Python

PYTHON
Hi.I am doing msc data science.In my subjects I don't have material to study.please provide answers
for my questions in "Programming and Problem Solving using Python" subject essays
Sure! Feel free to ask any questions you have regarding your "Programming and Problem Solving using
Python" subject, and I'll help you with answers or explanations.
1. (a) Write Python statements corresponding to the following:(i) Assign to variable flowers a list
containing strings 'rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca', marigold', 'daylilly', and 'lilly of the valley.(ii) Write a
Boolean expression that evaluates to True if string 'potato' is in list flowers, and evaluate the
expression.(iii) Assign to list thorny the sublist of list flowers consisting of the first three objects in
the list.
Here are the Python statements corresponding to each part of the question:
(i) Assign to variable flowers a list containing strings 'rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca', 'marigold',
'daylilly', and 'lilly of the valley'.
python
flowers = ['rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca', 'marigold', 'daylilly', 'lilly of the valley']
(ii) Write a Boolean expression that evaluates to True if string 'potato' is in list flowers, and
evaluate the expression.
python
'potato' in flowers # This evaluates to False, as 'potato' is not in the list
(iii) Assign to list thorny the sublist of list flowers consisting of the first three objects in the list.
python
thorny = flowers[:3] # This assigns the first three elements: ['rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yu
cca']
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Let me know if you need further clarification!
Detailed
Certainly! Here's a more detailed explanation for each part of the question:
(i) Assign to variable flowers a list containing strings 'rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca',
'marigold', 'daylilly', and 'lilly of the valley'.
In Python, a list is an ordered collection of items, and the items can be of any data type. To create a list,
you simply enclose the items in square brackets (`[]`), with each item separated by commas.
Here’s the code:
python
`flowers` is the variable name where the list is stored.

The list contains six strings: `'rose'`, `'bougainvillea'`, `'yucca'`, `'marigold'`, `'daylilly'`, and
`'lilly of the valley'`.
This is the most basic way to initialize a list in Python.
(ii) Write a Boolean expression that evaluates to True if string 'potato' is in list
flowers, and evaluate the expression.
In Python, you can check if an item exists in a list using the ìn` keyword. This returns a Boolean value
(`True` or `False`) depending on whether the item is found in the list.
Here’s the code:
python
'potato' in flowers
`'potato'` is the string you are searching for in the list `flowers`.
The ìn` keyword checks if `'potato'` is an element of the list `flowers`.
Since `'potato'` is not in the list `flowers` (the list contains only flower names), the result will be
`False`.
To evaluate this expression and print the result, you can do the following:
python
result = 'potato' in flowers

print(result) # Output will be False
Explanation:
`'potato' in flowers` evaluates to `False` because the list `flowers` does not contain the string
`'potato'`.
(iii) Assign to list thorny the sublist of list flowers consisting of the first three
objects in the list.
In Python, lists are ordered, and you can slice a list to extract a subset of elements. The slicing syntax is
`list[start:stop]`, where:
`start` is the index from where you want to start the slice.
`stop` is the index where you want to stop (the element at `stop` is not included in the slice).
Indexes in Python are zero-based, meaning the first element has index 0, the second has index 1, and so
on.
Here’s the code to get the first three elements from the list:
python
thorny = flowers[:3]
`flowers[:3]` means "get all elements starting from the beginning of the list up to, but not
including, index 3".
This slice includes elements at indices 0, 1, and 2 (the first three elements).
The resulting sublist will be:
python
thorny = ['rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca']
You can print this sublist to confirm:
python
print(thorny) # Output will be ['rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca']
Summary of the code:
python
# (i) Creating the list of flowers

# (ii) Checking if 'potato' is in the list

result = 'potato' in flowers
print(result) # Output: False
# (iii) Getting a sublist consisting of the first three elements

thorny = flowers[:3]
print(thorny) # Output: ['rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca']
Let me know if you need more clarification or help with other questions!
(b) Write a python program to implement string reverse function
To implement a string reverse function in Python, we can use a couple of methods. One of the simplest
and most efficient ways to reverse a string is by using Python's slicing feature. Here's a detailed
explanation and the corresponding Python program:
Using Slicing:
Slicing allows you to extract a portion of a list, string, or any other iterable. The syntax is
`string[start:end:step]`. To reverse a string, we use `string[::-1]`, where:
`startànd ènd` are not specified, meaning the entire string is considered.
The `step` of `-1` tells Python to take the string from the end to the start.
Python Program:
python
def reverse_string(input_string):
# Reverse the string using slicing
reversed_string = input_string[::-1]
return reversed_string
# Example usage:
input_str = "hello"
result = reverse_string(input_str)
print("Original String:", input_str)
print("Reversed String:", result)
Explanation:
1. `reverse_string(input_string)`: This function takes a string ìnput_string` as an argument.

2. ìnput_string[::-1]`: This is a slicing operation that reverses the string. It works by starting from
the last character and moving backwards to the first character.
3. `return reversed_string`: After reversing the string, the function returns the reversed string.
4. Example Usage: We call the function with the string `"hello"`, and it prints the original and
reversed strings.
Output:
arduino
Original String: hello

Reversed String: olleh
Alternative Method:
If you want to reverse the string using a more explicit approach, you can use a loop or built-in functions
like `reversed()`, but the slicing method is the most concise and Pythonic.
Let me know if you need further assistance!
2. (a) Explain execution control structures
Execution control structures in programming determine the flow of execution of a program. They dictate
the order in which statements or blocks of code are executed. In Python, the main types of control
structures are sequential, selection, and iteration. Let's go through each type in detail:
1. Sequential Control Structure
In a sequential control structure, the program executes instructions one after the other, in the order
they are written. This is the default behavior in most programs where statements are executed from top
to bottom, unless other control structures change the flow.
Example:
python
print("First statement")
print("Second statement")
Output:
sql
First statement
Second statement
The first statement is executed, then the second, in the given order.
2. Selection Control Structure (Conditional Statements)
Selection structures allow a program to choose between different paths based on certain conditions. In
Python, these are typically implemented using ìf`, èlif`, and èlse` statements.
If Statement:
The ìf` statement allows a block of code to execute only if a specified condition is true.
python
x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
Output:
csharp
x is greater than 5
If-Else Statement:
An èlse` block provides an alternative if the condition is false.
python
x = 3
if x > 5:
else:
print("x is not greater than 5")
Output:
csharp
x is not greater than 5
If-Elif-Else Statement:
Multiple conditions can be checked using èlif` (else if) statements.
python
x = 7
if x > 10:
elif x == 7:
print("x is 7")
else:
print("x is less than 7")
Output:
csharp
x is 7
3. Iteration Control Structure (Loops)
Iteration allows a block of code to repeat multiple times. Python provides two main types of loops for
iteration: `for` loops and `while` loops.
For Loop:
The `for` loop is used to iterate over a sequence (like a list, string, or range) and execute a block of code
for each item.
python
for i in range(3):
print(i)
Output:
0
1
2
The `range(3)` generates a sequence of numbers from 0 to 2, and the loop prints each number.
While Loop:
The `while` loop executes a block of code as long as a given condition remains true.
python
x = 0
while x < 3:
print(x)
x += 1 # increment x by 1
Output:
0
1
2
The loop continues as long as `x` is less than 3. The condition `x < 3` is checked before each
iteration.
4. Break and Continue (Loop Control Statements)
These are special statements used inside loops to modify their behavior:
`break`:Exits the loop immediately, regardless of the loop condition.

`continue`: Skips the current iteration and proceeds to the next iteration.
Example of `break`:
python
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break # Exit the loop when i equals 3
print(i)
Output:
0
1
2
Example of `continue`:
python
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
continue # Skip printing 3
print(i)
Output:
0
1
2
4
5. Nested Control Structures
You can also nest control structures inside each other. For example, loops inside ìf` statements, or ìf`
statements inside loops.
python
for i in range(3):
if i == 1:
print("i is 1")
else:
print("i is not 1")
Output:
csharp
i is not 1
i is 1
i is not 1
Summary of Execution Control Structures:
Sequential: Executes statements in order, one after the other.

Selection: Uses conditions to choose between different blocks of code (ìf`, èlif`, èlse`).
Iteration: Repeats a block of code multiple times (`for` and `while` loops).
Break and Continue: Control the flow inside loops, `break` exits the loop, and `continue` skips the
current iteration.
Nested Control Structures: Control structures can be nested inside each other to create more
complex logic.
These structures form the backbone of decision-making and repetitive tasks in programming, and
mastering them is key to writing effective Python programs.
Let me know if you need more details or examples!
(b) How to achieve parameter passing in Python.
In Python, parameter passing refers to how arguments are passed to functions when they are called.
Python supports two primary types of parameter passing:
1. Pass by Value (Immutable types)

2. Pass by Reference (Mutable types)
Let's explore both types in detail.
1. Pass by Value (Immutable Types)
In Python, immutable types include numbers, strings, and tuples. When you pass an immutable object
(like an integer or string) to a function, a copy of the value is passed to the function. This means any
changes to the parameter inside the function do not affect the original object outside the function.
Example with an Immutable Type (Integer):
python
def modify_value(x):
x = x + 1 # This will change the local copy of x, not the original value
value = 5
modify_value(value)
print(value) # Output will be 5, not 6, because the original value remains unchanged
Explanation:
The integer `value` is passed to the function `modify_value`, but inside the function, `x` is a local
copy of the value.
Modifying `x` inside the function does not affect the original `value` outside.
2. Pass by Reference (Mutable Types)
In Python, mutable types include lists, dictionaries, and sets. When you pass a mutable object (like a list
or dictionary) to a function, the reference (address) of the object is passed to the function. This means
that changes made to the object inside the function will affect the original object outside the function.
Example with a Mutable Type (List):
python
def modify_list(lst):
lst.append(4) # This modifies the original list
numbers = [1, 2, 3]
modify_list(numbers)
print(numbers) # Output will be [1, 2, 3, 4], because the list was modified
Explanation:
The list `numbers` is passed to the function `modify_list`, and inside the function, any modification
to `lst` (like appending an element) affects the original `numbers` list because both `lst` and
`numbers` point to the same object in memory.
3. Keyword Arguments
You can pass arguments to a function using keyword arguments, where you explicitly specify the
parameter name and its value. This helps improve the readability of the code and allows arguments to
be passed in any order.
Example of Keyword Arguments:
python
def greet(name, age):

print(f"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old.")
greet(age=25, name="Alice") # The order doesn't matter here due to keyword arguments
Explanation:
In the function `greet`, the arguments are passed with explicit names (`name` and àge`), so you
can pass them in any order.
4. Default Arguments
Python allows you to specify default values for parameters. If the caller does not provide a value for that
parameter, the default value is used.
Example of Default Arguments:
python
def greet(name, age=18):

print(f"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old.")
greet("Bob") # Uses default value for age

greet("Alice", 25) # Overrides default value for age
Explanation:
The function `greet` has a default value for àge` (18). If no value is provided for àge` when calling
the function, the default value is used.
In the second call, the argument àge=25` overrides the default value.
5. Variable-Length Arguments
Sometimes, you might not know the exact number of arguments that will be passed to the function. In
such cases, you can use *args (for non-keyword arguments) and **kwargs (for keyword arguments) to
handle variable-length arguments.
Example of *args (Non-keyword arguments):
python
def sum_numbers(*args):
total = sum(args)
print("Total:", total)
sum_numbers(1, 2, 3, 4) # Output: Total: 10

sum_numbers(5, 6) # Output: Total: 11
Explanation:
`*args`collects all the positional arguments passed to the function into a tuple. This allows you to
pass any number of arguments.
Example of **kwargs (Keyword arguments):
python
def print_info(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
print_info(name="Alice", age=25) # Output: name: Alice, age: 25
Explanation:
`**kwargs` collects all the keyword arguments passed to the function into a dictionary. This allows
you to pass any number of named arguments.
Summary of Parameter Passing in Python:
1. Immutable Types (Pass by Value): Changes inside the function do not affect the original variable
(e.g., integers, strings, tuples).
2. Mutable Types (Pass by Reference): Changes inside the function affect the original variable (e.g.,
lists, dictionaries, sets).
3. Keyword Arguments: Arguments are passed with explicit names, allowing flexible ordering.
4. Default Arguments: Parameters can have default values that are used if the caller does not
provide a value.
5. Variable-Length Arguments:
`*args` for non-keyword arguments (collects extra positional arguments).
`**kwargs` for keyword arguments (collects extra named arguments).
These techniques give you flexibility and control over how parameters are passed in Python functions.
Let me know if you need more examples or further explanation!
3. (a) Explain built in Exception in python with examples
In Python, exceptions are events that can disrupt the normal flow of a program. An exception is a signal
that an error has occurred in the program, and it can be caught and handled to prevent the program
from crashing. Python provides a set of built-in exceptions that are automatically available and can be
raised during program execution when errors occur. These built-in exceptions can be caught using a try-
except block to handle the error gracefully.
Common Built-in Exceptions in Python
Here are some of the most commonly used built-in exceptions in Python, along with explanations and
examples:
1. ÌndexError`
This exception is raised when an index is out of range in a sequence like a list or tuple.
Example:
python
lst = [1, 2, 3]
print(lst[5]) # Trying to access an index that doesn't exist
Output:
sql
IndexError: list index out of range
Explanation: The list `lst` has only three elements, and trying to access index `5` raises an
ÌndexError`.
2. `ValueError`
This exception occurs when a function receives an argument of the correct type but an inappropriate
value.
Example:
python
num = int("hello") # Trying to convert a non-numeric string to an integer
Output:
csharp
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'
Explanation: The string `"hello"` cannot be converted to an integer, causing a `ValueError`.
3. `TypeError`
This exception is raised when an operation or function is applied to an object of inappropriate type.
Example:
python
result = "Hello" + 5 # Adding a string and an integer
Output:
python
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
Explanation: You cannot concatenate a string with an integer directly, which raises a `TypeError`.
4. `ZeroDivisionError`
This exception is raised when a division or modulo operation is performed with zero as the divisor.
Example:
python
x = 10 / 0 # Division by zero
Output:
vbnet
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
Explanation: Division by zero is not allowed, leading to a `ZeroDivisionError`.
5. `FileNotFoundError`
This exception is raised when trying to open a file that does not exist.
Example:
python
with open("non_existent_file.txt", "r") as file:

content = file.read()
Output:
vbnet
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'non_existent_file.txt'
Explanation: Since the file `non_existent_file.txt` does not exist, a `FileNotFoundError` is raised.
6. `KeyError`
This exception is raised when trying to access a dictionary with a key that does not exist.
Example:
python
my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}

print(my_dict['address']) # Key does not exist in the dictionary
Output:
vbnet
KeyError: 'address'
Explanation: The key `'address'` does not exist in the dictionary `my_dict`, so a `KeyError` is raised.
7. ÀttributeError`
This exception occurs when an invalid attribute is accessed from an object.
Example:
python
x = 10
x.append(5) # Trying to call a method (append) on an integer
Output:
csharp
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'append'
Explanation: The integer type does not have an àppend` method, which raises an ÀttributeError`.
8. ÌmportError`
This exception occurs when an import statement fails to find the module or object you are trying to
import.
Example:
python
import non_existing_module # Trying to import a non-existent module
Output:
vbnet
ImportError: No module named 'non_existing_module'
Explanation: Since `non_existing_module` does not exist, an ÌmportError` is raised.
9. `MemoryError`
This exception is raised when the system runs out of memory (usually in cases of very large data
structures).
Example:
python
big_list = [1] * (10**10) # Trying to allocate an excessively large list
Output:
MemoryError
Explanation: The system is unable to allocate memory for such a large list, causing a `MemoryError`.
10. ÀssertionError`
This exception is raised when an àssert` statement fails (i.e., the condition being checked evaluates to
`False`).
Example:
python
x = 5
assert x > 10 # This will fail since 5 is not greater than 10
Output:
php
AssertionError
Explanation: The assertion `x > 10` fails because `x` is 5, which raises an ÀssertionError`.
Handling Exceptions with `try-except`
To handle exceptions gracefully, you can use a `try-except` block. This allows you to catch exceptions
and handle them without crashing the program.
Example of Handling an Exception:
python
try:
result = 10 / 0 # Division by zero
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by zero!")
Output:
rust
You can't divide by zero!
Explanation: The `ZeroDivisionError` is caught by the èxcept` block, and a friendly message is printed
instead of the program crashing.
Catching Multiple Exceptions:
You can catch multiple exceptions using multiple èxcept` blocks or a single block with a tuple of
exceptions.
Example:
python
try:
value = int("hello")
except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError) as e:
print(f"Error: {e}")
Output:
csharp
Error: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'
Explanation: Both `ValueError` and `ZeroDivisionError` can be handled using a single èxcept` block by
specifying them as a tuple.
Summary of Built-in Exceptions:
IndexError: Raised when an invalid index is accessed in a sequence.

ValueError: Raised when an operation or function receives an argument of the correct type but an
inappropriate value.
TypeError: Raised when an operation is performed on an object of an inappropriate type.
ZeroDivisionError: Raised when division by zero is attempted.
FileNotFoundError: Raised when trying to open a file that doesn’t exist.
KeyError: Raised when accessing a dictionary with a non-existing key.
AttributeError: Raised when an invalid attribute is accessed from an object.
ImportError: Raised when a module or object cannot be imported.
MemoryError: Raised when the system runs out of memory.
AssertionError: Raised when an assertion fails.
You can use `try-except` blocks to handle these exceptions and keep your programs running smoothly
even in the event of an error.
Let me know if you need more details or examples!
(b) Write short notes on Dictionaries
Dictionaries in Python
A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of key-value pairs, where each key is unique, and each
key maps to a specific value. Dictionaries are also known as associative arrays or hashmaps in other
programming languages.
Key Features of Dictionaries:
1. Unordered: Dictionaries do not maintain any order. The elements are stored in a random order
based on their hash value.
2. Mutable: Dictionaries are mutable, meaning that their contents (keys and values) can be changed
after the dictionary is created.
3. Key-Value Pairs: Each entry in a dictionary consists of a key and a value, separated by a colon (`:`),
and the entries are separated by commas.
4. Unique Keys: Dictionary keys must be unique. If a key is repeated, the last value associated with
the key will overwrite the previous one.
5. Hashable Keys: Keys must be hashable (i.e., they must be of immutable types such as strings,
numbers, or tuples).
Creating a Dictionary:
You can create a dictionary using curly braces `{}` or by using the `dict()` constructor.
Example:
python
# Using curly braces

my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'city': 'New York'}
# Using dict constructor

another_dict = dict(name='Bob', age=30, city='Los Angeles')
print(my_dict) # Output: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'city': 'New York'}

print(another_dict) # Output: {'name': 'Bob', 'age': 30, 'city': 'Los Angeles'}
Accessing Dictionary Elements:
You can access the value associated with a key by using the key inside square brackets `[]` or by using
the `get()` method.
Example:
python
# Accessing value using square brackets

print(my_dict['name']) # Output: Alice
# Accessing value using get() method
print(my_dict.get('age')) # Output: 25
Adding or Updating Elements:
You can add new key-value pairs or update existing ones by assigning a value to a key.
Example:
python
# Adding a new key-value pair

my_dict['country'] = 'USA'
# Updating an existing value

my_dict['age'] = 26
print(my_dict) # Output: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 26, 'city': 'New York', 'country': 'USA'}
Removing Elements:
You can remove elements from a dictionary using the `del` keyword, `pop()` method, or `popitem()`
method.
Example:
python
# Using del to remove a key-value pair

del my_dict['city']
# Using pop() to remove a specific key and return its value

age = my_dict.pop('age')
# Using popitem() to remove and return the last inserted key-value pair
last_item = my_dict.popitem()
print(my_dict) # Output: {'name': 'Alice', 'country': 'USA'}

print(age) # Output: 26
print(last_item) # Output: ('country', 'USA')
Looping Through a Dictionary:
You can loop through the keys, values, or both using a `for` loop.
Example:
python
# Looping through keys

for key in my_dict:
print(key)
# Looping through values
for value in my_dict.values():
print(value)
# Looping through key-value pairs

for key, value in my_dict.items():
print(key, value)
Dictionary Methods:
1. `keys()`: Returns a view object displaying a list of all keys in the dictionary.
python
print(my_dict.keys()) # Output: dict_keys(['name', 'country'])
2. `values()`: Returns a view object displaying a list of all values in the dictionary.
python
print(my_dict.values()) # Output: dict_values(['Alice', 'USA'])
3. ìtems()`: Returns a view object displaying a list of all key-value pairs in the dictionary.
python
print(my_dict.items()) # Output: dict_items([('name', 'Alice'), ('country', 'USA')])
4. `clear()`: Removes all elements from the dictionary.
python
my_dict.clear()
print(my_dict) # Output: {}
5. `copy()`: Returns a shallow copy of the dictionary.
python
new_dict = my_dict.copy()
print(new_dict) # Output: a copy of my_dict
6. `get()`: Returns the value associated with the key, or `None` if the key is not found.
python
print(my_dict.get('name')) # Output: Alice
7. `setdefault()`: Returns the value of the key if it exists, or sets a default value if the key does not
exist.
python
my_dict.setdefault('age', 30)
print(my_dict) # If 'age' key does not exist, it will be added with value 30
Summary of Dictionaries:
Unordered collections of key-value pairs.

Mutable: You can modify them after creation.
Keys must be unique and hashable, while values can be any type.
Useful for fast lookups, where the key is associated with a specific value.
Provide methods like `get()`, ìtems()`, `keys()`, and more to interact with data.
Dictionaries are one of the most versatile and commonly used data structures in Python due to their
efficient retrieval and modification of data.
Let me know if you need more examples or explanations!
From now onwards,dont give complicated answers.its all pieces pieces 🤨.Give neat answers ok
Got it! I'll keep the answers clear and to the point from now on. Let me know if you have any other
questions!
4. Explain String functions
Here are some commonly used string functions in Python:
1. `len()`: Returns the length of the string.
python
s = "Hello"
print(len(s)) # Output: 5
2. `lower()`: Converts all characters to lowercase.
python
s = "Hello"
print(s.lower()) # Output: hello
3. ùpper()`: Converts all characters to uppercase.
python
s = "Hello"
print(s.upper()) # Output: HELLO
4. `strip()`: Removes leading and trailing whitespaces.
python
s = " Hello "

print(s.strip()) # Output: Hello
5. `replace()`: Replaces a substring with another string.
python
s = "Hello World"
print(s.replace("World", "Python")) # Output: Hello Python
6. `split()`: Splits the string into a list based on a separator.
python
s = "Hello World"
print(s.split()) # Output: ['Hello', 'World']
7. `find()`: Returns the index of the first occurrence of a substring, or `-1` if not found.
python
s = "Hello World"
print(s.find("World")) # Output: 6
8. `join()`: Joins a list of strings into a single string with a separator.
python
words = ["Hello", "World"]

print(" ".join(words)) # Output: Hello World
9. `startswith()`: Checks if the string starts with a specified substring.
python
s = "Hello"
print(s.startswith("He")) # Output: True
10. èndswith()`: Checks if the string ends with a specified substring.
python
s = "Hello"
print(s.endswith("lo")) # Output: True
These are some basic string functions used to manipulate and analyze strings in Python.
5. (a) Differentiate Global and local namespaces
Global Namespace:
Refers to the space where variables and functions are defined at the top level of the program
(outside of any function).
Variables in the global namespace can be accessed from anywhere in the program.
It exists throughout the lifetime of the program.
Local Namespace:
Refers to the space where variables and functions are defined inside a function or block.
Variables in the local namespace are accessible only within the function or block where they are
defined.
It is created when the function is called and destroyed when the function execution is complete.
Key Differences:
Feature Global Namespace Local Namespace

Scope Available throughout the program Available only inside the function or block
Lifetime Exists for the lifetime of the program Exists only during the function call
Accessible from anywhere in the
Access Accessible only within the function
program
Feature Global Namespace Local Namespace
Can be modified by functions (using Cannot modify global variables directly without using
Modification
`global`) `global`
(b) Explain Multiple exception handlers
Multiple Exception Handlers in Python allow you to handle different types of exceptions separately
within the same `try-except` block.
Example:
python
try:
x = int(input("Enter a number: "))
y = 10 / x
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input! Please enter a number.")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")
except Exception as e:
print(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}")
Key Points:
1. Multiple èxcept` blocks: You can specify different types of exceptions to handle specific errors in
separate blocks.
2. General Èxception` handler: The last èxcept` block can catch all other exceptions that were not
caught by the previous handlers, using the base Èxception` class.
3. Order matters: Place specific exceptions before the general ones. Otherwise, the general
exception will catch all errors, and specific ones will never be reached.
Summary:
Multiple exceptions can be caught by using multiple èxcept` blocks.

The most specific exceptions should be listed first.
A general Èxception` handler can catch all other errors.
6. Explain class, object and instance variables.
Class:
A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects in Python.
It defines the properties (variables) and behaviors (methods) that objects created from the class
will have.
Example:
python
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model):
self.brand = brand # instance variable
self.model = model # instance variable
Object:
An object is an instance of a class.

It represents a specific entity created using the class as a template.
Example:
python
car1 = Car("Toyota", "Camry") # car1 is an object of the class Car

car2 = Car("Honda", "Civic") # car2 is another object of the class Car
Instance Variables:
Instance variables are variables that are bound to the instance (object) of the class.
They are defined inside the `__init__` method using `self`.
Each object has its own set of instance variables.
Example:
python
car1 = Car("Toyota", "Camry")

car2 = Car("Honda", "Civic")
print(car1.brand) # Output: Toyota

print(car2.brand) # Output: Honda
Key Differences:
Class: Blueprint for creating objects.

Object: Instance of a class with its own data.
Instance Variables: Variables specific to each object, defined inside the class methods using
`self`.
7. Describe about Modular Design.
Modular Design is a software design approach where a system is broken down into smaller,
independent, and manageable modules. Each module performs a specific task and can be developed,
tested, and maintained separately. The modules can then be combined to form the complete system.
Key Features:
1. Separation of Concerns: Each module handles a specific aspect or function of the system,
reducing complexity.
2. Reusability: Modules can be reused in different programs or parts of the system.
3. Maintainability: Since modules are independent, fixing bugs or adding new features in one
module does not affect the others.
4. Scalability: New modules can be added to the system without disrupting existing functionality.
Example:
In Python, you can create separate files (modules) to handle different functionalities:
File 1: `math_operations.py`
python
def add(a, b):

return a + b
def subtract(a, b):

return a - b
File 2: `main.py`
python
import math_operations
result1 = math_operations.add(10, 5)
result2 = math_operations.subtract(10, 5)
print(result1) # Output: 15
print(result2) # Output: 5
Benefits of Modular Design:
Easier to understand and manage large systems.

Simplifies debugging and testing.
Facilitates collaboration among developers.
Promotes code reuse and improves maintainability.
8. Write about the Inheritance with example
Inheritance in Python is a mechanism where a new class (child class) can inherit properties and
methods from an existing class (parent class). This allows the child class to reuse, modify, or extend the
functionality of the parent class.
Key Features of Inheritance:
1. Code Reusability: Inherits methods and attributes from the parent class.
2. Extensibility: Child class can override or extend the behavior of the parent class.
3. Hierarchy: Inheritance creates a hierarchy of classes, where child classes derive from parent
classes.
Types of Inheritance:
1. Single Inheritance: A child class inherits from one parent class.

2. Multiple Inheritance: A child class inherits from more than one parent class.
3. Multilevel Inheritance: A child class inherits from a parent class, which itself inherits from another
class.
Example (Single Inheritance):
python
# Parent Class
class Animal:
def sound(self):
print("Some generic animal sound")
# Child Class inheriting from Animal

class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Bark")
# Creating an object of the child class

dog = Dog()
dog.sound() # Output: Bark
Explanation:
The `Dog` class inherits from the Ànimal` class.

The `Dog` class can override the `sound()` method, providing its own implementation.
The object `dog` is of type `Dog`, but it can also access properties and methods of the Ànimal` class
(if not overridden).
Advantages:
Reusability: You can reuse code from the parent class.
Maintainability: Changes to common functionality can be made in the parent class, affecting all
child classes automatically.
9. Explain the concept designing GUIS
Designing GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) involves creating visual components that users can
interact with to control software applications. A GUI allows users to interact with a program using
graphical elements like buttons, text fields, labels, and windows, instead of typing commands in a
terminal.
Key Concepts in Designing GUIs:
1. Widgets/Components: These are the building blocks of a GUI, such as:

Buttons: Allow users to trigger actions.
Labels: Display text or images.
Text Boxes: Allow users to input text.
Checkboxes/Radio Buttons: For selecting options.
Menus: Provide navigation options.
2. Event Handling: GUIs respond to user actions (events), such as clicks, typing, or mouse
movement. Event handlers are functions that define what happens when a specific event occurs.
3. Layout Management: Organizing widgets within a window using layout managers:

Grid Layout: Widgets are arranged in a grid.
Pack Layout: Widgets are placed one after the other.
Place Layout: Widgets are placed at specific coordinates.
4. Windows and Frames: The primary containers in a GUI application where widgets are placed.
Example (Using Tkinter in Python):
python
import tkinter as tk
# Create the main window

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Simple GUI")
# Add a label
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, World!")
label.pack()
# Add a button
def on_button_click():
label.config(text="Button Clicked!")
button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Me", command=on_button_click)

button.pack()
# Run the application

root.mainloop()
Key Steps in GUI Design:
1. Planning the layout: Decide which widgets are needed and how they should be arranged.
2. Event handling: Define actions (like button clicks) to update the interface or trigger functions.
3. Visual appeal: Ensure that the interface is user-friendly, easy to navigate, and visually clear.
Common GUI Libraries in Python:
Tkinter: Simple and widely used library for creating desktop GUIs.
PyQt/PySide: More advanced and feature-rich GUI libraries.
Kivy: Useful for mobile and touch-based applications.
Benefits of GUIs:
Easier for users to interact with compared to command-line interfaces.

Allows non-technical users to operate the software efficiently.
10. Explain WWW"
WWW (World Wide Web) is a system of interlinked documents and multimedia content accessed via the
internet using web browsers. It enables users to browse and interact with text, images, videos, and
other resources through websites.
Key Concepts:
1. Web Pages: Documents that are displayed in a web browser. They are written in HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language) and can include text, images, links, and interactive elements.
2. URLs (Uniform Resource Locators): The address used to access a web page or resource. A URL
typically includes:
Protocol: Usually `http://` or `https://`
Domain Name: The address of the website, e.g., `www.example.com`
Path: Specific location of the resource on the server, e.g., `/about.html`
3. Web Browsers: Software like Chrome, Firefox, Safari, etc., that allows users to view and interact
with web pages.
4. Web Servers: Computers that store and serve web pages when requested by users. Web servers
process requests from browsers and send the appropriate data back to the user.
5. HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Protocols used for communication between web
browsers and servers. `HTTP` is standard, while `HTTPS` is secure, using encryption (SSL/TLS).
6. Web Applications: Programs or tools (like Gmail or Facebook) that run on web pages and allow
users to interact with them dynamically.
How the WWW Works:
1. Request: The user enters a URL into the web browser.

2. DNS Lookup: The domain name is translated into an IP address using DNS (Domain Name
System).
3. Server Communication: The browser sends a request to the web server using HTTP.
4. Response: The server sends back the requested content, such as a web page.
5. Display: The browser renders and displays the content for the user to interact with.
Key Components:
HTML: A markup language used to structure web pages.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): Used to style web pages (layout, colors, fonts).
JavaScript: A programming language used to create interactive and dynamic elements on web
pages.
The WWW has revolutionized communication, information sharing, and entertainment by making vast
amounts of data easily accessible to anyone with an internet connection.

Python

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flowers = ['rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca', 'marigold', 'daylilly', 'lilly of the valley']

'potato' in flowers # This evaluates to False, as 'potato' is not in the list

flowers = ['rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca', 'marigold', 'daylilly', 'lilly of the valley']

`flowers` is the variable name where the list is stored.

This is the most basic way to initialize a list in Python.

Here’s the code:

result = 'potato' in flowers

The resulting sublist will be:

thorny = ['rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca']

You can print this sublist to confirm:

print(thorny) # Output will be ['rose', 'bougainvillea', 'yucca']

Summary of the code:

# (i) Creating the list of flowers

# (ii) Checking if 'potato' is in the list

# (iii) Getting a sublist consisting of the first three elements

(b) Write a python program to implement string reverse function

1. `reverse_string(input_string)`: This function takes a string `input_string` as an argument.

Original String: hello

2. (a) Explain execution control structures

1. Sequential Control Structure

2. Selection Control Structure (Conditional Statements)

An `else` block provides an alternative if the condition is false.

x is not greater than 5

Multiple conditions can be checked using `elif` (else if) statements.

3. Iteration Control Structure (Loops)

4. Break and Continue (Loop Control Statements)

`break`:Exits the loop immediately, regardless of the loop condition.

5. Nested Control Structures

Summary of Execution Control Structures:

Sequential: Executes statements in order, one after the other.

Let me know if you need more details or examples!

(b) How to achieve parameter passing in Python.

1. Pass by Value (Immutable types)

Let's explore both types in detail.

1. Pass by Value (Immutable Types)

Example with an Immutable Type (Integer):

2. Pass by Reference (Mutable Types)

Example with a Mutable Type (List):

Example of Keyword Arguments:

def greet(name, age):

Example of Default Arguments:

def greet(name, age=18):

greet("Bob") # Uses default value for age

Example of *args (Non-keyword arguments):

sum_numbers(1, 2, 3, 4) # Output: Total: 10

Example of **kwargs (Keyword arguments):

print_info(name="Alice", age=25) # Output: name: Alice, age: 25

Summary of Parameter Passing in Python:

Let me know if you need more examples or further explanation!

3. (a) Explain built in Exception in python with examples

Common Built-in Exceptions in Python

IndexError: list index out of range

num = int("hello") # Trying to convert a non-numeric string to an integer

ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'

Explanation: The string `"hello"` cannot be converted to an integer, causing a `ValueError`.

result = "Hello" + 5 # Adding a string and an integer

TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

Explanation: Division by zero is not allowed, leading to a `ZeroDivisionError`.

with open("non_existent_file.txt", "r") as file:

FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'non_existent_file.txt'

my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}

This exception occurs when an invalid attribute is accessed from an object.

AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'append'

import non_existing_module # Trying to import a non-existent module

ImportError: No module named 'non_existing_module'

Explanation: Since `non_existing_module` does not exist, an `ImportError` is raised.

big_list = [1] * (10**10) # Trying to allocate an excessively large list

Handling Exceptions with `try-except`

Example of Handling an Exception:

You can't divide by zero!

Catching Multiple Exceptions:

Error: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'hello'

Summary of Built-in Exceptions:

IndexError: Raised when an invalid index is accessed in a sequence.