Sunil Vyas, Rakesh Kumar Singh and P. Senthilkumaran - Exotic Vortex Beam Shapes For Optical Traps
Sunil Vyas, Rakesh Kumar Singh and P. Senthilkumaran - Exotic Vortex Beam Shapes For Optical Traps
Sunil Vyas, Rakesh Kumar Singh and P. Senthilkumaran - Exotic Vortex Beam Shapes For Optical Traps
2
in c
1
is only a scale factor and hence is
ignored .The field at the focal plane is proportional to
the Fourier transform of the transmittance function
given in Eq. (2). Intensity distribution at the
observation plane is then given by
(5)
Here the intensity distribution refers to the far-field
image of a point object. The vortex lens has low
numerical aperture as the SLM has finite pixels and
so Eq. (4) can be applied to find the field ( ) f r E , , | .
3. EXPERIMENTAL
A phase only SLM can impose an azimuthal phase
term directly on the incident beam converting it into
a helical beam. But this requires the SLM to possess
a precise phase modulation from (0 to t 2 ). The
method of generating optical vortices using phase
mask is more versatile because it allows precise
control over vortex parameters and the possibility of
generating specific patterns of optical vortices.
Furthermore a phase mask displayed on the SLM
gives the dynamic control over the vortex.
( )
( )
s s
=
otherwise
for im
t
0
1 0 exp
,
u
u
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
f
i
im t
t
u u
2
exp exp ,
( ) ( )
( ) u | u
t
u |
t
d d r
f
a
i
z E c f r E
(
} }
= =
cos
2
exp
0 , , , ,
1
0
2
0
1
( ) f r i e
f i
a
c
ikf
t
2
2
1
exp =
( ) ( ) | |
i i i
x x y y = arctan u
( )
(
=
=
N
i
i i i i
y x n
1
, u u
( ) ( )
2
, , , , f r E f r I | | =
ICOP 2009-International Conference on Optics and Photonics
CSIO, Chandigarh, India, 30 Oct.-1 Nov. 2009
Fig. 1 Experimental arrangement
The experimental arrangement is shown in Fig. 1.
Linearly polarized light from a He-Ne laser at
nm 8 . 632 = is spatially filtered, expanded and
collimated to form a plane wave. The collimated
beam of light is directed on the SLM (Holoeye LC-
2002 with 832X624 of pixels and pixel pitch 32 m ).
Our SLM produces phase shift of
t 5 . 1
at =532
nm. By using properly oriented linear polarizer or by
generating appropriate elliptically polarized light one
can modulate, mainly the phase while keeping the
amplitude constant. We have used elliptically
polarized light to achieve phase only modulation for
the SLM by the use of combination of two-polarizers
and two quarter wave plates as shown in Fig. 1. This
architecture consists of a combination of an input
polarizer (P1) and a quarter wave plate (QW1) in
front of the SLM and an output quarter wave plate
(QW2) and polarizer (P2) behind the SLM. We adjust
the polarizers and quarter wave plates such that the
SLM modulates phase only and keeping the intensity
of light beam constant. A gray scale phase mask
corresponding to the transmittance of a lens
embedded with an array of vortices is displayed on
the and the corresponding intensity distribution is
recorded on CCD.
The phase mask for vortex lens that can generate
different beam shapes has been made using Virtual
lab software. In the phase profile shown in Fig. 2 (a,
b) phase is shown on the continues gray scale where
white representing a phase of zero and black
representing t 2 .
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig.2. Phase mask for vortex lens (a) Four vortices
each with m=4 (b) two vortices each with m=4.5
(a) (b)
Fig.3. Spatial distribution of intensity at the focal
plane (a) corresponding to the phase mask shown in
the Fig. 2 (a), (b) corresponding to the phase mask
shown in the Fig. 2 (b)
Generally a lens produces a single bright spot at its
focal plane but when phase singularity is added into
it then it produces a ring instead of the bright spot at
the focus. If multiple singularities are presented in
the beam then it can produce many intensity nulls in
the beam. An arbitrary distribution of the vortices can
be produced with this optical element. Multiple
vortices can be embedded into the same mask by
placing them at different positions. For example we
have shown in Fig.2 (a) four vortices with m=4
which are kept in the square geometry vortices.
Bifurcation of the phase contours occurs at the point
of singularity. The number of bifurcation depends
upon the topological charge of the vortex. This
bifurcation produces corresponding dark spots in the
intensity profile as shown in Fig. 3 (a). Various
combinations and positions of vortices are possible in
the beam profile.
Fractional charge is known to produce a radial
opening in the doughnut structure of the vortices.
Fractional charge vortices are also known as the
mixed screw edge dislocation. They produce two
types of phase singularity one corresponding to a
point (screw dislocation) that produces a intensity
null and the other a line singularity (edge
dislocation) that produces intensity void in the beam
profile. The advantage of mixed edge-screw
dislocation is recently reported in the field of
quantum communication and atom optics where the
orientation of edge-dislocation present in the
fractional charge vortices gives extra degree of
freedom.
A new type of optical trap is possible when two
fractional vortices with alternating sign are kept near
as shown in Fig. 2 (b). They produce spatial intensity
distribution in which two rings are joined with a
narrow opening between them. Intensity distribution
in the far field is shown in Fig. 3 (b). In case of the
two same fractional charge vortices the ring still joins
with the intensity nulls but has doubled shape
intensity distribution.
5. CONCLUSION
We have experimentally demonstrated the
generation of symmetric structure of optical vortices
with different shapes and topological charge using
vortex lens. Intensity distributions for different
vortex beams are recorded at the focal plane. Since
ICOP 2009-International Conference on Optics and Photonics
CSIO, Chandigarh, India, 30 Oct.-1 Nov. 2009
the phase masks created for vortex lens are computer
generated, they offer great flexibility of design and
controlled vortex parameter like position in
wavefront, topological charge and the focal length.
They can produce multiple point and line singularity
with different shapes. The method presented here is
useful in research areas where good quality multiple
hollow beams are required. It can also find
applications in areas of laser beam array, optical
trapping, atom optics, and in quantum
communication.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Research grant from Department of Science and
Technology (No. SR/S2/LOP-10/2005) is thankfully
acknowledged.
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