Python Interview Questions

Ques1- What is Python, and what makes it a popular programming language for a wide range

of applications?

Ans:- Python is a programming language that is interpreted, object-oriented, and considered to be

high-level too. Python is one of the easiest yet most useful programming languages which is widely
used in the software industry. People use Python for Competitive Programming, Web Development,
and creating software. Due to its easiest syntax, it is recommended for beginners who are new to
the software engineering field. The major focus behind creating it is making it easier for developers
to read and understand, also reducing the lines of code. Its demand is growing at a very rapid pace
due to its vast use cases in Modern Technological fields like Data Science, Machine learning, and
Automation Tasks.

What makes it a popular programming language :-

Python is a widely used programming language due to the fact that it is simple to learn, quick to
execute, and has a sizable community of programmers that use it. Readability, low-level
functionality, and a wide variety of use cases have contributed to Python's widespread adoption.

Python is a widely used programming language that is utilized in a variety of fields, including web
development, scientific computing, data analysis, and machine learning.

1. It is simple to get proficient in Python.

Many people claim that learning Python as the first programming language is a fast and simple
method to get started in the field since it is a language that is not too difficult to pick up. Python is an
interpreted language, which means that in order to use it, you do not need to be familiar with the
ins and outs of how compiled languages function.

2. You can do a lot with Python.

Python is a flexible programming language that can be applied to a wide range of activities, including
scripting, data analysis, and the building of websites, amongst others. As a result of its adaptability, it
is a favorite option for a diverse variety of enterprises and applications.

3. You can get high speeds with Python.

Python is a language that is known for its speed, and many people believe that it is an excellent
choice when it comes to the development of apps that must be quick and responsive. This is most
likely because Python is an interpreted language, which means that the code is run directly on the
computer rather than being translated into a form that is more easily understood by machines
before it is executed.

4. The code for Python is freely available.

Python is a popular programming language, and one of the reasons for its widespread use is that it is
available for free. Because of this, anybody may access and utilize the source code for Python, which
is one of the reasons why it is such a popular choice among developers who want to work with a
platform that is easy to access and adaptable. Python's widespread use is most likely attributable to
the language's adaptability, its speed, and the fact that it is open source.
Ques2- Describe Python's syntax and how it differs from other programming languages.

Ans- Python syntax is like grammar for this programming language. Syntax refers to the set of rules
that defines how to write and organize code so that the Python interpreter can understand and run
it correctly. These rules ensure that your code is structured, formatted, and error-free.

Here are some basic Python syntax:

Indentation in Python :-

Python Indentation refers to the use of whitespace (spaces or tabs) at the beginning of code line. It is
used to define the code blocks. Indentation is crucial in Python because, unlike many other
programming languages that use braces "{}" to define blocks, Python uses indentation. It improves
the readability of Python code, but on other hand it became difficult to rectify indentation errors.
Even one extra or less space can leads to indentation error.

Syntax-

if 10 > 5:

print("This is true!")

print("I am tab indentation")

print("I have no indentation")

Python Variables :-

Variables in Python are essentially named references pointing to objects in memory. Unlike some
other languages, you don't need to declare a variable's type explicitly in Python. Based on the value
assigned, Python will dynamically determine the type.

In the below example, variable 'a' is initialize with integer value and variable 'b' with a string.
Because of dynamic-types behavior, data type will be decide during runtime.

Syntax-

a = 10

print(type(a))

b = 'GeeksforGeeks'

print(type(b))

Python Identifiers :-

In Python, identifiers are unique names that are assigned to variables, functions, classes, and other
entities. They are used to uniquely identify the entity within the program.

For naming of an identifier we have to follows some rules given below:

1-Identifiers can be composed of alphabets (either uppercase or lowercase), numbers (0-9), and the
underscore character (_). They shouldn't include any special characters or spaces.

2-The starting character of an identifier must be an alphabet or an underscore.

3-Within a specific scope or namespace, each identifier should have a distinct name to avoid
conflicts. However, different scopes can have identifiers with the same name without interference.

Comments in Python:-

Comments in Python are statements written within the code. They are meant to explain, clarify, or
give context about specific parts of the code. The purpose of comments is to explain the working of a
code, they have no impact on the execution or outcome of a program.

Python Single Line Comment

Single line comments are preceded by the "#" symbol. Everything after this symbol on the same line
is considered a comment.

Syntax-

first_name = "Reddy"

last_name = "Anna" # assign last name

# print full name

print(first_name, last_name)

Python Multi-line Comment

Python doesn't have a specific syntax for multi-line comments. However, programmers often use
multiple single-line comments, one after the other, or sometimes triple quotes (either ''' or """),
even though they're technically string literals. Below is the example of multiline comment.

Syntax-

'''

Multi Line comment.

Code will print name.

'''

f_name = "Alen"

print(f_name)

Multiple Line Statements

Writing a long statement in a code is not feasible or readable. Breaking a long line of code into
multiple lines makes is more readable.

Using Backslashes (\) In Python, you can break a statement into multiple lines using the backslash
(\). This method is useful, especially when we are working with strings or mathematical operations.
Taking Input from User in Python:-

The input() function in Python is used to take user input from the console. The program execution
halts until the user provides input and presses "Enter". The entered data is then returned as a string.
We can also provide an optional prompt as an argument to guide the user on what to input.

Syntax-

# Taking input from the user

name = input("Please enter your name: ")

# Print the input

print(f"Hello," + name)

What Makes differs from other programming languages

1-Python’s Simplicity and Readability

The clear and beautiful syntax of Python is one of its most notable qualities. Python code is
remarkably easy to read and write, thanks to its use of indentation. This simplicity isn’t just a matter
of aesthetics; it translates to faster development and reduced debugging time. With Python, you can
express complex ideas in fewer lines of code, making it a powerful language for both beginners and
experienced programmers. The clean and elegant syntax of Python allows developers to focus more
on the logic and functionality of their code rather than getting bogged down in excessive
punctuation or formatting.

However, Python’s simplicity does not mean that it lacks power or flexibility. On the contrary,
Python’s extensive standard library and vast ecosystem of third-party packages make it a versatile
language that can handle a wide range of tasks, from web development to data analysis and
scientific computing. This makes Python a popular choice among experienced programmers who rely
on its robustness and scalability for their projects. In conclusion, the clean and elegant syntax of
Python is one of its defining features, making it a language that is both enjoyable to write and easy
to read.

2-Extensive Library and Framework Support

Python, an incredibly versatile programming language, offers developers a wealth of resources

through its extensive standard library. With an array of functionalities at their disposal, developers
can tap into pre-written code that covers a wide range of tasks, thus saving valuable time and effort.
But Python’s benefits don’t stop there. Its rich ecosystem goes beyond the standard library,
providing popular frameworks like Django, Flask, and NumPy. These frameworks empower
developers to create robust web applications, build microservices, and effortlessly handle complex
mathematical operations. By leveraging Python’s powerful tools and expansive ecosystem,
developers can streamline their workflows and bring their projects to life with ease.

3- Cross-Platform Compatibility

Python is widely recognized for its remarkable platform independence. It possesses the remarkable
ability to execute code on multiple operating systems without the need for any modifications or
alterations. This extraordinary versatility has revolutionized the field of software development,
enabling developers to construct high-quality applications that effortlessly function across a diverse
array of platforms. Whether it be for web development purposes, the creation of powerful desktop
applications, or even the development of cutting-edge mobile apps, Python’s adaptability has truly
transformed the way in which software is conceived and implemented.

4- Strong Community and Ecosystem :-

Python, a popular programming language, is known for its vibrant and supportive community.
Whether you are a beginner or an experienced programmer, if you ever find yourself stuck with
Python, you can rest assured that there is a wealth of resources and helpful individuals readily
available to assist you. One of the key reasons behind the success of Python is the Python Package
Index (PyPI), which simplifies the process of sharing and managing Python packages. This platform
makes it effortless for developers to integrate third-party libraries into their projects, thus enhancing
their functionality and efficiency.

5- Data Science and Machine Learning :-

Python is widely regarded as the unquestionable leader in the field of data

science and machine learning. With its extensive range of powerful libraries,
such as Pandas, Matplotlib, and TensorFlow, Python has solidified its position as
the language of choice for data analysis, visualization, and artificial
intelligence. The simplicity of Python, coupled with the versatility and
functionality provided by these libraries, has triggered a transformative
revolution in these domains.
6- Performance and Efficiency :-

Performance is a topic that is frequently discussed when it comes to interpreted languages, and
Python is no exception to this. However, it is important to take the time to address any
misunderstandings or misconceptions that may exist about Python’s performance. While it may not
be able to match the speed of lower-level languages such as C or C++, Python does provide a range
of strategies and techniques that can be used to optimize its performance

Additionally, Python also supports multiprocessing, which allows for the concurrent execution of
multiple processes, further enhancing its performance capabilities. By leveraging these optimization
techniques and strategies, Python can perform at a level that is both efficient and effective for a
wide range of applications and use cases. So, while it may not be the fastest language out there,
Python certainly has a lot to offer in terms of performance optimization.

7- Case Studies and Examples :-

To truly grasp the unique and exceptional qualities of Python, it is important to delve into some real-
world case studies that highlight its unparalleled capabilities. One such exemplary case study is
Instagram, which effectively utilized the Django framework to construct its robust and user-friendly
web platform. This remarkable achievement not only showcases Python’s ability to power large-
scale applications with ease but also demonstrates its adaptability and flexibility in meeting the
complex demands of the rapidly evolving digital landscape.

8- Versatility and Integration :-

Python is not limited to its own ecosystem. It has the incredible ability to effortlessly integrate with
other programming languages such as C, C++, and Java. This remarkable flexibility greatly expands
the range of applications where Python can be used, including scientific computing, game
development, and many others. By acting as a bridge between different languages, Python
empowers developers to harness the unique strengths of each language and combine them
seamlessly within a single project.

9- Web Development and Frameworks :-

Python’s versatility and effectiveness make it a powerful tool in the world of web development. Not
only does it offer a wide range of capabilities, but it also provides developers with popular
frameworks such as Django and Flask, which streamline the process of creating web applications.
With these frameworks, developers can concentrate on building the functionality of their
applications without having to start from scratch. Moreover, Python’s strength lies in its ability to
handle scripting and automation tasks. This makes it an excellent choice for automating repetitive
tasks, freeing up valuable time for developers to focus on more complex and creative work. In
conclusion, Python’s prowess in web development, coupled with its scripting and automation
capabilities, solidifies its position as an ideal programming language for a variety of tasks.

Ques3- How do you install Python on your computer, and what are the different versions of

Python available?

Ans-

Python Installation on Windows :-

Step 1: Select Python Version

Deciding on a version depends on what you want to do in Python. The two major versions are
Python 2 and Python 3. Choosing one over the other might be better depending on your project
details. If there are no constraints, choose whichever one you prefer.

We recommend Python 3, as Python 2 reached its end of life in 2020. Download Python 2 only if you
work with legacy scripts and older projects. Also, choose a stable release over the newest since the
newest release may have bugs and issues.

Step 2: Download Python Executable Installer:-

1. Open a web browser and navigate to the Downloads for Windows section of the official Python
website.

2. Locate the desired Python version.

3. Click the link to download the file. Choose either the Windows 32-bit or 64-bit installer.

Step 3: Run Executable Installer:-

The steps below guide you through the installation process:

1. Run the downloaded Python Installer.

2. The installation window shows two checkboxes:

Admin privileges. The parameter controls whether to install Python for the current or all system
users. This option allows you to change the installation folder for Python.

Add Python to PATH. The second option places the executable in the PATH variable after installation.
You can also add Python to the PATH environment variable manually later.

3-Select the Install Now option for the recommended installation (in that case, skip the next two
steps).

4- Choose the optional installation features. Python works without these features, but adding them
improves the program's usability.

5. The second part of customizing the installation includes advanced options.

6. Select whether to disable the path length limit. Choosing this option will allow Python to bypass
the 260-character MAX_PATH limit.

Step 4: Add Python to Path (Optional) :-

If the Python installer does not include the Add Python to PATH checkbox or you have not selected
that option, continue in this step. Otherwise, skip to the next step.

Adding the Python path to the PATH variable alleviates the need to use the full path to access the
Python program in the command line. It instructs Windows to review all the folders added to the
PATH environment variable and to look for the python.exe program in those folders.

To add Python to PATH, do the following:

1. In the Start menu, search for Environment Variables and press Enter.
2. 2. Click Environment Variables to open the overview screen.
3. 3. Double-click Path on the list to edit it.
 4. Double-click the first empty field and paste the Python installation folder path.
5. Click OK to save the changes. If the command prompt is open, restart it for the following
step.

Step 5: Verify Python Was Installed on Windows:-

The first way to verify that Python was installed successfully is through the command line.
Open the command prompt and run the following command:

python --version

The output shows the installed Python version.

The second way is to use the GUI to verify the Python installation. Follow the steps below to run the
Python interpreter or IDLE:

1. Navigate to the directory where Python was installed on the system.

2. Double-click python.exe (the Python interpreter) or IDLE.

3. The interpreter opens the command prompt and shows the following window:

Running IDLE opens Python's built-in IDE:

Step 6: Verify PIP Was Installed :-

To verify whether PIP was installed, enter the following command in the
command prompt:

pip --version

If it was installed successfully, you should see the PIP version number, the
executable path, and the Python version:

PIP has not been installed yet if you get the following output:

'pip' is not recognized as an internal or external command,

Operable program or batch file.
If an older version of Python is installed or the PIP installation option is
disabled during installation, PIP will not be available. To install PIP, see our
article How to Install PIP on Windows.
Different Versions Of Python available :-
1- Python 2.0 - october 16, 2000

2- Python 2.6 - october 1, 2008

3- Python 3.0 - december 3, 2008

4- Python 3.2 - february 20, 2011

5- Python 3.3 - september 29, 2012

6- Python 3.4 - march 16, 2014

7- Python 3.5 (2015)

8- Python 3.6 (2016)

9- Python 3.7 (2018)

10- Python 3.11 (2022)

11- Python 3.13 (2014 (Upcoming))

Ques 4. Explain Python's dynamic typing and how it simplifies variable declaration.

dynamic typing:-

Python is a dynamically typed language, meaning that variable types are determined at runtime
rather than being explicitly declared by the programmer. This feature makes Python highly flexible
and user-friendly for developers.

# Initially assigning an integer

x = 10

print(x, type(x)) # Output: 10 <class 'int'>

# Reassigning to a string

x = "Hello, Python!"

print(x, type(x)) # Output: Hello, Python! <class 'str'>

# Reassigning to a list

x = [1, 2, 3]

print(x, type(x)) # Output: [1, 2, 3] <class 'list'>

Ques5 :- What is an interpreter, and how does it relate to Python's execution of code?

Ans-

A python interpreter is a computer program that converts each high-level program statement into
machine code. An interpreter translates the command that you write out into code that the
computer can understand. It is also called translator in programming terminology. Interpreters
executes each line of statements slowly. This process is called Interpretation.

how does it relate to Python's execution of code:-

Python is an object-oriented programming language like Java. Python is called an interpreted

language. Python uses code modules that are interchangeable instead of a single long list of
instructions that was standard for functional programming languages. The standard implementation
of Python is called “cpython”. It is the default and widely used implementation of Python.

Internal working of Python:-

Python doesn’t convert its code into machine code, something that hardware can understand. It
converts it into something called byte code. So within Python, compilation happens, but it’s just not
in a machine language. It is into byte code (.pyc or .pyo) and this byte code can’t be understood by
the CPU. So we need an interpreter called the Python virtual machine to execute the byte codes.
How is Python Source Code Converted into Executable Code:-

Step 1: The Python compiler reads a Python source code or instruction in the code editor. In this first
stage, the execution of the code starts.

Step 2: After writing Python code it is then saved as a .py file in our system. In this, there are
instructions written by a Python script for the system.

Step 3: In this the compilation stage comes in which source code is converted into a byte code.
Python compiler also checks the syntax error in this step and generates a .pyc file.

Step 4: Byte code that is .pyc file is then sent to the Python Virtual Machine(PVM) which is the
Python interpreter. PVM converts the Python byte code into machine-executable code and in this
interpreter reads and executes the given file line by line

Step 5: Within the PVM the bytecode is converted into machine code that is the binary language
consisting of 0’s and 1’s. This binary language is only understandable by the CPU of the system as it is
highly optimized for the machine code.

Step 6: In the last step, the final execution occurs where the CPU executes the machine code and the
final desired output will come as according to your program.

How Python Internally Works? :-

Code Editor: Code Editor is the first stage of programs where we write our source code. This is
human-readable code written according to Python’s syntax rules.

Source code: The code written by a programmer in the code editor is then saved as a .py file in a
system. This file of Python is written in human-readable language that contains the instructions for
the computer.

Compilation Stage: The compilation stage of Python is different from any other programming
language. Rather than compiling a source code directly into machine code. python compiles a source
code into a byte code. In the compilation stage python compiler also checks for syntax errors. after
checking all the syntax errors, if no such error is found then it generates a .pyc file that contains
bytecode.

Python Virtual Machine(PVM): The bytecode then goes into the main part of the conversion is the
Python Virtual Machine(PVM). The PVM is the main runtime engine of Python. It is an interpreter
that reads and executes the bytecode file, line by line. Here In the Python Virtual Machine translate
the byte code into machine code which is the binary language consisting of 0s and 1s. The machine
code is highly optimized for the machine it is running on. This binary language is only understandable
by the CPU of a system.

Running Program: At last, the CPU executes the given machine code and the main outcome of the
program comes as performing task and computation you scripted at the beginning of the stage in
your code editor.

Ques 6. Describe the significance of indentation (whitespace) in Python and how it influences

code structure.

Ans:- Indentation is significant in Python as it ensures code readability. Unlike C, C++, and other
languages, where curly braces represent a block of code, Python uses indentation level (number of
leading whitespaces) to show a black with the same group of statements.

what is the role of indentation in Python? It determines the flow of code and also serves the
following purposes: -

 Python was designed to enhance code readability, which is one primary feature of Python
programming. That is where indentation plays a crucial role. Consistent indentation keeps
the code organized, clean, and understandable. Developers can adhere to the best
programming practices and ensure seamless team collaborations.

 Several programming languages like C, C++, and Java use curly braces {} to define a block of
code. However, Python uses indentation, which brings clarity to its code structure. Hence,
it’s essential to manage indentation in Python as they can affect the logic and flow of code.

Types of Indentation :-

There are two types of indentation:

1-Space- The most preferred indentation method in Python is space, which is a standard convention
and even official Python Style Guide recommends using 4 spaces for every indentation level.
2-Tab- We can use tabs for indentation, but they are not universally accepted. This is because using
tabs can raise issues while sharing or viewing code, which can cause inconsistent code appearance.
So, if you are working in a collaborative environment, using tabs as indentation can lead to an error
in Python.

Advantages of Python Indentation :-

 Indentation reduces the need for additional characters and decreases the quantity of syntax
required to define a code block. This makes Python code more concise, readable, and
understandable than other programming languages. Your code is cleaner, and you need less
time to review and debug it.

 Unlike many programming languages, Python doesn’t use curly braces, so there is less
chance of misplacing the braces. This ensures smoother execution and fewer syntax errors.

 Python trainers can easily teach programming, and beginners can understand which
statement belongs to which code block.

 Developers can write more structured code using indentation. It ensures that developers
and programmers prioritize code hierarchy while writing it and maintain an intuitive code
flow.
 Consistent levels of indentation improve the quality of code, which causes fewer indentation
errors and reduces testing time.
 Indentation makes the code structure immediately visible. It maintains code logic and
hierarchy and makes it readable in collaborative environments where various developers
interact with the same codebase.

Ques 7. What are the primary data types in Python, and how do you declare variables for

each type?

Ans:-

Python Data Types :-

Python Data types are the classification or categorization of data items. It represents the kind of
value that tells what operations can be performed on a particular data.

1- Numeric – int, float, complex

2- Sequence Type – string, list, tuple
3- Mapping Type – dict
4- Boolean – bool
5- Set Type – set, frozenset
6- Binary Types – bytes, bytearray, memoryview
 1- Numeric Data Types in Python:-

The numeric data type in Python represents the data that has a numeric value. A numeric value can
be an integer, a floating number, or even a complex number.

Integers – This value is represented by int class. It contains positive or negative whole numbers
(without fractions or decimals).

Float – This value is represented by the float class. It is a real number with a floating-point
representation. It is specified by a decimal point.

Complex Numbers – A complex number is represented by a complex class. It is specified as (real

part) + (imaginary part)j . For example – 2+3j

2- Sequence Data Types in Python

The sequence Data Type in Python is the ordered collection of similar or different Python
data types. Sequences allow storing of multiple values in an organized and efficient fashion.
There are several sequence data types of Python:

Python String
Python List

String Data Type

Strings in Python are arrays of bytes representing Unicode characters. A string is a collection
of one or more characters put in a single quote, double-quote, or triple-quote. In Python,
there is no character data type Python, a character is a string of length one. It is represented
by str class.
Creating String
Strings in Python can be created using single quotes, double quotes, or even triple quotes.
Example:-
 s1 = 'Welcome to the Geeks World'
print("String with Single Quotes: ", s1)

List Data Type:-

Lists are just like arrays, declared in other languages which is an ordered collection of data. It
is very flexible as the items in a list do not need to be of the same type
Lists in Python can be created by just placing the sequence inside the square brackets[].

Example:-
a = []

# list with int values

a = [1, 2, 3]
print(a)

Tuple Data Type:-

Just like a list, a tuple is also an ordered collection of Python objects. The only difference
between a tuple and a list is that tuples are immutable i.e. tuples cannot be modified after it
is created. It is represented by a tuple class.

3- Boolean Data Type in Python:-

Python Data type with one of the two built-in values, True or False. Boolean objects that are
equal to True are (true), and those equal to False are (false).

In Python Data Types, a Set is an unordered collection of data types that is iterable, mutable,
and has no duplicate elements. The order of elements in a set is undefined though it may
consist of various elements.

4- Dictionary Data Type in Python :-

A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of data values, used to store data values
like a map, unlike other Python Data Types that hold only a single value as an element, a
Dictionary holds a key: value pair. Key-value is provided in the dictionary to make it more
optimized. Each key-value pair in a Dictionary is separated by a colon : , whereas each key is
separated by a ‘comma’.

Python Variable Type

Python Variable is containers that store values. Python is not “statically typed”. We do not
need to declare variables before using them or declare their type. A variable is created the
moment we first assign a value to it. A Python variable is a name given to a memory location.
It is the basic unit of storage in a program. In this article, we will see how to define a variable
in Python.

Numbers :-

Python supports two types of numbers - integers(whole numbers) and floating point
numbers(decimals). (It also supports complex numbers, which will not be explained in this tutorial).
To define an integer, use the following syntax:

Strings:-

Strings are defined either with a single quote or a double quotes.

Ques8.- How can you create and use lists, tuples, and dictionaries in Python to store and

manipulate data?

Ans:-

List :-

Lists are just like arrays, declared in other languages which is an ordered collection of data. It
is very flexible as the items in a list do not need to be of the same type
Lists in Python can be created by just placing the sequence inside the square brackets[].

Example:-
a = []

# list with int values

a = [1, 2, 3]
print(a)
Add an item to the end of the list.

fruits = ['orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'banana', 'kiwi', 'apple',

'banana']
>>> fruits.count('apple')
2
>>> fruits.count('tangerine')
0
>>> fruits.index('banana')
3
>>> fruits.index('banana', 4) # Find next banana starting at
position 4
6
>>> fruits.reverse()
>>> fruits
['banana', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple', 'orange']
>>> fruits.append('grape')
>>> fruits
['banana', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple', 'orange',
'grape']
>>> fruits.sort()
>>> fruits
['apple', 'apple', 'banana', 'banana', 'grape', 'kiwi', 'orange',
'pear']
>>> fruits.pop()
'pear'

Thus, the pros of lists are:-

 They represent the easiest way to store a collection of related objects.

 They are easy to modify by removing, adding, and changing elements.
 They are useful for creating nested data structures, such as a list of lists/dictionaries.
However, they also have cons:-

 They can be pretty slow when performing arithmetic operations on their elements. (For
speed, use NumPy's arrays.)
 They use more disk space because of their under-the-hood implementation.

Tuple :-

Just like a list, a tuple is also an ordered collection of Python objects. The only difference between a
tuple and a list is that tuples are immutable i.e. tuples cannot be modified after it is created. It is
represented by a tuple class.

t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'

>>> t[0]
12345
>>> t
(12345, 54321, 'hello!')
>>> # Tuples may be nested:
>>> u = t, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
>>> u
((12345, 54321, 'hello!'), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
>>> # Tuples are immutable:
>>> t[0] = 88888
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
>>> # but they can contain mutable objects:
>>> v = ([1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1])
>>> v
([1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1])

Tuple uses less memory space

Disadvantages of Tuples:-

 You can't add an element but in a list you can

 You can't sort a tuple but in a list you can
 You can't delete an element but you can in a list
 You can't replace an element but you can in a list

Set:-

 Python also includes a data type for sets. A set is an unordered collection with no duplicate
elements.
 Sets in Python can be defined as mutable dynamic collections of immutable unique elements
 Curly braces or the set() function can be used to create sets. Note: to create an empty set
you have to use set()

Set are represented by { }

Example-

var = {"Geeks", "for", "Geeks"}

type(var)

# typecasting list to set

myset = set(["a", "b", "c"])

print(myset)

Thus, the pros of sets are:-

 We can perform unique (but similar) operations on them.

 They are significantly faster than lists if we want to check whether a certain element is
contained in a set.

But their cons are:-

 Sets are intrinsically unordered. If we care about keeping the insertion order, they are not
our best choice.
 We cannot change set elements by indexing as we can with lists.
Ques 9:-Explain the concept of Python's libraries and modules and how they expand the

language's capabilities.

Ans:-

Libraries in Python:-

A Python library is a collection of related modules. It contains bundles of code that can be used
repeatedly in different programs. It makes Python Programming simpler and convenient for the
programmer. As we don’t need to write the same code again and again for different programs.
Python libraries play a very vital role in fields of Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Visualization,
etc.

Working of Python Library:-

Python library is simply a collection of codes or modules of codes that we can use in a program for
specific operations. We use libraries so that we don’t need to write the code again in our program
that is already available. But how it works. Actually, in the MS Windows environment, the library
files have a DLL extension (Dynamic Load Libraries). When we link a library with our program and run
that program, the linker automatically searches for that library. It extracts the functionalities of that
library and interprets the program accordingly. That’s how we use the methods of a library in our
program. We will see further, how we bring in the libraries in our Python programs.

Python standard library :-

The Python Standard Library contains the exact syntax, semantics, and tokens of Python. It contains
built-in modules that provide access to basic system functionality like I/O and some other core
modules. Most of the Python Libraries are written in the C programming language. Python Standard
Library plays a very important role. Without it, the programmers can’t have access to the
functionalities of Python. But other than this, there are several other libraries in Python that make a
programmer’s life easier.

 TensorFlow:-
This library was developed by Google in collaboration with the Brain Team. It is an open-
source library used for high-level computations. It is also used in machine learning and deep
learning algorithms. It contains a large number of tensor operations. Researchers also use
this Python library to solve complex computations in Mathematics and Physics.
 Matplotlib:
This library is responsible for plotting numerical data. And that’s why it is used in data
analysis. It is also an open-source library and plots high-defined figures like pie charts,
histograms, scatterplots, graphs, etc.
 Pandas:
Pandas are an important library for data scientists. It is an open-source machine learning
library that provides flexible high-level data structures and a variety of analysis tools. It eases
data analysis, data manipulation, and cleaning of data. Pandas support operations like
Sorting, Re-indexing, Iteration, Concatenation, Conversion of data, Visualizations,
Aggregations, etc.
 Numpy:
The name “Numpy” stands for “Numerical Python”. It is the commonly used library. It is a
popular machine learning library that supports large matrices and multi-dimensional data. It
consists of in-built mathematical functions for easy computations. Even libraries like
TensorFlow use Numpy internally to perform several operations on tensors. Array Interface
is one of the key features of this library.
 SciPy:
The name “SciPy” stands for “Scientific Python”. It is an open-source library used for high-
level scientific computations. This library is built over an extension of Numpy. It works with
Numpy to handle complex computations. While Numpy allows sorting and indexing of array
data, the numerical data code is stored in SciPy. It is also widely used by application
developers and engineers.
 Scrapy:
It is an open-source library that is used for extracting data from websites. It provides very
fast web crawling and high-level screen scraping. It can also be used for data mining and
automated testing of data.
 Scikit-learn:
It is a famous Python library to work with complex data. Scikit-learn is an open-source library
that supports machine learning. It supports variously supervised and unsupervised
algorithms like linear regression, classification, clustering, etc. This library works in
association with Numpy and SciPy.
 PyGame:
This library provides an easy interface to the Standard Directmedia Library (SDL) platform-
independent graphics, audio, and input libraries. It is used for developing video games using
computer graphics and audio libraries along with Python programming language.
 PyTorch:
PyTorch is the largest machine learning library that optimizes tensor computations. It has
rich APIs to perform tensor computations with strong GPU acceleration. It also helps to solve
application issues related to neural networks.
  PyBrain:
The name “PyBrain” stands for Python Based Reinforcement Learning, Artificial Intelligence,
and Neural Networks library. It is an open-source library built for beginners in the field of
Machine Learning. It provides fast and easy-to-use algorithms for machine learning tasks. It
is so flexible and easily understandable and that’s why is really helpful for developers that
are new in research fields.

In Shorts:-

how they expand the language's capabilities ? :-

In Python, language capabilities are expanded primarily through the use of external modules and
libraries which can be imported into your code, providing access to new functionalities and features
not built-in to the core language, essentially allowing you to "add on" specific capabilities as needed;
this is facilitated by Python's design that encourages extensibility and easy integration with other
tools and languages.

Ques10: -Discuss the role of Python in various domains, such as web development, data analysis,
machine learning, and scripting.

Ans:- The Role of Python in Various Domains:-

Python is a versatile programming language that has gained immense popularity across different
fields. Its simplicity, extensive libraries, and active community make it an essential tool in numerous
domains. Below, we outline Python's role in web development, data analysis, machine learning, and
scripting.

Python in Web Development :-

Frameworks: Python offers powerful web frameworks like Django, Flask, and FastAPI that simplify
the development of robust and scalable web applications.

Applications:

 Building e-commerce platforms.

 Developing RESTful APIs.
 Crafting user authentication and content management systems

Python in Data Analysis:-

Libraries: Libraries like Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib provide efficient tools for data manipulation,
computation, and visualization.

Applications:

 Exploratory data analysis (EDA).

 Business intelligence and reporting

Python in Machine Learning :-

Machine Learning Libraries: Libraries like Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Keras facilitate
building, training, and deploying machine learning models.

Applications:

 Predictive analytics (e.g., stock market predictions).

 Natural Language Processing (NLP).