that depends on both


materials. Pairs of materials with more friction have a higher μk.
● Basically the μk tells you how many newtons of friction you get per
newton of normal force.
A model for kinetic friction
The coefficient of friction μk is typically between 0 and 1.

direction of
motion

• When μk = 0 there is no friction.


• When μk = 0.5 the friction force equals half the normal force.
• When μk = 1.0 the friction force equals the normal force.
Calculating kinetic friction
Consider a 30 N brick sliding across a floor at constant speed.

What is the friction force on the brick if μk = 0.5?

The force F needed to make the


board slide at constant speed
must also be 15 N.
Static friction
Static friction is gripping friction. It is a force that prevents
relative motion between surfaces in contact with each other.

• Without static friction between your


feet and the floor, you could not walk
or run. Your feet would slip.

• Without static friction between your


tires and the road, you could not start
or stop a car.
Static friction
Static friction prevents this crate
from sliding when pushed . . .

. . . until the pushing force is


greater than the maximum static
friction force available.
Static friction
How much static friction acts

•in case a? 120 N

•In case b? 160 N

The crate is at rest so the net


force must be zero. The static
friction increases exactly as
needed to keep the box at rest.
Static friction
What is the maximum static friction
available? 200 N

Once the maximum static friction is


exceeded, the crate begins to
move.
A model for static friction
The maximum static friction force Ff between two surfaces is
the coefficient of static friction μs times the normal force FN.

direction of
applied force

• When μs = 0 there is no friction.


• When μs = 0.5 the maximum friction force equals half the normal force.
• When μs = 1.0 the maximum friction force equals the normal force.
Calculating static friction
A 10 N board is at rest on a table.
How much force does it take to start
the board sliding if μs = 0.2?

The applied force F must be enough


to break the grip of static friction.

mg = -10 N FN = +10 N
Calculating static friction
A 10 N board is at rest on a table.
How much force does it take to start
the board sliding if μs = 0.2?

• 2 N is the maximum force of static


friction available.
• 2 N is also the minimum force mg = -10 N FN = +10 N
needed to start the board moving.
Rolling friction
Many machines, such as cars and
bicycles, experience rolling friction.

The equation model for rolling


friction is similar to the model for
sliding friction.
Coefficient of rolling friction
Rolling friction comes mainly from slight deformations of the
wheel. It is typically much lower than static or kinetic friction.
Larger wheels tend to have lower coefficients of friction.
Viscous friction
Fluid friction is the largest source of friction for
cars, boats, and aircraft at speeds above 50 mph.

There are two main sources of fluid friction:


•the force required to push the fluid out of the way
•the resistance of the fluid due to viscosity

Viscous friction is complex. It depends on speed,


shape, and fluid properties.
Shape factors
The drag coefficient describes
how easily fluid flows around a
particular shape.

•Blunt objects have high drag


coefficients.
•Aerodynamic, streamlined
shapes have low drag
coefficients.
Viscosity
Viscosity describes a fluid’s resistance to flow.

Air has a very low viscosity. Honey has a high viscosity


Water also has a low viscosity and pours slowly.
and pours readily.
Assessment
1. A box with a mass of 10 kg is at rest on
the floor. The coefficient of static friction
between the box and the floor is 0.30.

Estimate the force required to start sliding


the box.

The required force is about 29 N.


Assessment
2. A 500-gram puck is sliding at 20 m/s across a level surface.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the puck and
surface is 0.20.
a. Draw a free-body diagram for the puck.
b. Calculate the magnitude of each force. direction of motion

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