Ministry of Science and High Education of Russian Federation

Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of High Education

“V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University”
“Institute “S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy”
Department of Topographical Anatomy and Operative Surgery

MODREN STATISTICAL DATA ON THE INCIDENCE OF VARIOUS

TYPE OF LUNG CANCER

Student’s name: Bano Rukhsar

Group No: LA2 -218(2)
Teacher: Professor Igor Vladimirovich Zadnipryany

Simferopol 2023
CONTENT:

1. Introduction……………………………………… 3
2. What is lung cancer ?……………………………..5
3. Types of lung cancer……………………………..6
4. Non small cell lung cancer ……………………….9
5. Small cell lung cancer ……………………………12
6. Other type of lung cancer …………………………13
7. Classification of lung cancer according to WHO…. 14
8. Diagnosis of lung cancer…………………………..16
9. Statistics and survival rate …………………………17
10.survival according to age group……………………. 23
11.Bibliography ………………………………………..24
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and
spread to other parts of the body.

Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of
trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and multiply (through a process
called cell division) to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow
old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
Sometimes this orderly process breaks down, and abnormal or damaged cells
grow and multiply when they shouldn’t. These cells may form tumors, which
are lumps of tissue. Tumors can be cancerous or not cancerous (benign).
Cancerous tumors spread into, or invade, nearby tissues and can travel to distant
places in the body to form new tumors (a process called metastasis). Cancerous
tumors may also be called malignanttumors. Many cancers form solid tumors,
but cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not.

Benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. When removed,
benign tumors usually don’t grow back, whereas cancerous tumors sometimes
do. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. Some can cause
serious symptoms or be life threatening, such as benign tumors in the brain.

Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways. For instance, cancer cells:

 grow in the absence of signals telling them to grow. Normal cells only
grow when they receive such signals.

 ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or to die (a

process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis).
 invade into nearby areas and spread to other areas of the body.
Normal cells stop growing when they encounter other cells, and most
normal cells do not move around the body.

 tell blood vessels to grow toward tumors. These blood vessels supply
tumors with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products from
tumors.

 hide from the immune system. The immune system normally

eliminates damaged or abnormal cells.
 trick the immune system into helping cancer cells stay alive and grow.
For instance, some cancer cells convince immune cellsto protect the
tumor instead of attacking it.
 accumulate multiple changes in their chromosomes, such as
duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Some cancer cells
have double the normal number of chromosomes.

 rely on different kinds of nutrients than normal cells. In addition,

some cancer cells make energy from nutrients in a different way than
most normal cells. This lets cancer cells grow more quickly.
What is lung cancer?

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the lungs. Cancer starts when
cells in the body begin to grow out of control.

Normal structure and function of the lungs

Lungs are 2 sponge-like organs in your chest. Your right lung has 3
sections, called lobes. Your left lung has 2 lobes. The left lung is smaller
because the heart takes up more room on that side of the body. When you
breathe in, air enters through your mouth or nose and goes into your lungs
through the trachea (windpipe). The trachea divides into tubes called bronchi,
which enter the lungs and divide into smaller bronchi. These divide to form
smaller branches called bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air
sacs known as alveoli. The alveoli absorb oxygen into your blood from the
inhaled air and remove carbon dioxide from the blood when you exhale. Taking
in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide are your lungs’ main functions.

Lung cancers typically start in the cells lining the bronchi and parts of the
lung such as the bronchioles or alveoli.

Illustration showing details of the lungs and surrounding areas

A thin lining layer called the pleura surrounds the lungs. The pleura
protects your lungs and helps them slide back and forth against the chest wall as
they expand and contract during breathing.

Below the lungs, a thin, dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm

separates the chest from the abdomen. When you breathe, the diaphragm moves
up and down, forcing air in and out of the lungs.
Types of lung cancer:

Lung cancers are broadly classified into two types: small cell lung
cancers (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). This classification is
based upon the microscopic appearance of the tumor cells. These two types of
cancers grow, spread, and are treated in different ways, so making a distinction
between these two types is important.

SCLC comprises about 10%-15% of lung cancers. This type of lung

cancer is the most aggressive and rapidly growing of all the types. SCLC is
strongly related to cigarette smoking. SCLCs metastasize rapidly to many sites
within the body and are most often discovered after they have spread
extensively.

NSCLC is the most common lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of
all cases. NSCLC has three main types designated by the type of cells found in
the tumor.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

About 80% to 85% of lung cancers are NSCLC. The main subtypes of
NSCLC are adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell
carcinoma. These subtypes, which start from different types of lung cells are
grouped together as NSCLC because their treatment and prognoses (outlook)
are often similar.

Adenocarcinoma:
Adrenocarcinomas start in the cells that would normally secrete
substances such as mucus. This type of lung cancer occurs mainly in people
who currently smoke or formerly smoked, but it is also the most common type
of lung cancer seen in people who don't smoke. It is more common in women
than in men, and it is more likely to occur in younger people than other types of
lung cancer.
Adenocarcinoma is usually found in the outer parts of the lung and is more
likely to be found before it has spread.

People with a type of adenocarcinoma called adenocarcinoma in situ

(previously called bronchioloalveolar carcinoma) tend to have a better outlook
than those with other types of lung cancer.

Squamous cell carcinoma:

Squamous cell carcinomas start in squamous cells, which are flat cells
that line the inside of the airways in the lungs. They are often linked to a history
of smoking and tend to be found in the central part of the lungs, near a main
airway (bronchus).
Large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma:
Large cell carcinoma can appear in any part of the lung. It tends to grow
and spread quickly, which can make it harder to treat. A subtype of large cell
carcinoma, known as large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, is a fast-growing
cancer that is very similar to small cell lung cancer.

Other subtypes:
A few other subtypes of NSCLC, such as adenosquamous carcinoma
and sarcomatoid carcinoma, are much less common.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
About 10% to 15% of all lung cancers are SCLC and it is sometimes called oat
cell cancer.

This type of lung cancer tends to grow and spread faster than NSCLC. About
70% of people with SCLC will have cancer that has already spread at the time
they are diagnosed. Since this cancer grows quickly, it tends to respond well to
chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Unfortunately, for most people, the cancer
will return at some point.
Other types of lung tumors

Along with the main types of lung cancer, other tumors can occur in the lungs.

Lung carcinoid tumors:

Carcinoid tumors of the lung account for fewer than 5% of lung
tumors. Most of these grow slowly. For more information about these tumors,
see Lung Carcinoid Tumor.

Other lung tumors:

Other types of lung cancer such as adenoid cystic carcinomas,
lymphomas, and sarcomas, as well as benign lung tumors such as hamartomas
are rare. These are treated differently from the more common lung cancers and
are not discussed here.

Cancers that spread to the lungs:

Cancers that start in other organs (such as the breast, pancreas, kidney,
or skin) can sometimes spread (metastasize) to the lungs, but these are not lung
cancers. For example, cancer that starts in the breast and spreads to the lungs is
still breast cancer, not lung cancer. Treatment for metastatic cancer to the lungs
is based on where it started (the primary cancer site).
WHO CLASSIFICATION OF LUNG TUMOURS:

The 2021 World Health Organisation (WHO) Classification of Thoracic

Tumours was published earlier this year, with classification of lung tumors
being one of the chapters
Previous WHO editions were published in 1967 and 1981, purely in relation to
the lung, followed by the lung and pleura in 1999, and then the lung, pleura,
thymus, and heart in 2004 and 2015.
The 2015 WHO Classification book introduced many important
changes, largely owing to the remarkable progress in understanding genetics
and molecular-targeted therapies. Because of introduction of
immunohistochemistry and molecular testing throughout the classification,
many of the more sophisticated approaches to pathologic diagnosis have led to
more precise pathologic and genetic classification of lung tumors allowing for
better therapeutic strategies.

List of Lung Tumors in 2021 WHO Classification of Thoracic Tumors

 Epithelial tumour
 Papillomas
 Squamous cell papilloma
 Glandular papilloma
 Adenomas
 Alveolar adenoma
 Papillary adenoma
 Bronchial adenoma
 Mutinous cystadenoma
 Mucous gland adenoma
 Adenocarcinoma
  Solid Adenocarcinoma
 Colloid Adenocarcinoma
 Fetal adenocarcinoma
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Lymphoeepithelial carcinoma
 Large cell carcinoma
 Adrenosquamous carcinoma
 Pleomorphic carcinoma
 Pleomorphic adenoma
 Myoepithelial carcinoma
 Lung neuroendocrine neoplasms
 Nuroendocrine tumors …….etc

Major features within this edition are the following: (1) broader emphasis on
genetic testing than in the 2015 WHO Classification; (2) a section entirely
dedicated to the classification of small diagnostic samples; (3) continued
recommendation to document percentages of histologic patterns in invasive
nonmucinous adenocarcinomas, with utilization of these features to apply a
formal grading system, and using only invasive size for T-factor size
determination in part lepidic nonmucinous lung adenocarcinomas as
recommended by the eighth edition TNM Classification; (4) recognition of
spread through airspaces (STAS) as a histologic feature with prognostic
significance; (5) moving lymphoepithelial carcinoma to squamous cell
carcinomas; (6) update on evolving concepts in lung neuroendocrine (NE)
neoplasm (NEN) classification (7) recognition of bronchiolar adenoma
(BA)/ciliated muconodular papillary tumor (CMPT) as a new entity within the
adenoma subgroup; (8) recognition of thoracic SMARCA4-deficient
undifferentiated tumor; and (9) inclusion of essential and desirable diagnostic
criteria for each tumor.
DIAGNOSIS OF LUNG CANCER:

1. Chest X-ray

A chest X-ray is usually the 1st test used to diagnose lung cancer. Most lung
tumours appear on X-rays as a white-grey mass. Chest X-rays cannot give a
definitive diagnosis because they often cannot distinguish between cancer and
other conditions, such as a lung abscess (a collection of pus that forms in the
lungs). If a chest X-ray suggests you may have lung cancer, you should be
referred to a specialist in chest conditions.

2. CT scan

A CT scan is usually the next test you'll have after a chest X-ray. A CT
scan uses X-rays and a computer to create detailed images of the inside of your
body. Before having a CT scan, you'll be given an injection containing a special
dye called a contrast medium, which helps to improve the quality of the images.
The scan is painless and takes 10 to 30 minutes.

3. Bronchoscopy and biopsy

If a CT scan shows there might be cancer in the central part of your chest,
you may be offered a bronchoscopy.A bronchoscopy is a procedure that allows
a doctor to see the inside of your airways and remove a small sample of
cells (biopsy).

During a bronchoscopy, a thin tube with a camera at the end, called a

bronchoscope, is passed through your mouth or nose, down your throat and into
your airways. The procedure may be uncomfortable, so you'll be offered a
sedative before it starts, to help you relax, and a local anaesthetic to make your
throat numb. The procedure takes around 30 to 40 minutes.

A newer procedure is called an endobronchial ultrasound scan (EBUS),

which combines a bronchoscopy with an ultrasound scan. Like a bronchoscopy,
an EBUS allows a doctor to see the inside of your airways. However, the
ultrasound probe on the end of the camera also allows the doctor to locate the
lymph nodes in the centre of the chest so they can take a biopsy from them. The
procedure takes around 90 minutes.

Lymph nodes are part of a network of vessels and glands that spread throughout
the body and work as part of your immune system. A biopsy from a lymph node
can show if cancerous cells are growing there and what type they are.

4. Other types of biopsy

You may be offered a different type of biopsy. This may be a type of surgical
biopsy, such as a thoracoscopy, a mediastinoscopy, or a biopsy done using a
needle inserted through your skin (percutaneous).
STATISTICS AND SURVIVAL RATE:

Worldwide, lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer.

NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer in the United States,
accounting for 82% of all lung cancer diagnoses.

This year, an estimated 236,740 adults (117,910 men and 118,830 women)
in the United States will be diagnosed with lung cancer. Worldwide, an
estimated 2,206,771 people were diagnosed with lung cancer in 2020. These
statistics include both small cell lung cancer and NSCLC.

In the United States, the number of new lung cancer cases in men has been
dropping annually since the mid-1980s. In women, the number of new cases
diagnosed each year started dropping in the mid-2000s. Between 2009 and
2018, incidence rates dropped 1.4% each year in women compared to 2.8%
each year in men.

Currently, Black and White women have lower incidence rates than men. Black
men are about 15% more likely to get lung cancer than White men. Black
women are 16% less likely to get lung cancer when compared with White
women. People age 65 and older are more likely to develop the disease. The
average age of diagnosis is 70.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for men and women
worldwide. It is estimated that 130,180 deaths (68,820 men and 61,360 women)
from this disease will occur in the United States this year. In 2020, an estimated
1,796,144 people died worldwide from the disease.

Lung cancer makes up around 25% of cancer deaths in the United States.
However, death rates for the disease have declined by 56% since 1990 in men
and 32% since 2002 in women. From 2015 to 2019, the death rates for men with
lung cancer dropped by around 5% each year. The death rates for women with
lung cancer declined 4% per year. Research indicates that these declines are due
to more people not smoking, more people quitting smoking, and advances in
diagnosis and treatment.

The 5-year survival rate tells you what percent of people live at least 5 years
after the cancer is found. Percent means how many out of 100. The 5-year
survival rate for all people with all types of lung cancer is 22%. The 5-year
survival rate for men is 18%. The 5-year survival rate for women is 25%. The 5-
year survival rate for NSCLC is 26%, compared to 7% for small cell lung
cancer.

However, it is important to note that survival rates depend on several factors,

including the subtype of lung cancer and the stage of disease.
For people with localized NSCLC, which means the cancer has not spread
outside the lung, the overall 5-year survival rate is 63%. For regional NSCLC,
which means the cancer has spread outside of the lung to nearby lymph nodes,
the 5-year survival rate is about 35%. When cancer has spread to distant parts of
the body, called metastatic lung cancer, the 5-year survival rate is 7%. It is
important to note that newer therapies like targeted treatments and
immunotherapies (see Types of Treatment) are allowing people with
metastatic lung cancer to live longer than ever before.
Each year, tens of thousands of people are cured of NSCLC in the United
States. And, some patients with advanced lung cancer can live many years after
diagnosis. Sometimes patients who are told that their lung cancer is incurable
live longer than many who are told that their lung cancer is curable. The
important thing to remember is that lung cancer is treatable at any stage, and
these treatments have been proven to help people with lung cancer live longer
with better quality of life.
It is important to remember that statistics on the survival rates for people with
NSCLC are an estimate. The estimate comes from annual data based on the
number of people with this cancer in the United States. Also, experts measure
the survival statistics every 5 years. This means the estimate may not reflect the
results of advancements in how NSCLC is diagnosed or treated from the last 5
years.

Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. About
14% of people diagnosed with lung cancer in the United States have SCLC.

This year, an estimated 236,740 adults (117,910 men and 118,830 women) in
the United States will be diagnosed with lung cancer. Worldwide, an estimated
2,206,771 people were diagnosed with lung cancer in 2020. These statistics
include people diagnosed with both SCLC and non-small cell lung cancer.
The number of new lung cancer cases in men has been dropping annually since
the mid-1980s. In women, the number of new cases diagnosed each year started
dropping in the mid-2000s. Between 2009 and 2018, incidence rates dropped
1.4% each year in women compared to 2.8% each year in men. Although Black
men are more likely to develop lung cancer than White men, they are less likely
to get SCLC.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for men and women
worldwide. In in the United States, it is estimated that 130,180 deaths (68,820
men and 61,630 women) from this disease will occur this year. In 2020, an
estimated 1,796,144 people died from the disease worldwide.

Lung cancer makes up around 25% of cancer deaths in the United States.
However, death rates from lung cancer have declined by 56% since 1990 in men
and 32% since 2002 in women. From 2015 to 2019, the death rates for men with
the disease dropped by 5% each year. The death rates for women declined 4%
per year. Research indicates that these declines are due to more people not
smoking, more people quitting smoking, and advances in diagnosis and
treatment.

The 5-year survival rate tells you what percent of people live at least 5 years
after the cancer is found. Percent means how many out of 100. The general 5-
year survival rate for people with SCLC is 7%.

It is important to note that survival rates depend on several factors, including

the stage of disease. For people with localized SCLC, which means the cancer
has not spread outside of the lung, the overall 5-year survival rate is 27%. For
regional SCLC, which means the cancer has spread outside of the lung to
nearby areas, the 5-year survival rate is 16%. If the cancer has spread to a
distant part of the body, the 5-year survival rate is 3%. However, some people
with advanced lung cancer can live many years after diagnosis.
Sometimes, patients who are told that their lung cancer is curable do not live as
long as those who are told that their lung cancer cannot be cured. The important
thing to remember is that lung cancer is treatable at any stage, and these
treatments have been proven to help people with lung cancer live longer with
better quality of life.
SURVIVAL RATE ACCORDING TO AGE

Lung cancer typically affects people over 65. As a person ages, their general
health tends to diminish, reducing their ability to fight the disease. This can
directly influence survival times according to data from the SEER Program. 5

When lung cancer is stage 1(localized), five-year survival rates by age group are
as follows:

 Under 50: 83.7%

 Ages 50-64: 67.4%
 65 and older: 54
BIBILOGRAPHY:

https://www.verywellhealth.com
http://www.academic.oup.com/
http://Wikipedia.com
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/diagnosis/
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-
diagnosed.html
https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/lung-cancer-small-cell/statistics
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
http://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
B.D Chaurasia
Grays anatomy