JAVA-8 Features

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Java 8 New Features

java 7 – July 28th 2011
2 Years 7 Months 18 Days
Java 8 - March 18th 2014
Java 9 - September 22nd 2016
Java 10 - 2018
After Java 1.5version, Java 8 is the next major version.

Before Java 8, sun people gave importance only for objects but in 1.8version oracle people gave the
importance for functional aspects of programming to bring its benefits to Java.ie it doesn’t mean Java
is functional oriented programming language.
Java 8 New Features:

1) Lambda Expression
2) Functional Interfaces
3) Default methods
4) Predicates
5) Functions
6) Double colon operator (::)
7) Stream API
8) Date and Time API
Etc…..
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Lambda (λ) Expression

☀ Lambda calculus is a big change in mathematical world which has been introduced in 1930.
Because of benefits of Lambda calculus slowly this concepts started using in programming world.
“LISP” is the first programming which uses Lambda Expression.
☀ The other languages which uses lambda expressions are:

 C#.Net
 C Objective
 C
 C++
 Python
 Ruby etc.
and finally in Java also.
☀ The Main Objective of Lambda Expression is to bring benefits of functional programming into
Java.
What is Lambda Expression (λ):

 Lambda Expression is just an anonymous (nameless) function. That means the function which
doesn’t have the name, return type and access modifiers.
 Lambda Expression also known as anonymous functions or closures.
Ex: 1
()  {
public void m1() { sop(“hello”);
sop(“hello”); }
} ()  { sop(“hello”); }
()  sop(“hello”);
Ex:2
public void add(inta, int b) {

sop(a+b); (inta, int b)  sop(a+b);
}
 If the type of the parameter can be decided by compiler automatically based on the context then
we can remove types also.
 The above Lambda expression we can rewrite as (a,b)  sop (a+b);

Ex: 3
public String str(String str) { (String str)  return str;

return str;
}
(str)  str;
Conclusions:
1) A lambda expression can have zero or more number of parameters (arguments).
Ex:
()  sop(“hello”);
(int a )  sop(a);
(inta, int b)  return a+b;
2) Usually we can specify type of parameter. If the compiler expects the type based on the context
then we can remove type. i.e., programmer is not required.
Ex:
(inta, int b)  sop(a+b);
(a,b)  sop(a+b);
3) If multiple parameters present then these parameters should be separated with comma (,).
4) If zero number of parameters available then we have to use empty parameter [ like ()].
Ex: ()  sop(“hello”);
5) If only one parameter is available and if the compiler can expect the type then we can remove the
type and parenthesis also.
Ex:
(int a)  sop(a);
(a)  sop(a);
A  sop(a);
6) Similar to method body lambda expression body also can contain multiple statements. If more
than one statements present then we have to enclose inside within curly braces. If one statement
present then curly braces are optional.
7) Once we write lambda expression we can call that expression just like a method, for this
functional interfaces are required.

Functional Interfaces
If an interface contain only one abstract method, such type of interfaces are called functional
interfaces and the method is called functional method or single abstract method (SAM).
Ex:
1) Runnable  It contains only run() method
2) Comparable  It contains only compareTo() method
3) ActionListener  It contains only actionPerformed()
4) Callable  It contains only call() method
Inside functional interface in addition to single Abstract method (SAM) we write any number of
default and static methods.
Ex:
1) interface Interf {
2) public abstract void m1();
3) default void m2() {
4) System.out.println (“hello”);
5) }
6) }
In Java 8, Sun Micro System introduced @Functional Interface annotation to specify that the interface
is Functional Interface.
Ex:
@Functional Interface
Interface Interf { This code compiles without any compilation errors.
public void m1();
}
Inside Functional Interface we can take only one abstract method, if we take more than one abstract
method then compiler raise an error message that is called we will get compilation error.
Ex:
@Functional Interface {
public void m1(); This code gives compilation error.
public void m2();
}

Inside Functional Interface we have to take exactly only one abstract method.If we are not declaring
that abstract method then compiler gives an error message.
Ex:
@Functional Interface {
interface Interface { compilation error
}
Functional Interface with respect to Inheritance:

If an interface extends Functional Interface and child interface doesn’t contain any abstract method
then child interface is also Functional Interface
Ex:
1) @Functional Interface
2) interface A {
3) public void methodOne();
4) }
6) Interface B extends A {
7) }
In the child interface we can define exactly same parent interface abstract method.
Ex:
2) interface A {
4) }
6) interface B extends A { No Compile Time Error
8) }
In the child interface we can’t define any new abstract methods otherwise child interface won’t be
Functional Interface and if we are trying to use @Functional Interface annotation then compiler gives
an error message.

1) @Functional Interface {
2) interface A {
4) }
5) @Functional Interface Compiletime Error
6) interface B extends A {
7) public void methodTwo();
8) }
Ex:
@Functional Interface
interface A {
public void methodOne(); No compile time error
}
interface B extends A {
public void methodTwo(); This’s Normal interface so that code compiles without error
}
In the above example in both parent & child interface we can write any number of default methods
and there are no restrictions. Restrictions are applicable only for abstract methods.
Functional Interface Vs Lambda Expressions:

Once we write Lambda expressions to invoke it’s functionality, then Functional Interface is required.
We can use Functional Interface reference to refer Lambda Expression.
Where ever Functional Interface concept is applicable there we can use Lambda Expressions
Ex:1 Without Lambda Expression
2) public void methodOne() {}
3) public class Demo implements Interface {
4) public void methodOne() {
5) System.out.println(“method one execution”);
6) }
7) public class Test {
8) public static void main(String[] args) {
9) Interfi = new Demo();
10) i.methodOne();
11) }
12) }

Above code With Lambda expression
2) public void methodOne() {}
3) class Test {
5) Interfi = ()  System.out.println(“MethodOne Execution”);
6) i.methodOne();
7) }
8) }
Without Lambda Expression
2) public void sum(inta,int b);
3) }
4) class Demo implements Interf {
5) public void sum(inta,int b) {
6) System.out.println(“The sum:”•+(a+b));
7) }
8) }
9) public class Test {
12) i.sum(20,5);
13) }
14) }
Above code With Lambda Expression
2) public void sum(inta, int b);
3) }
4) class Test {
6) Interfi = (a,b)  System.out.println(“The Sum:” +(a+b));
7) i.sum(5,10);
8) }
9) }

Without Lambda Expressions
2) publicint square(int x);
3) }
4) class Demo implements Interf {
5) public int square(int x) {
6) return x*x; OR (int x)  x*x
7) }
8) }
9) class Test {
12) System.out.println(“The Square of 7 is: “ +i.square(7));
13) }
14) }
Above code with Lambda Expression
2) public int square(int x);
3) }
4) class Test {
6) Interfi = x  x*x;
7) System.out.println(“The Square of 5 is:”+i.square(5));
8) }
9) }
Without Lambda expression

1) class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
2) public void main() {
3) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
4) System.out.println(“Child Thread”);
5) }
6) }
7) }
8) class ThreadDemo {
10) Runnable r = new myRunnable();
11) Thread t = new Thread(r);
12) t.start();
13) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
14) System.out.println(“Main Thread”)
15) }
16) }

17) }
With Lambda expression
1) class ThreadDemo {
3) Runnable r = ()  {
4) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
5) System.out.println(“Child Thread”);
6) }
7) };
9) t.start();
10) for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
11) System.out.println(“Main Thread”);
12) }
13) }
14) }
Anonymous inner classes vs Lambda Expressions

Wherever we are using anonymous inner classes there may be a chance of using Lambda expression
to reduce length of the code and to resolve complexity.
Ex: With anonymous inner class
1) class Test {
3) Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
4) public void run() {
5) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
6) System.out.println("Child Thread");
7) }
8) }
9) });
10) t.start();
11) for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
12) System.out.println("Main thread");
13) }
14) }

With Lambda expression
1) class Test {
3) Thread t = new Thread(()  {
4) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
6) }
7) });
8) t.start();
9) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
10) System.out.println("Main Thread");
11) }
12) }
13) }
What are the advantages of Lambda expression?
☀ We can reduce length of the code so that readability of the code will be improved.
☀ We can resolve complexity of anonymous inner classes.
☀ We can provide Lambda expression in the place of object.
☀ We can pass lambda expression as argument to methods.
Note:
☀ Anonymous inner class can extend concrete class, can extend abstract class, can implement
interface with any number of methods but
☀ Lambda expression can implement an interface with only single abstract method (Functional
Interface).
☀ Hence if anonymous inner class implements Functional Interface in that particular case only we
can replace with lambda expressions. Hence wherever anonymous inner class concept is there, it
may not possible to replace with Lambda expressions.
☀ Anonymous inner class! = Lambda Expression
☀ Inside anonymous inner class we can declare instance variables.

☀ Inside anonymous inner class “this” always refers current inner class object(anonymous inner
class) but not related outer class object
Ex:
☀ Inside lambda expression we can’t declare instance variables.

☀ Whatever the variables declare inside lambda expression are simply acts as local variables
☀ Within lambda expression ‘this” keyword represents current outer class object reference (that is
current enclosing class reference in which we declare lambda expression)

Ex:
2) public void m1();
3) }
4) class Test {
5) int x = 777;
6) public void m2() {
7) Interfi = () {
8) int x = 888;
9) System.out.println(x); 888
10) System.out.println(this.x); 777
11) };
12) i.m1();
13) }
15) Test t = new Test();
16) t.m2();
17) }
18) }
☀ From lambda expression we can access enclosing class variables and enclosing method variables
directly.
☀ The local variables referenced from lambda expression are implicitly final and hence we can’t
perform re-assignment for those local variables otherwise we get compile time error
Ex:
2) public void m1();
3) }
4) class Test {
5) int x = 10;
7) int y = 20;
8) Interfi = ()  {
9) System.out.println(x); 10
10) System.out.println(y); 20
11) x = 888;
12) y = 999; //CE
13) };
14) i.m1();
15) y = 777;
16) }
19) t.m2();

20) }
21) }
Differences between anonymous inner classes and Lambda expression
Anonymous Inner class Lambda Expression

It’s a class without name It’s a method without name (anonymous
function)
Anonymous inner class can extend lambda expression can’t extend
Abstract and concrete classes Abstract and concrete classes
Anonymous inner class can implement lambda expression can implement an
An interface that contains any number of Interface which contains single abstract method
Abstract methods (Functional Interface)
Inside anonymous inner class we can Inside lambda expression we can’t
Declare instance variables. Declare instance variables, whatever the
variables declared are simply acts as local
variables.
Anonymous inner classes can be lambda expressions can’t be instantiated
Instantiated
Inside anonymous inner class “this” Inside lambda expression “this”
Always refers current anonymous Always refers current outer class object. That is
Inner class object but not outer class enclosing class object.
Object.
Anonymous inner class is the best choice Lambda expression is the best Choice if we want
If we want to handle multiple methods. to handle interface
With single abstract method (Functional
Interface).
In the case of anonymous inner class At the time of compilation no dot Class file will be
At the time of compilation a separate generated for Lambda expression. It simply
Dot class file will be generated converts in to private method outer class.
(outerclass$1.class)
Memory allocated on demand Reside in permanent memory of JVM
Whenever we are creating an object (Method Area).

Default Methods
☀ Until 1.7 version onwards inside interface we can take only public abstract methods and public
static final variables (every method present inside interface is always public and abstract whether
we are declaring or not).
☀ Every variable declared inside interface is always public static final whether we are declaring or
not.
☀ But from 1.8 version onwards in addition to these, we can declare default concrete methods also
inside interface, which are also known as defender methods.
☀ We can declare default method with the keyword “default” as follows
1) default void m1(){

2) System.out.println (“Default Method”);
3) }
☀ Interface default methods are by-default available to all implementation classes. Based on
requirement implementation class can use these default methods directly or can override.
Ex:
3) System.out.println("Default Method");
4) }
5) }
6) class Test implements Interf {
9) t.m1();
10) }
11) }
☀ Default methods also known as defender methods or virtual extension methods.

☀ The main advantage of default methods is without effecting implementation classes we can add
new functionality to the interface (backward compatibility).
Note: We can’t override object class methods as default methods inside interface otherwise we get
compile time error.

Ex:
2) default inthashCode() {
3) return 10;
4) }
5) }
CompileTimeError
Reason: Object class methods are by-default available to every Java class hence it’s not required to
bring through default methods.
Default method vs multiple inheritance

Two interfaces can contain default method with same signature then there may be a chance of
ambiguity problem (diamond problem) to the implementation class. To overcome this problem
compulsory we should override default method in the implementation class otherwise we get compile
time error.
1) Eg 1:
2) interface Left {
4) System.out.println("Left Default Method");
5) }
6) }
7)
8) Eg 2:
9) interface Right {
11) System.out.println("Right Default Method");
12) }
13) }
14)
15) Eg 3:
16) class Test implements Left, Right {}

How to override default method in the implementation class?

In the implementation class we can provide complete new implementation or we can call any
interface method as follows.
interfacename.super.m1();
Ex:
1) class Test implements Left, Right {

3) System.out.println("Test Class Method"); OR Left.super.m1();
4) }
7) t.m1();
8) }
9) }
Differences between interface with default methods and abstract class

Even though we can add concrete methods in the form of default methods to the interface, it won’t
be equal to abstract class.
Interface with Default Methods Abstract Class

Inside interface every variable is Inside abstract class there may be a
Always public static final and there is Chance of instance variables which Are
No chance of instance variables required to the child class.
Interface never talks about state of Abstract class can talk about state of
Object. Object.
Inside interface we can’t declare Inside abstract class we can declare

Constructors. Constructors.
Inside interface we can’t declare Inside abstract class we can declare
Instance and static blocks. Instance and static blocks.
Functional interface with default Abstract class can’t refer lambda
Methods Can refer lambda expression. Expressions.
Inside interface we can’t override Inside abstract class we can override
Object class methods. Object class methods.
Interface with default method != abstract class

Static methods inside interface:

☀ From 1.8 version onwards in addition to default methods we can write static methods also inside
interface to define utility functions.
☀ Interface static methods by-default not available to the implementation classes hence by using
implementation class reference we can’t call interface static
☀ methods. We should call interface static methods by using interface name.
Ex:
2) public static void sum(int a, int b) {
3) System.out.println("The Sum:"+(a+b));4)
}
5) }
9) t.sum(10, 20); //CE
10) Test.sum(10, 20); //CE
11) Interf.sum(10, 20);
12) }
13) }
☀ As interface static methods by default not available to the implementation class, overriding
concept is not applicable.
☀ Based on our requirement we can define exactly same method in the implementation class, it’s
valid but not overriding.
Ex:1
2) public static void m1() {}
3) }
6) }
It’s valid but not overriding

Ex:2
3) }
5) public void m1() {}
6) }
This’s valid but not overriding
Ex3:
1) class P {
2) private void m1() {}
3) }
4) class C extends P {
5) public void m1() {}
6) }
This’s valid but not overriding
From 1.8 version onwards we can write main() method inside interface and hence we can run
interface directly from the command prompt.
Ex:
3) System.out.println("Interface Main Method");
4) }
5) }
At the command prompt:

Javac Interf.Java
JavaInterf


Predicates
A predicate is a function with a single argument and returns boolean value.
 To implement predicate functions in Java, Oracle people introduced Predicate interface in 1.8
version (i.e.,Predicate<T>).
 Predicate interface present in Java.util.function package.
 It’s a functional interface and it contains only one method i.e., test()
Ex:
interface Predicate<T> {
public boolean test(T t);
}
As predicate is a functional interface and hence it can refers lambda expression
Ex:1 Write a predicate to check whether the given integer is greater than 10 or not.
Ex:
public boolean test(Integer I) {
if (I >10) {
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
(Integer I)  {
if(I > 10)
return true;
else
return false;
}

I  (I>10);
predicate<Integer> p = I (I >10);

System.out.println (p.test(100)); true
System.out.println (p.test(7)); false
Program:
1) import Java.util.function;
2) class Test {
4) predicate<Integer> p = I  (i>10);
5) System.out.println(p.test(100));
6) System.out.println(p.test(7));
7) System.out.println(p.test(true)); //CE
8) }
9) }
# 1 Write a predicate to check the length of given string is greater than 3 or not.
Predicate<String> p = s  (s.length() > 3);
System.out.println (p.test(“rvkb”)); true
System.out.println (p.test(“rk”)); false
#-2 write a predicate to check whether the given collection is empty or not.
Predicate<collection> p = c  c.isEmpty();
Predicate joining
It’s possible to join predicates into a single predicate by using the following methods.
and()
or()
negate()
these are exactly same as logical AND ,OR complement operators
Ex:
1) import Java.util.function.*;
2) class test {
3) public static void main(string[] args) {
4) int[] x = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30};
5) predicate<integer> p1 = i->i>10;
6) predicate<integer> p2=i -> i%2==0;
7) System.out.println("The Numbers Greater Than 10:");
8) m1(p1, x);
9) System.out.println("The Even Numbers Are:");

10) m1(p2, x);
11) System.out.println("The Numbers Not Greater Than 10:");
12) m1(p1.negate(), x);
13) System.out.println("The Numbers Greater Than 10 And Even Are:â€•);
14) m1(p1.and(p2), x);
15) System.out.println("The Numbers Greater Than 10 OR Even:â€•);
16) m1(p1.or(p2), x);
17) }
18) public static void m1(predicate<integer>p, int[] x) {
19) for(int x1:x) {
20) if(p.test(x1))
21) System.out.println(x1);
22) }
23) }
24) }

Functions
 Functions are exactly same as predicates except that functions can return any type of result but
function should (can) return only one value and that value can be any type as per our
requirement.
 To implement functions oracle people introduced Function interface in 1.8version.
 Function interface present in Java.util.function package.
 Functional interface contains only one method i.e., apply()
interface function(T,R) {
public R apply(T t);
}
Assignment: Write a function to find length of given input string.

Ex:
1) import Java.util.function.*;
2) class Test {
4) Function<String, Integer> f = s ->s.length();
5) System.out.println(f.apply("Durga"));
6) System.out.println(f.apply("Soft"));
7) }
8) }
Note: Function is a functional interface and hence it can refer lambda expression.

Differences between predicate and function

Predicate Function
To implement conditional checks To perform certain operation And to
We should go for predicate return some result we Should go for
function.
Predicate can take one type Function can take 2 type Parameters.
Parameter which represents First one represent Input argument
Input argument type. type and Second one represent return
Predicate<T> Type.
Function<T,R>
Predicate interface defines Function interface defines only one
only one method called test() Method called apply().
public boolean test(T t) public R apply(T t)
Predicate can return only Function can return any type of value
boolean value.
Note: Predicate is a boolean valued function and(), or(), negate() are default methods present inside
Predicate interface.

Method and Constructor references by using ::(double colon) operator
 Functional Interface method can be mapped to our specified method by using :: (double colon)
operator. This is called method reference.
 Our specified method can be either static method or instance method.
 Functional Interface method and our specified method should have same argument types, except
this the remaining things like
 returntype, methodname, modifiersetc are not required to match.
Syntax:
if our specified method is static method
Classname::methodName
if the method is instance method
Objref::methodName
Functional Interface can refer lambda expression and Functional Interface can also refer method
reference. Hence lambda expression can be replaced with method reference. Hence method reference
is alternative syntax to lambda expression.
Ex: With Lambda Expression
1) class Test {
3) Runnable r = ()  {
4) for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
6) }
7) };
9) t.start();
10) for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
12) }
13) }
14) }
With Method Reference
1) class Test {
2) public static void m1() {
3) for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
5) }

6) }
8) Runnable r = Test:: m1;
10) t.start();
11) for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
13) }
14) }
In the above example Runnable interface run() method referring to Test class static method m1().
Method reference to Instance method:
Ex:
2) public void m1(int i);
3) }
4) class Test {
5) public void m2(int i) {
6) System.out.println("From Method Reference:"+i);
7) }
9) Interf f = I ->sop("From Lambda Expression:"+i);
10) f.m1(10);
12) Interf i1 = t::m2;
13) i1.m1(20);
14) }
15) }
In the above example functional interface method m1() referring to Test class instance method m2().
The main advantage of method reference is we can use already existing code to implement functional
interfaces (code reusability).
Constructor References
We can use :: ( double colon )operator to refer constructors also
Syntax: classname :: new
Ex:
Interf f = sample :: new;
functional interface f referring sample class constructor

Ex:
1) class Sample {
2) private String s;
3) Sample(String s) {
4) this.s = s;
5) System.out.println("Constructor Executed:"+s);
6) }
7) }
9) public Sample get(String s);
10) }
11) class Test {
13) Interf f = s -> new Sample(s);
14) f.get("From Lambda Expression");
15) Interf f1 = Sample :: new;
16) f1.get("From Constructor Reference");
17) }
18) }
Note: In method and constructor references compulsory the argument types must be matched.

Streams
To process objects of the collection, in 1.8 version Streams concept introduced.
What is the differences between Java.util.streams and Java.io streams?
java.util streams meant for processing objects from the collection. Ie, it represents a stream of objects
from the collection but Java.io streams meant for processing binary and character data with respect to
file. i.e it represents stream of binary data or character data from the file .hence Java.io streams and
Java.util streams both are different.
What is the difference between collection and stream?
 If we want to represent a group of individual objects as a single entity then We should go for
collection.
 If we want to process a group of objects from the collection then we should go for streams.
 We can create a stream object to the collection by using stream() method of Collection interface.
stream() method is a default method added to the Collection in 1.8 version.
default Stream stream()
Ex: Stream s = c.stream();
 Stream is an interface present in java.util.stream. Once we got the stream, by using that we can
process objects of that collection.
 We can process the objects in the following 2 phases
1.Configuration
2.Processing

1) Configuration:
We can configure either by using filter mechanism or by using map mechanism.
Filtering:
We can configure a filter to filter elements from the collection based on some boolean condition by
using filter()method of Stream interface.
public Stream filter(Predicate<T> t)
here (Predicate<T > t ) can be a boolean valued function/lambda expression
Ex:
Stream s = c.stream();
Stream s1 = s.filter(i -> i%2==0);
Hence to filter elements of collection based on some Boolean condition we should go for filter()
method.
Mapping:
If we want to create a separate new object, for every object present in the collection based on our
requirement then we should go for map() method of Stream interface.
public Stream map (Function f);
It can be lambda expression also

Ex:
Stream s = c.stream();
Stream s1 = s.map(i-> i+10);
Once we performed configuration we can process objects by using several methods.
2) Processing
processing by collect() method
Processing by count()method
Processing by sorted()method
Processing by min() and max() methods
forEach() method
toArray() method
Stream.of()method

Processing by collect() method
This method collects the elements from the stream and adding to the specified to the collection
indicated (specified) by argument.
Ex 1: To collect only even numbers from the array list
Approach-1: Without Streams
1) import Java.util.*;
2) class Test {
4) ArrayList<Integer> l1 = new ArrayList<Integer>();
5) for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
6) l1.add(i);
7) }
8) System.out.println(l1);
10) for(Integer i:l1) {
11) if(i%2 == 0)
12) l2.add(i);
13) }
15) }
16) }
Approach-2: With Streams
2) import Java.util.stream.*;
3) class Test {
6) for(inti=0; i<=10; i++) {
7) l1.add(i);
8) }
10) List<Integer> l2 = l1.stream().filter(i -> i%2==0).collect(Collectors.toList());
12) }
13) }

Ex: Program for map() and collect() Method
3) class Test {
5) ArrayList<String> l = new ArrayList<String>();
6) l.add("rvk"); l.add("rk"); l.add("rkv"); l.add("rvki"); l.add("rvkir");
7) System.out.println(l);
8) List<String> l2 = l.Stream().map(s ->s.toUpperCase()).collect(Collectors.toList());
10) }
11) }
II. Processing by count()method

This method returns number of elements present in the stream.
public long count()
Ex:
long count = l.stream().filter(s ->s.length()==5).count();
sop(“The number of 5 length strings is:”+count);
III. Processing by sorted()method

If we sort the elements present inside stream then we should go for sorted() method.
the sorting can either default natural sorting order or customized sorting order specified by
comparator.
sorted()- default natural sorting order
sorted(Comparator c)-customized sorting order.
Ex:
List<String> l3=l.stream().sorted().collect(Collectors.toList());
sop(“according to default natural sorting order:”+l3);
List<String> l4=l.stream().sorted((s1,s2) -> -s1.compareTo(s2)).collect(Collectors.toList());

sop(“according to customized sorting order:”+l4);

IV. Processing by min() and max() methods
min(Comparator c)
returns minimum value according to specified comparator.
max(Comparator c)
returns maximum value according to specified comparator
Ex:
String min=l.stream().min((s1,s2) -> s1.compareTo(s2)).get();
sop(“minimum value is:”+min);
String max=l.stream().max((s1,s2) -> s1.compareTo(s2)).get();

sop(“maximum value is:”+max);
V. forEach() method
This method will not return anything.
This method will take lambda expression as argument and apply that lambda expression for each
element present in the stream.
Ex:
l.stream().forEach(s->sop(s));
l3.stream().forEach(System.out:: println);
Ex:
3) class Test1 {
5) ArrayList<Integer> l1 = new ArrayaList<Integer>();
6) l1.add(0); l1.add(15); l1.add(10); l1.add(5); l1.add(30); l1.add(25); l1.add(20);
8) ArrayList<Integer> l2=l1.stream().map(i-> i+10).collect(Collectors.toList());
10) long count = l1.stream().filter(i->i%2==0).count();
11) System.out.println(count);
12) List<Integer> l3=l1.stream().sorted().collect(Collectors.toList());
14) Comparator<Integer> comp=(i1,i2)->i1.compareTo(i2);
15) List<Integer> l4=l1.stream().sorted(comp).collect(Collectors.toList());
17) Integer min=l1.stream().min(comp).get();
18) System.out.println(min);
19) Integer max=l1.stream().max(comp).get();
20) System.out.println(max);

21) l3.stream().forEach(i->sop(i));
22) l3.stream().forEach(System.out:: println);
23)
24) }
25) }
VI. toArray() method

We can use toArray() method to copy elements present in the stream into specified array
Integer[] ir = l1.stream().toArray(Integer[] :: new);

for(Integer i: ir) {
sop(i);
}
VII. Stream.of()method
We can also apply a stream for group of values and for arrays.
Ex:
Stream s=Stream.of(99,999,9999,99999);
s.forEach(System.out:: println);
Double[] d={10.0,10.1,10.2,10.3};
Stream s1=Stream.of(d);
s1.forEach(System.out :: println);

Date and Time API: (Joda-Time API)

Until Java 1.7version the classes present in Java.util package to handle Date and Time (like Date,
Calendar, TimeZoneetc) are not up to the mark with respect to convenience and performance.
To overcome this problem in the 1.8version oracle people introduced Joda-Time API. This API
developed by joda.org and available in Java in the form of Java.time package.
# program for to display System Date and time.
1) import Java.time.*;
2) public class DateTime {
4) LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
5) System.out.println(date);
6) LocalTime time=LocalTime.now();
7) System.out.println(time);
8) }
9) }
O/p:
2015-11-23
12:39:26:587
Once we get LocalDate object we can call the following methods on that object to retrieve Day,month
and year values separately.
Ex:
2) class Test {
4) LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
5) System.out.println(date);
6) int dd = date.getDayOfMonth();
7) int mm = date.getMonthValue();
8) int yy = date.getYear();
9) System.out.println(dd+"..."+mm+"..."+yy);
10) System.out.printf("\n%d-%d-%d",dd,mm,yy);
11) }
12) }
Once we get LocalTime object we can call the following methods on that object.

Ex:
1) importJava.time.*;
2) class Test {
4) LocalTime time = LocalTime.now();
5) int h = time.getHour();
6) int m = time.getMinute();
7) int s = time.getSecond();
8) int n = time.getNano();
9) System.out.printf("\n%d:%d:%d:%d",h,m,s,n);
10) }
11) }
If we want to represent both Date and Time then we should go for LocalDateTime object.
LocalDateTimedt = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(dt);
O/p: 2015-11-23T12:57:24.531
We can represent a particular Date and Time by using LocalDateTime object as follows.
Ex:
LocalDateTime dt1 = LocalDateTime.of(1995,Month.APRIL,28,12,45);
sop(dt1);
Ex:
LocalDateTime dt1=LocalDateTime.of(1995,04,28,12,45);
Sop(dt1);
Sop(“After six months:”+dt.plusMonths(6));
Sop(“Before six months:”+dt.minusMonths(6));
To Represent Zone:
ZoneId object can be used to represent Zone.
Ex:
2) class ProgramOne {
4) ZoneId zone = ZoneId.systemDefault();
5) System.out.println(zone);
6) }
7) }

We can create ZoneId for a particular zone as follows
Ex:
ZoneId la = ZoneId.of("America/Los_Angeles");
ZonedDateTimezt = ZonedDateTime.now(la);
System.out.println(zt);
Period Object:
Period object can be used to represent quantity of time
Ex:
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
LocalDate birthday = LocalDate.of(1989,06,15);
Period p = Period.between(birthday,today);
System.out.printf("age is %d year %d months %d days",p.getYears(),p.getMonths(),p.getDays());
# write a program to check the given year is leap year or not

2) public class Leapyear {
3) int n = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
4) Year y = Year.of(n);
5) if(y.isLeap())
6) System.out.printf("%d is Leap year",n);
7) else
8) System.out.printf("%d is not Leap year",n);
9) }

JAVA-8 Features

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Java 8 New Features

Java 8 - March 18th 2014

Java 9 - September 22nd 2016

After Java 1.5version, Java 8 is the next major version.

Java 8 New Features:

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Lambda (λ) Expression

☀ The other languages which uses lambda expressions are:

What is Lambda Expression (λ):

public void add(inta, int b) {

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public String str(String str) { (String str)  return str;

1) A lambda expression can have zero or more number of parameters (arguments).

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Functional Interface with respect to Inheritance:

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Functional Interface Vs Lambda Expressions:

Ex:1 Without Lambda Expression

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Without Lambda Expression

Above code With Lambda Expression

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Above code with Lambda Expression

Without Lambda expression

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With Lambda expression

Anonymous inner classes vs Lambda Expressions

Ex: With anonymous inner class

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What are the advantages of Lambda expression?

☀ Inside anonymous inner class we can declare instance variables.

☀ Inside lambda expression we can’t declare instance variables.

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Differences between anonymous inner classes and Lambda expression

Anonymous Inner class Lambda Expression

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1) default void m1(){

☀ Default methods also known as defender methods or virtual extension methods.

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Default method vs multiple inheritance

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How to override default method in the implementation class?

1) class Test implements Left, Right {

Differences between interface with default methods and abstract class

Interface with Default Methods Abstract Class

Inside interface we can’t declare Inside abstract class we can declare

Interface with default method != abstract class

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Static methods inside interface:

It’s valid but not overriding

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This’s valid but not overriding

This’s valid but not overriding

At the command prompt:

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As predicate is a functional interface and hence it can refers lambda expression

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predicate<Integer> p = I (I >10);

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Assignment: Write a function to find length of given input string.

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Differences between predicate and function

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Ex: With Lambda Expression

With Method Reference

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Syntax: classname :: new

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What is the differences between Java.util.streams and Java.io streams?

What is the difference between collection and stream?

default Stream stream()