INTERNATIONAL

BACCALAUREATE
ORGANIZATION

GROUP 5 MATHEMATICS
FORMULAE AND STATISTICAL TABLES

To be used in the teaching and examination of:

Mathematics HL
Mathematical Methods SL
Mathematical Studies SL
Further Mathematics SL
Third Edition: February 2001
Valid for Examination Sessions from May 2001

Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables
First published: August 1998
Second edition: April 1999
Third edition: February 2001

International Baccalaureate Organization 1999

International Baccalaureate Organization
Route des Morillons 15
1218 Grand-Saconnex
Geneva, SWITZERLAND

CONTENTS
Formulae for:

Pages
Mathematical Studies SL

14

Mathematical Methods SL

17

Mathematics HL

112

Further Mathematics SL

112

Table 1: Area Under the Standard Normal Curve

Table 2: Critical Values of the

2 Distribution

Table 3: Critical Values of the Students t-distribution

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

13
14
15

February 2001

MATHEMATICAL STUDIES SL
MATHEMATICAL METHODS SL
MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

1 Plane and Solid Figures

Area of a parallelogram:

A = (b h) , where b is the base, h is the height

Area of a triangle:

A=

1
(b h) , where b is the base, h is the height
2

Area of a trapezium:

A=

1
( a + b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height
2

Area of a circle:

A = r 2 , where r is the radius

Circumference of a circle:

C = 2r , where r is the radius

Volume of a pyramid:

1
V = (area of base vertical height)
3

Volume of a cuboid:

V = l w h , where l is the length, w is the width, h is the height

Volume of a cylinder:

V = r 2 h , where r is the radius, h is the height

Area of the curved surface

of a cylinder:

A = 2rh , where r is the radius, h is the height

Volume of a sphere:

V=

4 3
r , where r is the radius
3

Volume of a cone:

V=

1 2
r h , where r is the radius, h is the height
3

2 Finite Sequences
The nth term of an arithmetic sequence:

un = u1 + (n 1)d

The sum of n terms of an arithmetic sequence:

Sn =

The nth term of a geometric sequence:

un = u1r n 1

The sum of n terms of a geometric sequence:

Sn =

n
n
(2u1 + ( n 1)d ) = (u1 + un )
2
2

u1 ( r n 1) u1 (1 r n )
, r 1
=
r 1
1 r

3 Trigonometry
Sine rule:

a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C

Cosine rule:

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A ; cos A =

Area of a triangle:

A=

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

b2 + c 2 a 2
2bc

1
ab sin C , where a and b are adjacent sides, C is the included angle
2

Page 1
February 2001

MATHEMATICAL STUDIES SL
MATHEMATICAL METHODS SL
MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

4 Geometry
Distance between two points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) :

d = ( x1 x2 ) 2 + ( y1 y2 ) 2

Coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment

with endpoints ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) :

FG x + x , y + y IJ
H 2 2 K

Magnitude of a vector:

| v | = v12 + v22 , where v =

FG v IJ
Hv K
1

5 Financial Mathematics
Crn
, where C is the capital, r % is the interest rate, n is the number of
100
time periods, I is the interest

Simple interest:

I=

Compound interest:

I = C 1+

FG
H

r
100

IJ
K

C , where C is the capital, r % is the interest rate, n is the

number of time periods, I is the interest

6 Matrices (2 2)
Determinant:

Transpose:

FG a
Hc
Fa
A=G
Hc
A=

IJ det A = ad bc
dK
bI
Jd K A = FGH ab dc IJK
b

7 Probability
n ( A)
n(U )

Probability of an event A:

P( A) =

Complementary events:

P ( A ) = 1 P ( A)

Combined events:

P( A B) = P( A) + P( B ) P( A B )

Mutually exclusive events:

P( A B) = P( A) + P( B)

Independent events:

P( A B ) = P( A) P( B)

Conditional probability:

P A B =

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

c h

P( A B )
P( B )

Page 2
February 2001

MATHEMATICAL STUDIES SL
MATHEMATICAL METHODS SL
MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

8 Statistics
k

fx

i i

Population mean:

i =1

, where n =

f bx g
i

i =1

Population standard
deviation:

i =1

, where n =

i =1

fx

i i

Sample mean:

i =1

x=

, where n =

i =1

f (x x )
i

Standard deviation of the

sample:

sn =

Standardized normal
variable:

z=

i =1

2
k

, where n =

i =1

Covariance:

( x x )( y y )
i

sxy =

i =1

n
n

bx x g

sx y

Product moment correlation

coefficient:

r=

Regression line for y on x:

y y=

2
The test statistic:

2calc =

sx s y

, where sx =
sxy
sx 2

i =1

b y yg

, sy =

i =1

bx xg
( f e f o )2
, where f e are the expected frequencies ,
fe
f o are the observed frequencies

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

Page 3
February 2001

MATHEMATICAL STUDIES SL
MATHEMATICAL METHODS SL
MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

9 Differential Calculus

FG
H

dy
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= f ( x ) = lim
h

0
dx
h

IJ
K

Derivative of f ( x ) :

y = f (x)

Derivative of ax n :

f ( x ) = ax n f ( x ) = nax n 1

Derivative of a polynomial:

f ( x ) = ax n + bx n 1 + f ( x ) = nax n 1 + ( n 1) bx n 2 +

Anti-differentiation:

dy
x n +1
= xn y =
+ C , n 1
dx
n +1

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

Page 4
February 2001

MATHEMATICAL METHODS SL
MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

10 Infinite Sequences
The sum of an infinite geometric sequence:

S=

u1
, r <1
1 r

11 Algebra
Solution of a quadratic equation:

ax 2 + bx + c = 0 x =

Exponents and logarithms:

a x = b x = log a b

b b2 4ac
, a0
2a

a x = e x ln a
log a a x = x = a loga x
(log c a )
log b a =
(log c b)
( a + b)n = a n +

Binomial theorem:

FG nIJ a
H 1K

n 1

b ++

FG nIJ a
H rK

nr r

b + + bn

12 Trigonometry
Length of an arc:

l = qr , where q is the angle measured in radians, r is the radius

Area of a sector:

1
A = qr 2 , where q is the angle measured in radians, r is the radius
2

Identities:

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
sin
cos
sin 2 = 2 sin cos
tan =

cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2 = 2 cos 2 1 = 1 2 sin 2

13 Vectors
Scalar product:

v w = v w cos = v1w1 + v2 w2 , where v =

cos =

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

v1w1 + v2 w2
v w

v cos = v

Vector equation of a line:

FG v IJ , w = FG w IJ
Hv K Hw K

F wI
GH w JK

r = p + td

Page 5
February 2001

MATHEMATICAL METHODS SL
MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

14 Matrices (2 2)

FG a bIJ P = 1 FG d
ad bc H c
H c dK
F cos sin IJ
R=G
H sin cos K
F cos 2 sin 2 IJ
M =G
H sin 2 cos 2 K
1

P=

Inverse:
Transformation matrix representing
a rotation through about the origin:
Transformation matrix representing
a reflection in y = x tan :

IJ
aK

15 Statistics
Standard error of the mean:

SE =

Test statistic for the mean of a normal population:

z=

x
/ n

16 Differentiation
Derivative of sin x :

f ( x ) = sin x f ( x ) = cos x

Derivative of cos x :

f ( x ) = cos x f ( x ) = sin x

Derivative of e x :

f ( x ) = e x f ( x ) = e x

Derivative of ln x :

f ( x ) = ln x f ( x ) =

Derivative of a x :

f ( x ) = a x f ( x ) = a x (ln a )

Derivative of log a x :

f ( x ) = log a x f ( x ) =

Derivative of tan x :

f ( x ) = tan x f ( x ) =

Chain rule:

y = g (u) , where u = f ( x )

Product rule:

y = uv

Quotient rule:

dy
u
y=
=
dx
v

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

1
x

1
x ln a

1
cos 2 x
dy dy du
=

dx du dx

dy
dv
du
=u +v
dx
dx
dx

du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2

Page 6
February 2001

MATHEMATICAL METHODS SL
MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

17 Integration
Standard integrals:

z
z
z
z
z

1
dx = ln x + C
x
sinx dx = cos x + C
cosx dx = sin x + C
e x dx = e x + C
( ax + b)n dx =

( ax + b)n +1
+ C , n 1
a ( n + 1)

18 Iteration
NewtonRaphson method:

x n +1 = x n

f ( xn )
f ( xn )

19 Approximate Integration
Trapezium rule:

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

z bg
b

f x dx

h
y0 + 2 y1 + 2 y2 + + 2 y n 1 + y n
2
ba
where h =
; yi = f a + ih , i = 0 , 1, 2 , , n
n

Page 7
February 2001

MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

20 Combinations

FG nIJ = n!
H r K r !( n r )!
21 Series
n

i = 2 ( n + 1)

The sum of the first n integers:

i =1
n

The sum of the squares of the first n integers:

n
( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
6

n2
( n + 1)2
4

i =1
n

The sum of the cubes of the first n integers:

i
i =1

22 Complex Numbers
z = a + ib = r (cos + i sin )
De Moivres theorem:

r (cos + i sin ) = r n (cos n + i sin n )

23 Trigonometry
Identities:

sin( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

cos( A B ) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan( A B ) =
tan 2 =

tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B

2 tan
1 tan 2

1 + tan 2 = sec2
1 + cot 2 = csc2
sin

cos
tan

Compound formula:

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

1 cos
2

1 + cos
2

1 cos
1 + cos

a cos x b sin x = R cos( x ) , where R = a 2 + b2 , tan =

b
a

Page 8
February 2001

MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

24 Vector Geometry

Fv I
v =
+ v + v , where v = G v J
GH v JK
Fv I Fw I
v w = v w + v w + v w , where v = G v J , w = G w J
GH v JK GH w JK
1

v12

Magnitude of a vector:

Scalar product:

1 1

cos =

Vector product:

v1w1 + v2 w2 + v3w3
v w

v w = v1

v2

v3

w1

w2

w3

v w = v w sin
1
vw
2

Area of a triangle:

A=

Vector equation of a line:

r = a + b

Vector equation of a plane:

r = a + b + c

Equation of a plane
(using the normal vector):

rn = an

Cartesian equation of a line:

x x 0 y y 0 z z0
=
=
l
m
n

Cartesian equation of a plane:

ax + by + cz + d = 0

25 Matrices (3 3)
Determinant:

Fa
A = Gd
GH g

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

b
e
h

I
e
f J det A = a
J
h
kK
c

f
d
b
k
g

f
d e
+c
k
g h

Page 9
February 2001

MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

26 Differentiation
Derivative of sec x :

f ( x ) = sec x f ( x ) = sec x tan x

Derivative of csc x :

f ( x ) = csc x f ( x ) = csc x cot x

Derivative of cot x :

f ( x ) = cot x f ( x ) = csc 2 x

Derivative of arcsin x :

f ( x ) = arcsin x f ( x ) =

Derivative of arccos x :

f ( x ) = arccos x f ( x ) =

Derivative of arctan x :

f ( x ) = arctan x f ( x ) =

1
1 x2
1
1 x2

1
1+ x2

27 Integration
dv

du

Integration by parts:

u dx dx = uv v dx dx

Standard integrals:

z
z
z

FG IJ
H K
F xI
dx = arcsin G J + C ,
H aK

1
1
x
dx = arctan
+C
2
a
a
a +x
2

1
2

a x2

x <a

1
dx = ln x + C
x

28 Approximate Integration
Trapezium rule
(including error term):

LM
MN

n 1

where h =

Simpsons rule,
for n even
(including error term):

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

OP
PQ

h
(b a ) h2
f ( x ) dx =
y0 + 2
yi + y n
f ( c )
a
2
12
i =1
b

bg

f x dx =

ba
; yi = f ( a + ih ), i = 0 , 1, 2 , , n ; c a , b
n

(b a ) h4 ( 4)
h
y0 + 4 y1 + 2 y2 + + 2 y n 2 + 4 y n 1 + y n
f (c)
3
180
ba
; yi = f a + ih , i = 0 , 1, 2 , , n ; c a , b
where h =
n

Page 10
February 2001

MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

29 Probability
Expected value of a discrete
random variable X:

E( X ) = = x P(X = x )

Expected value of a continuous

random variable X:

E( X ) = = x f ( x ) dx

Variance:

Var( X ) = E( X )2 = E( X 2 ) E( X )

Poisson distribution:

X ~ P () P ( X = r) =

r e
r!

Binomial distribution:

X ~ B( n , p) P ( X = r ) =

Bayes Theorem:

P A B =

, r = 0 , 1, 2 ,

FG nIJ p (1 p)
H rK
r

nr

, r = 0 , 1, , n

c h Pc BPA( Bh P) ( A)

30 Statistics
Linear combinations of two random
variables X 1 , X 2 :

E ( a1 X 1 a2 X 2 ) = a1E ( X 1 ) a2 E ( X 2 )

Linear combinations of two independent

random variables X 1 , X 2 :

Var ( a1 X 1 a2 X 2 ) = a1 Var ( X 1 ) + a2 Var ( X 2 )

2

Unbiased estimate of the

population variance:

2
n 1

n
2
=
sn =
n 1

f (x x )
i =1

n 1

where n =

i =1

nx n + mx m
n+m

Pooled estimate of the population mean

for two samples of size n and m:

x=

Pooled estimate of the population variance

for two samples of size n and m:

sn2+ m 2 =

Test statistic for the mean of a normal

population of unknown variance:

t=

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

nsn 2 + msm2 ( n 1) sn21 + ( m 1) sm2 1

=
n + m2
n + m2

x
x
=
sn / n 1 sn 1 / n

Page 11
February 2001

MATHEMATICS HL
FURTHER MATHEMATICS SL

31 Series and Approximation

x2
f ( 0) +
2!

Maclaurin series:

f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + x f ( 0 ) +

Taylor series:

f ( a + x ) = f ( a ) + x f ( a ) +

Taylor approximations
(including error term):

f ( a + x ) = f ( a ) + x f ( a ) + +

x2
f ( a ) +
2!

x n (n)
x n +1
f (a ) +
f ( n +1) ( c )
n!
( n + 1)!
where c is between a and a + x, (excluding endpoints).

32 Set Theory
De Morgans Laws:

( A B ) = A B
( A B ) = A B

33 Graph Theory
Eulers relation:

v e + f = 2 , where v is the number of vertices, e is the number of edges,

f is the number of faces

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

Page 12
February 2001

TABLE 1: AREA UNDER THE STANDARD NORMAL CURVE

p = P( Z z )

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9773
0.9821
0.9861
0.9892
0.9918
0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.9987
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998

0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920
0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982
0.9987
0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998

0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922
0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9983
0.9988
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925
0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.9988
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927
0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.9988
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929
0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931
0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8079
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932
0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.9992
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934
0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998

0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936
0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
0.9998

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

Page 13
February 2001

TABLE 2: CRITICAL VALUES OF THE 2 DISTRIBUTION

p

p = P( X c )

=1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0.005

0.01

0.025

0.05

0.1

0.9

0.95

0.975

0.99

0.995

0.00004
0.010
0.072
0.207
0.412
0.676
0.989
1.344
1.735
2.156
2.603
3.074
3.565
4.075
4.601
5.142
5.697
6.265
6.844
7.434
8.034
8.643
9.260
9.886
10.520
11.160
11.808
12.461
13.121
13.787
20.707
27.991
35.534
43.275
51.172
59.196
67.328

0.0002
0.020
0.115
0.297
0.554
0.872
1.239
1.646
2.088
2.558
3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229
5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260
8.897
9.542
10.196
10.856
11.524
12.198
12.879
13.565
14.256
14.953
22.164
29.707
37.485
45.442
53.540
61.754
70.065

0.001
0.051
0.216
0.484
0.831
1.237
1.690
2.180
2.700
3.247
3.816
4.404
5.009
5.629
6.262
6.908
7.564
8.231
8.907
9.591
10.283
10.982
11.689
12.401
13.120
13.844
14.573
15.308
16.047
16.791
24.433
32.357
40.482
48.758
57.153
65.647
74.222

0.004
0.103
0.352
0.711
1.145
1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940
4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261
7.962
8.672
9.390
10.117
10.851
11.591
12.338
13.091
13.848
14.611
15.379
16.151
16.928
17.708
18.493
26.509
34.764
43.188
51.739
60.391
69.126
77.929

0.016
0.211
0.584
1.064
1.610
2.204
2.833
3.490
4.168
4.865
5.578
6.304
7.042
7.790
8.547
9.312
10.085
10.865
11.651
12.443
13.240
14.041
14.848
15.659
16.473
17.292
18.114
18.939
19.768
20.599
29.051
37.689
46.459
55.329
64.278
73.291
82.358

2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236
10.645
12.017
13.362
14.684
15.987
17.275
18.549
19.812
21.064
22.307
23.542
24.769
25.989
27.204
28.412
29.615
30.813
32.007
33.196
34.382
35.563
36.741
37.916
39.087
40.256
51.805
63.167
74.397
85.527
96.578
107.565
118.498

3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.070
12.592
14.067
15.507
16.919
18.307
19.675
21.026
22.362
23.685
24.996
26.296
27.587
28.869
30.144
31.410
32.671
33.924
35.172
36.415
37.652
38.885
40.113
41.337
42.557
43.773
55.758
67.505
79.082
90.531
101.879
113.145
124.342

5.024
7.378
9.348
11.143
12.833
14.449
16.013
17.535
19.023
20.483
21.920
23.337
24.736
26.119
27.488
28.845
30.191
31.526
32.852
34.170
35.479
36.781
38.076
39.364
40.646
41.923
43.195
44.461
45.722
46.979
59.342
71.420
83.298
95.023
106.629
118.136
129.561

6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086
16.812
18.475
20.090
21.666
23.209
24.725
26.217
27.688
29.141
30.578
32.000
33.409
34.805
36.191
37.566
38.932
40.289
41.638
42.980
44.314
45.642
46.963
48.278
49.588
50.892
63.691
76.154
88.379
100.425
112.329
124.116
135.807

7.879
10.597
12.838
14.860
16.750
18.548
20.278
21.955
23.589
25.188
26.757
28.300
29.819
31.319
32.801
34.267
35.718
37.156
38.582
39.997
41.401
42.796
44.181
45.559
46.928
48.290
49.645
50.993
52.336
53.672
66.766
79.490
91.952
104.215
116.321
128.299
140.169

= number of degrees of freedom

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

Page 14
February 2001

TABLE 3: CRITICAL VALUES OF THE STUDENT'S t-DISTRIBUTION

p = P( X t )

p
=1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

***

0.9

0.95

0.975

0.99

0.995

0.9995

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.303
1.296
1.289
1.282

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.684
1.671
1.658
1.645

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.021
2.000
1.980
1.960

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.423
2.390
2.358
2.326

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
2.704
2.660
2.617
2.576

636.619
31.599
12.924
8.610
6.869
5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587
4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073
4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850
3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725
3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659
3.646
3.551
3.460
3.373
3.291

= number of degrees of freedom

IB Group 5 Mathematics
Formulae and Statistical Tables

Page 15
February 2001