JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

UNIT – I
Object-Oriented Thinking
A way of viewing world

 A way of viewing the world is an idea to illustrate the object-oriented programming concept with an
example of a real-world situation.
 Let us consider a situation, A person at office and he wants to get food to his family members who are at
his home from a hotel. Because of the distance from his office to home, there is no possibility of getting
food from a hotel . So, how do we solve the issue?
 To solve the problem, he calls zomato (an agent in food delevery community), tells them the variety and
quantity of food and the hotel name from which he wish to deliver the food to hisfamily members. Look at
the following image.

Agents and Communities

 To solve his food delivery problem, he used a solution by finding an appropriate agent (Zomato) and passes
a message containing his request. It is the responsibility of the agent (Zomato) to satisfy his request. Here,
the agent uses some method to do this. He does not need to know the method that the agent has used to
solve his request. This is usually hidden from him.
 So, in object-oriented programming, problem-solving is the solution to our problem which requires the
help of many individuals in the community.
 An object-oriented program is structured as a community of interacting agents, called
objects. Where each object provides a service (data and methods) that is used by other
members of the community.
 In our example, the online food delivery system is a community in which the agents are zomato and set of
hotels. Each hotel provides a variety of services that can be used by other members like zomato, himself,
and his family in the community.

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Messages and Methods

 To solve his problem, he started with a request to the agent zomato, which led to still more requests among
the members of the community until his request has done. Here, the members of a community interact
with one another by making requests until the problem has satisfied.
 In object-oriented programming, every action is initiated by passing a message to an
agent (object), which is responsible for the action. The receiver is the object to whom the
message was sent. In response to the message, the receiver performs some method to
carry out the request. Every message may include any additional information as
arguments.
 In our example, He send a request to zomato with a message that contains food items, the
quantity of food, and the hotel details. The receiver uses a method to food get delivered to hishome.

Responsibilities
 In object-oriented programming, behaviors of an object described in terms of responsibilities.
 In our example, his request for action indicates only the desired outcome (food delivered to hisfamily). The
agent (zomato) free to use any technique that solves my problem.
 By discussing a problem in terms of responsibilities increases the level of abstraction. Thisenables more
independence between the objects in solving complex problems.

Classes and Instances

 In object-oriented programming, all objects are instances of a class. The method invoked by anobject in
response to a message is decided by the class.
 All the objects of a class use the same method in response to a similar message.
 In our example, the zomato a class and all the hotels are sub-classes of it. For every request(message), the
class creates an instance of it and uses a suitable method to solve the problem.

Classes Hierarchies
 A graphical representation is often used to illustrate the relationships among the classes(objects) of a
community.
 This graphical representation shows classes listed in a hierarchical tree-like structure.
 In this more abstract class listed near the top of the tree, and more specific classes in the middleof the tree,
and the individuals listed near the bottom.
 In object-oriented programming, classes can be organized into a hierarchical inheritance
structure. A child class inherits properties from the parent class that higher in the tree.

Method Binding, Overriding, and Exception

 In the class hierarchy, both parent and child classes may have the same method whichimplemented
individually.
 Here, the implementation of the parent is overridden by the child. Or a class may providemultiple
definitions to a single method to work with different arguments (overloading).
 The search for the method to invoke in response to a request (message) begins with the class ofthis
receiver.
 If no suitable method is found, the search is performed in the parent class of it.
 The search continues up the parent class chain until either a suitable method is found or theparent class
chain is exhausted.
 If a suitable method is found, the method is executed. Otherwise, an error message is issued.

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Summary of Object-Oriented concepts

 OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming. OOP is a programming paradigm in which everyprogram is
follows the concept of object.
 In other words, OOP is a way of writing programs based on the object concept.

The object-oriented programming paradigm has the following core concepts.

 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction

The popular object-oriented programming languages are

 Smalltalk,
 C++,
 Java,
 PHP,
 C#,
 Python, etc.

Encapsulation
 Encapsulation is the process of combining data and code into a single unit (object / class).
 In OOP, every object is associated with its data and code.
 In programming, data is defined as variables and code is defined as methods.
 The java programming language uses the class concept to implement encapsulation.

Inheritance
 Inheritance is the process of acquiring properties and behaviors from one object to anotherobject or one
class to another class.
 In inheritance, we derive a new class from the existing class. Here, the new class acquires theproperties and
behaviors from the existing class.
 In the inheritance concept, the class which provides properties is called as parent class and theclass
which recieves the properties is called as child class.
 The parent class is also known as base class or supre class. The child class is also known asderived class or
sub class.
 In the inheritance, the properties and behaviors of base class extended to its derived class, butthe base
class never receive properties or behaviors from its derived class.
 In java programming language the keyword extends is used to implement inheritance.

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Polymorphism

Polymorphism is the process of defining same method with different implementation. That meanscreating multiple
methods with different behaviors.
The java uses method overloading and method overriding to implement polymorphism.
Method overloading – Defining multiple methods with same name but with different parameters.

Method overriding - Defining multiple methods with same name and same parameters.

Abstraction
 Abstraction is hiding the internal details and showing only essential functionality.
 In the abstraction concept, we do not show the actual implementation to the end user, instead weprovide only
essential things.
 For example, if we want to drive a car, we does not need to know about the internal functionalitylike how
wheel system works? how brake system works? how music system works? etc.

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Java Buzz Words

Java is the most popular object-oriented programming language. Java has many advanced features, alist of key
features is known as Java Buzz Words. Following are Java Buzz Words.

1. Simple
2. Secure
3. Portable
4. Object-oriented
5. Robust
6. Architecture-neutral (or) Platform Independent
7. Multi-threaded
8. Interpreted
9. High performance
10. Distributed
11. Dynamic

Simple

Java programming language is very simple and easy to learn, understand, and code. Most of the syntaxes in java
follow basic programming language C and object-oriented programming concepts are similar to C++. In a java
programming language, many complicated features like pointers, operator overloading, structures, unions, etc. have
been removed. One of the most useful features is the garbage collector it makes java more simple.

Secure
Java is said to be more secure programming language because it does not have pointers concept, java provides a
feature "applet" which can be embedded into a web application. The applet in java does not

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allow access to other parts of the computer, which keeps away from harmful programs like viruses and
unauthorized access.

Portable

Portability is one of the core features of java which enables the java programs to run on any computer or operating
system. For example, an applet developed using java runs on a wide variety of CPUs, operating systems, and
browsers connected to the Internet.

Object-oriented

Java is said to be a pure object-oriented programming language. In java, everything is an object. It supports all the
features of the object-oriented programming paradigm. The primitive data types java also implemented as
objects using wrapper classes, but still, it allows primitive data types to archive high-performance.

Robust

Java is more robust because the java code can be executed on a variety of environments, java has a strong memory
management mechanism (garbage collector), java is a strictly typed language, it has a strong set of exception
handling mechanism, and many more.

Architecture-neutral (or) Platform Independent

Java has invented to archive "write once; run anywhere, any time, forever". The java provides JVM (Java
Virtual Machine) to to archive architectural-neutral or platform-independent. The JVM allows the java program
created using one operating system can be executed on any other operating system.

Multi-threaded
Java supports multi-threading programming, which allows us to write programs that do multiple operations
simultaneously.

Interpreted

Java enables the creation of cross-platform programs by compiling into an intermediate representation called Java
bytecode. The byte code is interpreted to any machine code so that it runs on the native machine.

High performance

Java provides high performance with the help of features like JVM, interpretation, and its simplicity.

Distributed

Java programming language supports TCP/IP protocols which enable the java to support the distributed
environment of the Internet. Java also supports Remote Method Invocation (RMI), this feature enables a program
to invoke methods across a network.

Dynamic

Java is said to be dynamic because the java byte code may be dynamically updated on a runningsystem and
it has a dynamic memory allocation and deallocation (objects and garbage collector).

An Overview of Java
 Java is a computer programming language. Java was created based on C and C++.
 Java uses C syntax and many of the object-oriented features are taken from C++.

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 Before Java was invented there were other languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, C, C++, Small Talk, etc.
These languages had few disadvantages which were corrected in Java.
 Java also innovated many new features to solve the fundamental problems which the previous languages
could not solve.

History of Java:
 In 1990, Sun Micro Systems Inc. (US) was conceived a project to develop software for consumer electronic
devices that could be controlled by a remote. This project was called Stealth Project but later its name
was changed to Green Project.

 In January 1991, Project Manager James Gosling and his team members Patrick Naughton, Mike
Sheridan, Chris Wrath, and Ed Frank met to discuss about this project.

 Gosling thought C and C++ would be used to develop the project. But the problem he faced with them is
that they were system dependent languages. The trouble with C and C++ (and mostother languages) is
that they are designed to be compiled for a specific target and could not be used on various processors,
which the electronic devices might use.

 James Gosling with his team started developing a new language, which was completely system independent.
This language was initially called OAK. Since this name was registered by some other company, later it
was changed to Java.

 James Gosling and his team members were consuming a lot of coffee while developing this language. Good
quality of coffee was supplied from a place called “Java Island’. Hence they fixed the name of the
language as Java. The symbol for Java language is cup and saucer.

 Sun formally announced Java at Sun World conference in 1995. On January 23rd 1996, JDK1.0 version was
released.

Execution Process of Java Program

The following three steps are used to create and execute a java program.

1) Create a source code (.java file).

2) Compile the source code using javac command.
3) Run or execute .class file uisng java command.

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Structure of the Java Program

//A Simple Java Program

import java.lang.System;
import java.lang.String;
class Sample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.print ("Hello world");
}
}

 As all other programming languages, Java also has a structure.

 The first line of the C/C++ program contains include statement. For example, <stdio.h> is the header file that
contains functions, like printf (), scanf () etc. So if we want to use any of these functions, we should
include this header file in C/ C++ program.
 Similarly in Java first we need to import the required packages. By default java.lang.* is imported. Java has
several such packages in its library. A package is a kind of directory that contains a group of related classes
and interfaces. A class or interface contains methods.
 Since Java is purely an Object Oriented Programming language, we cannot write a Java program without
having at least one class or object. So, it is mandatory to write a class in Java program. We should use class
keyword for this purpose and then write class name.
 In C/C++, program starts executing from main method similarly in Java, program starts executing from main
method. The return type of main method is void because program starts executing from main method and it
returns nothing.
 Since Java is purely an Object Oriented Programming language, without creating an object to a class it is not
possible to access methods and members of a class. But main method is also a method inside a class, since
program execution starts from main method we need to call main method without creating an object.
 Static methods are the methods, which can be called and executed without creating objects. Since we want
to call main () method without using an object, we should declare main ()method as static. JVM calls main
() method using its Classname.main () at the time of running the program.
 JVM is a program written by Java Soft people (Java development team) and main () is the method written
by us. Since, main () method should be available to the JVM, it should be declared as public. If we don’t
declare main () method as public, then it doesn’t make itself available to JVM and JVM cannot execute it.

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 JVM always looks for main () method with String type array as parameter otherwise JVM cannot recognize
the main () method, so we must provide String type array as parameter to main () method.
A class code starts with a {and ends with a}. A class or an object contains variables and methods (functions).
We can create any number of variables and methods inside the class. This is our first program, so we had
written only one method called main ().
 Our aim of writing this program is just to display a string “Hello world”. In Java, print () method is used to
display something on the monitor.
 A method should be called by using objectname.methodname (). So, to call print () method, create an
object to PrintStream class then call objectname.print () method.
 An alternative is given to create an object to PrintStream Class i.e. System.out. Here, System is the class
name and out is a static variable in System class. out is called a field in System class. When we call this
field a PrintStream class object will be created internally. So, we can call print()method as:
System.out.print (“Hello world”);
 println () is also a method belonging to PrintStream class. It throws the cursor to the next lineafter
displaying the result.
 In the above Sample program System and String are the classes present in java.langpackage.

Java Data Types

The classification of data item is called data type. The data type is a category of data stored invariables. In
java, data types are classified into two types and they are as follows.

The primitive data types are built-in data types and they specify the type of value stored in a variable andthe
memory size. The primitive data types do not have any additional methods.
In java, primitive data types includes byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, and boolean.

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Data Memory Default

type Meaning size Range Value
Whole
byte numbers 1 byte -128 to +127
0
Whole
short numbers 2 bytes -32768 to +32767 0

Whole
int numbers 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 0

Whole -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
long numbers 8 bytes +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 0L

Fractional
float numbers 4 bytes - 0.0f

Fractional
double numbers 8 bytes - 0.0d

Single
char character 2 bytes 0 to 65535 \u0000

boolean unsigned char 1 bit 0 or 1 0 (false)

// Java program to illustrate primitive data types in java and their default values.

public class PrimitiveDataTypes

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
byte i;
short j;
int k;
long l;
float m;
double n;
char ch;
boolean p;
System.out.println("byte value is ”+i);
System.out.println("short value is ”+j);
System.out.println("int value is ”+k);
System.out.println("long value is ”+l);
System.out.println("float value is ”+m);
System.out.println("double value is ”+n);
System.out.println("character value is”+ch);

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System.out.println("boolean value is”+p);
}
}

OUTPUT

Non-primitive Data Types

 In java, non-primitive data types are the reference data types or user-created data types.
 All non-primitive data types are implemented using object concepts.
 Every variable of the non-primitive data type is an object.
 The non-primitive data types may use additional methods to perform certain operations.
 The default value of non-primitive data type variable is null.
In java, examples of non-primitive data types are
String, Array, List, Queue, Stack, Class, Interface, etc.

Primitive Vs Non-primitive Data Types

Primitive Data Type Non-primitive Data Type

These are built-in data types These are created by the users

Does not support additional methods Support additional methods

Always has a value It can be null

Starts with lower-case letter Starts with upper-case letter

Size depends on the data type Same size for all

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Java Variables
A variable is a named memory location used to store a data value. A variable can be defined as acontainer that
holds a data value.
In java, we use the following syntax to create variables.

Syntax

data_type variable_name;
(or)
data_type variable_name_1, variable_name_2,...;(or)
data_type variable_name = value;(or)
data_type variable_name_1 = value, variable_name_2 = value,...;

In java programming language variables are clasiffied as follows.

1) Local variables
2) Instance variables or Member variables or Global variables
3) Static variables or Class variables
4) Final variables

Local variables
 The variables declared inside a method or a block are known as local variables.
 A local variable is visible within the method in which it is declared.
 The local variable is created when execution control enters into the method or block anddestroyed after
the method or block execution completed.

Instance variables or member variables

 The variables declared inside a class and outside any method, constructor or block are known asinstance
variables or member variables.
 These variables are visible to all the methods of the class.
 The changes made to these variables by method affects all the methods in the class.
 These variables are created separate copy for every object of that class.

Static variables or Class variables

 A static variable is a variable that declared using static keyword.
 The instance variables can be static variables but local variables can not.
 Static variables are initialized only once, at the start of the program execution.
 The static variable only has one copy per class irrespective of how many objects we create.

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//java program to illustrate static variable in java.

public class StaticVariablesExample

{
int x, y; // Instance variables
static int z; // Static variable

StaticVariablesExample(int x, int y){

this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}

public void show() {

int a; // Local variables
System.out.println("Inside show method,");
System.out.println("x = " + x + ", y = " + y + ", z = " + z);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

StaticVariablesExample obj_1 = new StaticVariablesExample(10, 20);
StaticVariablesExample obj_2 = new StaticVariablesExample(100, 200);
obj_1.show();
StaticVariablesExample.z = 1000;
obj_2.show();
}
}

final variables
 A final variable is a variable that declared using final keyword.
 The final variable is initialized only once, and does not allow any method to change it's valueagain.
 The variable created using final keyword acts as constant.
 All variables like local, instance, and static variables can be final variables.

// java program to illustrate final variable in java.

public class FinalVariableExample

{
final int a = 10;

void show()
{
System.out.println("a = " + a);
a = 20; //Error due to final variable cann't be modified
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

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FinalVariableExample obj = new FinalVariableExample();
obj.show();
}
}

Arrays
 An array is a collection of similar data values with a single name.
 An array can also be defined as, a special type of variable that holds multiple values of thesame data type
at a time.
 In java, arrays are objects and they are created dynamically using new operator.
 Every array in java is organized using index values. The index value of an array starts with '0'and ends
with 'zise-1'.
 We use the index value to access individual elements of an array.
In java, there are two types of arrays and they are as follows.

1) One Dimensional Array

2) Multi Dimensional Array

Creating an array
In the java programming language, an array must be created using new operator and with a specificsize. The
size must be an integer value but not a byte, short, or long.

Syntax to create an array

data_type array_name[ ] = new data_type[size];

(or)
data_type[ ] array_name = new data_type[size];

// Example Program

public class ArrayExample

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int list[] = new int[5];

list[0] = 10;
System.out.println("Value at index 0 - " + list[0]);
System.out.println("Length of the array - " + list.length);
}
}

OUTPUT
Value at index 0 - 10
Length of the array - 5

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Looping through an array:

An entire array is accessed using either simple for statement or for-each statement.
public class ArrayDemo
{

public static void main(String[] args)

{
String[] cars = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};
System.out.println("lenth of array"+cars.length);
for (int i = 0; i < cars.length; i++)
{
System.out.println(cars[i]);
}
}
}

OUTPUT

lenth of array4
Volvo
BMW
Ford
Mazda

Multidimensional Array

 Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays.

 To create a multidimensional array variable, specify each additional index using another setof square
brackets.
 When we create a two-dimensional array, it created with a separate index for rows andcolumns.
 The individual element is accessed using the respective row index followed by the columnindex.
 When an array is initialized at the time of declaration, it need not specify the size of the arrayand use of
the new operator.

Syntax

data_type array_name[ ][ ] = new data_type[rows][columns];(or)

data_type[ ][ ] array_name = new data_type[rows][columns];

int matrix_a[ ][ ] = {{1, 2},{3, 4},{5, 6}};

// Java program to demonstrate Multidimensional Array

public class ArrayTwoDim

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[][] myNumbers = { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7} };

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System.out.println("row size:"+myNumbers.length);
for (int i = 0; i < myNumbers.length; i++)
{
System.out.println("column size: "+myNumbers[i].length);
for(int j = 0; j < myNumbers[i].length; j++)
{
System.out.print(myNumbers[i][j]+"\t");
}
System.out.println();
}
}

OUTPUT

row size:2
column size: 4
1 2 3 4
column size: 3
5 6 7

Operators
An operator is a symbol used to perform arithmetic and logical operations.In

java, operators are classified into the following four types.

 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational (or) Comparison Operators
 Logical Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Conditional Operators

Arithmetic Operators
 In java, arithmetic operators are used to performing basic mathematical operations like addition,subtraction,
multiplication, division, modulus, increment, decrement, etc.,
Operator Meaning

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

% Modulus - Remainder of the Division

++ Increment

-- Decrement

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 The addition operator can be used with numerical data types and character or string data type.
When it is used with numerical values, it performs mathematical addition and when it is used with
character or string data type values, it performs concatination (appending).
 The modulus (remainder of the division) operator is used with integer data type only
 The increment and decrement operators are used as pre-increment or pre-decrement and post-increment or post-
decrement.
 When they are used as pre, the value is get modified before it is used in the actual expresion and when it
is used as post, the value is get modified after the the actual expression evaluation.

// Java program to demonstrate Arithmetic Operators

public class ArithmeticOperators

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{

int a = 10, b = 20, result;

System.out.println("a = " + a + ", b = " + b);

result = a + b;
System.out.println("Addition : " + a + " + " + b + " = " + result);

result = a - b;
System.out.println("Subtraction : " + a + " - " + b + " = " + result);

result = a * b;
System.out.println("Multiplucation : " + a + " * " + b + " = " + result);

result = b / a;
System.out.println("Division : " + b + " / " + a + " = " + result);

result = b % a;
System.out.println("Modulus : " + b + " % " + a + " = " + result);

result = ++a;
System.out.println("Pre-increment : ++a = " + result);

result = b--;
System.out.println("Post-decrement : b-- = " + result);
}
}

OUTPUT

a = 10, b = 20
Addition : 10 + 20 = 30
Subtraction : 10 - 20 = -10

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Multiplucation : 10 * 20 = 200
Division : 20 / 10 = 2
Modulus : 20 % 10 = 0
Pre-increment : ++a = 11
Post-decrement : b-- = 20
Expressions

 An expression is a collection of operators and operands that represents a specific value.

 An operator is a symbol that performs tasks like arithmetic operations, logical operations, andconditional
operations, etc.
 Operands are the values on which the operators perform the task. Here operand can be a directvalue or
variable or address of memory location.

Expression Types

1. Infix Expression

2. Postfix Expression

3. Prefix Expression

Infix Expression: The expression in which the operator is used between operands is called infixexpression.

Postfix Expression: The expression in which the operator is used after operands is called postfixexpression.

Prefix Expression:The expression in which the operator is used before operands is called a prefixexpression.

Control Statements

 The default execution flow of a program is a sequential order.

 Sometimes, we may want to jump from line to another line, we may want to skip a part of the program, or
sometimes we may want to execute a part of the program again and again. To solvethis problem, java
provides control statements.
 The control statements are used to control the order of execution according to our requirements.

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Types of Control Statements

1. Selection Control Statements ( Decision Making Statements )

2. Iterative Control Statements ( Looping Statements )
3. Jump Statements

Selection Control Statements

 The selection statements are also known as decision making statements or branchingstatements.
 The selection statements are used to select a part of the program to be executed based on acondition.
Java provides the following selection statements.

1. if statement
2. if-else statement
3. if-elif statement
4. nested if statement
5. switch statement

if statement
 if statement is used to test a condition and decide the execution of a block of statements basedon that
condition result.
 The if statement checks, the given condition then decides the execution of a block ofstatements.
 If the condition is True, then the block of statements is executed and if it is False, then the blockof
statements is ignored.

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// Java program to demonstrate If statement

public class IfDemo

{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 20;
int y = 18;
if (x > y) {
System.out.println("x is greater than y");
}
}
}

Output

x is greater than y

if-else statement

 if-else statement is used to test a condition and pick the execution of a block of statements out oftwo
blocks based on that condition result.
 The if-else statement checks the given condition then decides which block of statements to beexecuted based
on the condition result.
 If the condition is True, then the true block of statements is executed and if it is False, then thefalse
block of statements is executed.

// Java program to demonstrate If-else statement

public class IfElseDem

{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int time = 20;
if (time < 18) {
System.out.println("Good day.");
} else {
System.out.println("Good evening.");
}
}
}

Output

Good evening.

20
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
Nested if statement
Writing an if statement inside another if-statement is called nested if statement.The
general syntax of the nested if-statement is as follows.
if(condition_1)
{
if(condition_2)
{
inner if-block of statements;
}
...
}

// Java program to demonstrate nested If statement

import java.util.Scanner;

public class NestedIfStatementTest

{
public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner read = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter any number: ");
int num = read.nextInt();

if (num < 100) {

System.out.println("\nGiven number is below 100");
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println("And it is EVEN");
else
System.out.println("And it is ODD");
} else
System.out.println("Given number is not below 100");

System.out.println("\nWe are outside the if-block!!!");

}
}

Output

Enter any number: 95

Given number is below 100
And it is ODD
We are outside the if-block!!!

if-else if statement
Writing an if-statement inside else of an if statement is called if-else-if statement.The
general syntax of the an if-else-if statement is as follows.
if (condition1)
{
// block of code to be executed if condition1 is true

21
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
}
else if (condition2)
{
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is true
}
else
{
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is false
}
// Java program to demonstrate If-else if statement

import java.util.Scanner;

public class IfElseIf

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter time");
int time = s.nextInt();
if (time < 10)
{
System.out.println("Good morning.");
}
else if (time < 20)
{
System.out.println("Good day.");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Good evening.");
}
}
}

Output

Enter time
21
Enter any three numbers: Good evening.

switch statement

 Using the switch statement, one can select only one option from more number of options veryeasily.
 In the switch statement, we provide a value that is to be compared with a value associated witheach option.
 Whenever the given value matches the value associated with an option, the execution starts fromthat
option.
 In the switch statement, every option is defined as a case.

22
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
Syntax

switch(expression)
{
case x: // code block
break;
case y: // code block
break;
default: // code block
}

// Java program to demonstrate If-else if statement

import java.util.Scanner;

public class switchDemo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a number");
int day = s.nextInt();
switch (day)
{
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Friday");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println("Saturday");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println("Sunday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Not Valid");
}
}
}
Output

Enter a number
7
Sunday

23
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
Iterative Control Statements
 The iterative statements are also known as looping statements or repetitive statements.
 The iterative statements are used to execute a part of the program repeatedly as long as thegiven condition
is True.
 Using iterative statements reduces the size of the code, reduces the code complexity, makes itmore
efficient, and increases the execution speed.

Java provides the following iterative statements.

1) while statement
2) do-while statement
3) for statement
4) for-each statement

while statement
 The while statement is used to execute a single statement or block of statements repeatedly aslong as the
given condition is TRUE.
 The while statement is also known as Entry control looping statement since condition is tested atbeginning of
the loop.
The syntax and execution flow of while statement is as follows.
variable initialization;
while (condition)
{
// code block to be executed
Modification;
}
// Java program to demonstrate while loop

class WhileTest {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int num = 1;

while(num <= 10) {

System.out.println(num);
num++;
}

System.out.println("Statement after while!");

Output

1
2
3
4
5
24
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
6
7
8
9
10
Statement after while!

do-while statement

 The do-while statement is used to execute a single statement or block of statements repeatedlyas long as
given the condition is TRUE.
 The do-while statement is also known as the Exit control looping statement. The do-whilestatement
has the following syntax.
Syntax

do
{
// code block to be executed
}
while (condition);

 The loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the codeblock is
executed before the condition is tested:

// Java program to demonstrate do-while loop

public class DoWhileTest {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int num = 1;

do {
System.out.println(num);
num++;
}while(num <= 10); System.out.println("Statement

after do-while!");

Output
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

25
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
10
Statement after do-while!

for statement

 The for statement is used to execute a single statement or a block of statements repeatedly aslong as the
given condition is TRUE. The for statement has the following syntax
Syntax
for (statement 1; statement 2; statement 3) {

// code block to be executed

 Statement 1 is executed (one time) before the execution of the code block.
 Statement 2 defines the condition for executing the code block.
 Statement 3 is executed (every time) after the code block has been executed.
 In for-statement, the execution begins with the initialization statement.
 After the initialization statement, it executes Condition. If the condition is evaluated to true, thenthe
block of statements executed otherwise it terminates the for-statement.
 After the block of statements execution, the modification statement gets executed, followed bycondition
again.
// Java program to demonstrate for loop

class ForTest {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

System.out.println("i = " + i);
}

System.out.println("Statement after for!");

}

Output

i=0
i=1
i=2
i=3
i=4
i=5
i=6
i=7
i=8
i=9
Statement after for!

26
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
for-each statement

 The Java for-each statement was introduced since Java 5.0 version.
 It provides an approach to traverse through an array or collection in Java.
 The for-each statement also known as enhanced for statement
 The for-each statement executes the block of statements for each element of the given array orcollection.
Syntax
for (type variableName : arrayName) {

// code block to be executed

// Java program to demonstrate for-each loop

public class ForEachTest

{
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] cars = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};
for (String i : cars) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

Output

Volvo
BMW
Ford
Mazda

Jump Statements
The java programming language supports jump statements that used to transfer execution control fromone line to
another line.
The java programming language provides the following jump statements.

 break statement
 continue statement
 labelled break and continue statements
 return statement

break statement
 The break statement in java is used to terminate a switch or looping statement.

27
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
 That means the break statement is used to come out of a switch statement and a loopingstatement like
while, do-while, for, and for-each.
 Using the break statement outside the switch or loop statement is not allowed.

// Java program to demonstrate break statement

class JavaBreakStatement
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int list[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for(int i : list)
{
if(i == 30)
break;
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

Output

10
20

continue statement
 The continue statement is used to move the execution control to the beginning of the loopingstatement.
 When the continue statement is encountered in a looping statement, the execution control skipsthe rest of
the statements in the looping block and directly jumps to the beginning of the loop.
 The continue statement can be used with looping statements like while, do-while, for, and for-each.
 When we use continue statement with while and do-while statements, the execution controldirectly jumps
to the condition.
 When we use continue statement with for statement the execution control directly jumps to themodification
portion (increment/decrement/any modification) of the for loop

// Java program to demonstrate continue statement

class ContinueStatement {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int list[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

for(int i : list) {
if(i == 30)
continue;
System.out.println(i);
}

28
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
}
}

Output

10
20
40
50

Labelled break and continue statement

 The java programming langauge does not support goto statement, alternatively, the break andcontinue
statements can be used with label.
 The labelled break statement terminates the block with specified label. The labbeled contonuestatement takes
the execution control to the beginning of a loop with specified label.

// Java program to demonstrate labeled break and continue statement

// Java program to demonstrate labeled break and continue statement

import java.util.Scanner;

class JavaLabelledStatement {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Scanner read = new Scanner(System.in);
reading: for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
System.out.print("Enter a even number: ");
int value = read.nextInt();
verify: if (value % 2 == 0) {
System.out.println("\nYou won!!!");
System.out.println("Your score is " + i*10 + " out of 30.");
break reading;
} else {
System.out.println("\nSorry try again!!!");
System.out.println("You left with " + (3-i) + " more options...");
continue reading;
}
}
}
}
Output

Enter a even number

Sorry try again!!!
You left with " + (3-i) + " more options...
Enter a even number
You won!!!
Your score is 20 out of 30

return statement
 return statement is useful to terminate a method and come back to the calling method.

29
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
 return statement in main method terminates the application.
 return statement can be used to return some value from a method to a calling method

Syntax:
return;
(or)
return value; // value may be of any type

// Java program to demonstrate return statement

class ReturnDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean t = true;
System.out.println (“Before the return”);if
(t)
return;
System.out.println (“This won’t execute”);
}
}

Output

Before the return

Java Classes
 Java is an object-oriented programming language, so everything in java program must be basedon the
object concept.
 In a java programming language, the class concept defines the skeleton of an object.
 The java class is a template of an object.
 The class defines the blueprint of an object.
 Every class in java forms a new data type.
 Once a class got created, we can generate as many objects as we want.
 Every class defines the properties and behaviors of an object.
 All the objects of a class have the same properties and behaviors that were defined in the class.

Every class of java programming language has the following characteristics.

 Identity - It is the name given to the class.

 State - Represents data values that are associated with an object.
 Behavior - Represents actions can be performed by an object.

Look at the following picture to understand the class and object concept

30
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

Class
 In java, we use the keyword class to create a class. A class in java contains properties asvariables and
behaviors as methods. Following is the syntax of class in the java.
 The ClassName must begin with an alphabet, and the Upper-case letter is preferred.
 The ClassName must follow all naming rules.

Syntax
class <ClassName>
{
data members declaration;
methods defination;
}

Object
 An Object is a real time entity.
 An object is an instance of a class. Instance means physically happening. An object will havesome
properties and it can perform some actions.
 When an object of a class is created, the class is said to be instantiated.
 All the objects that are created using a single class have the same properties and methods. But the value of
properties is different for every object.
 Object contains variables and methods. The objects which exhibit similar properties and actions are grouped
under one class.
 “To give a real world analogy, a house is constructed according to a specification. Here, the specification is a
blueprint that represents a class, and the constructed house represents the object”.

Syntax

<ClassName> <objectName> = new <ClassName>( );Student s

= new Student ();

31
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

Now we can access the properties and methods of a class by using object with dot operator as:s.rollNo,
s.name, s.display ()

String Handling
Java String
string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values. An array of characters workssame as
java string. For example:

1. char[] ch={'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'};
2. String s=new String(ch);

s same as:

String s="javatpoint";

1. Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations on string such as
compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), intern(), substring()
etc.
2. The java.lang.String class implements Serializable, Comparable and CharSequence
interfaces.CharSequence
The CharSequence interface is used to represent sequence of characters. It is implemented by String,
StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes. It means, we can create string in java by using these 3 classes.

The java String is immutable i.e. it cannot be changed. Whenever we change any string, a
new instance is created. For mutable string, you can use StringBuffer and StringBuilderclasses.

 In Java, string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values.

 An array of characters works same as Java string.
 A String represents group of characters

Creating Strings:
 We can declare a String variable and directly store a String literal using assignment operator.

String str = "Hello";

 We can create String object using new operator with some data.
String s1 = new String ("Java");
 We can create a String by using character array also.char
arr[] = { 'p','r','o',’g’,’r’,’a’,’m’};
 We can create a String by passing array name to it, as:String s2 =
new String (arr);
 We can create a String by passing array name and specifying which characters we need:String s3 =
new String (str, 2, 3);
 Here starting from 2nd character a total of 3 characters are copied into String s3.

32
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

String Class Methods

Method Description Return

charAt(int) Finds the character at given index char

length() Finds the length of given string int

compareTo(String) Compares two strings int

compareToIgnoreCase(String) Compares two strings, ignoring case int

concat(String) Concatenates the object string with argument string. String

contains(String) Checks whether a string contains sub-string boolean

contentEquals(String) Checks whether two strings are same boolean

equals(String) Checks whether two strings are same boolean

equalsIgnoreCase(String) Checks whether two strings are same, ignoring case boolean

startsWith(String) Checks whether a string starts with the specified string boolean

Method Description Return

endsWith(String) Checks whether a string ends with the specified string boolean

getBytes() Converts string value to bytes byte[]

hashCode() Finds the hash code of a string int

indexOf(String) Finds the first index of argument string in object string int

lastIndexOf(String) Finds the last index of argument string in object string int

isEmpty() Checks whether a string is empty or not boolean

replace(String, String) Replaces the first string with second string String

replaceAll(String, String) Replaces the first string with second string at all String

substring(int, int) Extracts a sub-string from specified start and end String

toLowerCase() Converts a string to lower case letters String

toUpperCase() Converts a string to upper case letters String

trim() Removes whitespace from both ends String

33
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

toString(int) Converts the value to a String object String

split(String) splits the string matching argument string String[]

intern() returns string from the pool String

join(String, String, ...) Joins all strings, first string as delimiter. String

// Java program to demonstrate string functions

class JavaStringExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String title = "Java Tutorials";
String siteName = "Java Programming";
System.out.println("Length of title: " + title.length());
System.out.println("Char at index 3: " + title.charAt(3));
System.out.println("Index of 'T': " + title.indexOf('T'));
System.out.println("Last index of 'a': " + title.lastIndexOf('a'));
System.out.println("Empty: " + title.isEmpty());
System.out.println("Ends with '.com': " + siteName.endsWith(".com"));
System.out.println("Equals: " + siteName.equals(title));
System.out.println("Sub-string: " + siteName.substring(9, 14));
System.out.println("Upper case: " + siteName.toUpperCase());
}
}
Output

Length of title: 14
Char at index 3: a
Index of 'T': 5
Last index of 'a': 11
Empty: false
Ends with '.com': false
Equals: false
Sub-string: rammi
Upper case: JAVA PROGRAMMING

StringBuffer

 We can divide objects broadly as mutable and immutable objects.

 Mutable objects are those objects whose contents can be modified.
 Immutable objects are those objects, once created can not be modified.
 String objects are immutable.

34
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

 The methods that directly manipulate data of the object are not available in String class.
 StringBuffer objects are mutable, so they can be modified.

Creating StringBuffer

 We can create a StringBuffer object by using new operator and pass the string to the
object,as:
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer ("Kiran");

 We can create a StringBuffer object by first allotting memory to the StringBuffer

objectusing new operator and later storing the String into it as:

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer (30);

 In general a StringBuffer object will be created with a default capacity of 16 characters.
 Even if we declare the capacity as 30, it is possible to store more than 30 characters into StringBuffer.

// Java program using StringBuffer class methods

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

public class Mutable {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
// to accept data from keyboard
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (System.in));
System.out.print("Enter sur name : ");
String sur=br.readLine( );
System.out.print("Enter mid name : ");
String mid=br.readLine ( );
System.out.print("Enter last name : ");
String last=br.readLine( );
// create String Buffer object
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer( );
// append sur, last to
sbsb.append(sur);
sb.append(last);
//insert mid after
surint n=sur.length (
); sb.insert(n, mid);
//display full name
System.out.println ("Full name = "+sb);
System.out.println ("In reverse ="+sb.reverse ( ));
}
}

Output

35
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

Enter sur name : Azaad

Enter mid name :
ChandraEnter last name :
Shekar
Full name =
AzaadChandraShekarIn reverse
=rakehSardnahCdaazA

Constructors
 A constructor is similar to a method that initializes the instance variables of a class.
 A constructor name and classname must be same.
 A constructor may have or may not have parameters. Parameters are local variables to
 receive data.
 A constructor does not return any value, not even void.
 A constructor without any parameters is called default constructor.
e.g. class Student
{
int rollNo;
String name;
Student ()
{
rollNo = 101;
name = “Kiran”;
}
}

 A constructor with one or more parameters is called parameterized constructor.

e.g.
class Student
{ int rollNo;
String name;
Student (int r, String n)
{
rollNo = r;
name = n;
}
}
 A constructor is called and executed at the time of creating an object.
 A constructor is called only once per object.
 Default constructor is used to initialize every object with same data where as parameterizedconstructor is
used to initialize each object with different data.
 If no constructor is written in a class then java compiler will provide default values.
 The parameterized constructor of parent class must be called explicitly usingthe super
keyword.

// Java program to initialize student details using default constructor and display the same.

36
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

class Student
{
int rollNo;
String name;
Student ()
{
rollNo = 101;
name = "Suresh";
}
void display ()
{
System.out.println ("Student Roll Number is: " + rollNo);
System.out.println ("Student Name is: " + name);
}
}
class StudentDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Student s1 = new Student ();
System.out.println ("s1 object contains: ");
s1.display ();
Student s2 = new Student ();
System.out.println ("s2 object contains: ");
s2.display ();
}
}

OUTPUT
s1 object contains:
Student Roll Number is: 101
Student Name is: Suresh
s2 object contains:
Student Roll Number is: 101
Student Name is: Suresh

// Java program to initialize student details using Parameterized constructor and display
thesame.

class Student
{
int rollNo;
String
name;
Student (int r, String n)
{
rollNo =
r;name =
n;
}
void display ()
{

37
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

System.out.println ("Student Roll Number is: " + rollNo);

System.out.println ("Student Name is: " + name);
}
}
class StudentDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Student s1 = new Student (101, “Suresh”);
System.out.println (“s1 object contains: “
);s1.display ();
Student s2 = new Student (102,
“Ramesh”); System.out.println (“s2 object
contains: “ );s2.display ();
}
}

OUTPUT

s1 object contains:
Student Roll Number is: 101
Student Name is: Suresh
s2 object contains:
Student Roll Number is: 102
Student Name is: Ramesh

“final” keyword
 final keyword before a class prevents inheritance.
e.g.: final class A
class B extends A //invalid
 final keyword before a method prevents overriding.
 final keyword before a variable makes that variable as a constant.
e.g.: final double PI = 3.14159; //PI is a constant.

final with variables

 When a variable defined with the final keyword, it becomes a constant, and it does not allow usto modify
the value.
 The variable defined with the final keyword allows only a one-time assignment, once a valueassigned to it,
never allows us to change it again.

public class FinalVariableExample

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int a = 10;
System.out.println("a = " +
a);
a = 100; // Can't be modified

38
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

}
}
OUTPUT
Main.java:9: error: cannot assign a value to final variable
aa = 100; // Can't be modified

Java -Methods
A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an operation. When you
call the System.out.println() method, for example, the system actually executes several statements in
order to display a message on the console.

Now you will learn how to create your own methods with or without return values, invoke a method
with or without parameters, and apply method abstraction in the program design.

Creating Method
Considering the following example to explain the syntax of a method −

Syntax

public static int methodName(int a, int b) {

// body
}

Here,

 public static − modifier

 int − return type

 methodName − name of the method

 a, b − formal parameters

 int a, int b − list of parameters

Method definition consists of a method header and a method body. The same is shown in thefollowing
syntax −

Syntax

modifier returnType nameOfMethod (Parameter List) {

// method body
}
The syntax shown above includes −

 modifier − It defines the access type of the method and it is optional to use.

 returnType − Method may return a value.

39
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

 nameOfMethod − This is the method name. The method signature consists of the method
name and the parameter list.

 Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number of parameters
of a method. These are optional, method may contain zero parameters.

 method body − The method body defines what the method does with the statements.
Call by Value and Call by Reference in Java
There is only call by value in java, not call by reference. If we call a method passing a value, it is
known as call by value. The changes being done in the called method, is not affected in the calling
method.

Example of call by value in java

In case of call by value original value is not changed. Let's take a simple example:
class Operation{
int data=50;
void change(int data){
data=data+100;//changes will be in the local variable only
}
public static void main(String args[]){ Operation
op=new Operation(); System.out.println("before
change "+op.data);op.change(500);
System.out.println("after change "+op.data);
}
}
Output:before change 50
after change 50

In Java, parameters are always passed by value. For example, following program printsi = 10, j
= 20.
// Test.java
class Test {
// swap() doesn't swap i and j
public static void swap(Integer i, Integer j) {
Integer temp = new Integer(i);
i = j;
j = temp;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer i = new Integer(10);
Integer j = new Integer(20);
swap(i, j);
System.out.println("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);

40
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

}
}

Static Fields and Methods

The static keyword in java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply java static keyword
with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to the class than instance of
the class.

The static can be:

1. variable (also known as class variable)

2. method (also known as class method)
3. block
4. nested class

Java static variable

If you declare any variable as static, it is known static variable.

o The static variable can be used to refer the common property of all objects (that is not unique for
each object) e.g. company name of employees,college name of students etc.

o The static variable gets memory only once in class area at the time of class loading.

Advantage of static variable

It makes your program memory efficient (i.e it saves memory).

Understanding problem without static variable

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. String college="ITS";
5. }

Example of static variable

//Program of static variable
class Student8{
int rollno;

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 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

String name;
static String college ="ITS";
Student8(int r,String n){
rollno = r;
name = n;
}
void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan");
Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");

s1.display();
s2.display();
}}
Output:111 Karan ITS
222 Aryan ITS

Java static method

If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as static method.

o A static method belongs to the class rather than object of a class.

o A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class.
o static method can access static data member and can change the value of it.

Example of static method

//Program of changing the common property of all objects(static field).

class Student9{
int rollno;
String name;
static String college = "ITS";
static void change(){
college = "BBDIT";
}
Student9(int r, String n){
rollno = r;
name = n;

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 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

}
void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student9.change();
Student9 s1 = new Student9 (111,"Karan");
Student9 s2 = new Student9 (222,"Aryan");
Student9 s3 = new Student9 (333,"Sonoo");
s1.display();
s2.display();
s3.display();
}}
Output:111 Karan BBDIT
222 Aryan BBDIT
333 Sonoo BBDIT

Java static block

o Is used to initialize the static data member.

o It is executed before main method at the time of class loading.

Example of static
blockclass A2{
static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}public
static void main(String args[]){ System.out.println("Hello
main");
}}
Output: static block is invoked
Hello main

Access Control

Access Modifiers in java

There are two types of modifiers in java: access modifiers and non-access modifiers.

The access modifiers in java specifies accessibility (scope) of a data member, method, constructoror class.

There are 4 types of java access modifiers:

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 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

1. private
2. default
3. protected
4. public

private access modifier

The private access modifier is accessible only within class.

Simple example of private access modifier

In this example, we have created two classes A and Simple. A class contains private data member and
private method. We are accessing these private members from outside the class, so there is compile
time error.
class A{
private int data=40;
private void msg(){System.out.println("Hello java");} }
public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj=new A();
System.out.println(obj.data);//Compile Time Error
obj.msg();//Compile Time Error
}}

2) default access modifier

If you don't use any modifier, it is treated as default bydefault. The default modifier is
accessible only within package.

Example of default access modifier

In this example, we have created two packages pack and mypack. We are accessing the A class from
outside its package, since A class is not public, so it cannot be accessed from outside the package.
//save by A.java
package pack;
class A{
void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}

//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;

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 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj = new A();//Compile Time Error
obj.msg();//Compile Time Error } }

In the above example, the scope of class A and its method msg() is default so it cannot beaccessed from
outside the package.

3) protected access modifier

The protected access modifier is accessible within package and outside the package but through
inheritance only.

The protected access modifier can be applied on the data member, method and constructor. It can'tbe
applied on the class.

Example of protected access modifier

In this example, we have created the two packages pack and mypack. The A class of pack package is
public, so can be accessed from outside the package. But msg method of this package is declared as
protected, so it can be accessed from outside the class only through inheritance.

//save by A.java
package pack;
public class A{
protected void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");} }
//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B extends A{
public static void main(String args[]){
B obj = new B();
obj.msg();
}}
Output:Hello

4) public access modifier

The public access modifier is accessible everywhere. It has the widest scope among all other
modifiers.

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 Example of public access modifier JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
//save by A.java
package pack;
public class A{
public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");} }
//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj = new A();
obj.msg();
}}
Output:Hello

Understanding all java access modifiers

Let's understand the access modifiers by a simple table.

Access withi within outside package outsid

Modifi n packa bysubclass only e
er class ge packa
ge

Private Y N N N

Default Y Y N N

Protected Y Y Y N

Public Y Y Y Y

this keyword in java

Usage of java this keyword

Here is given the 6 usage of java this keyword.

1. this can be used to refer current class instance variable.

2. this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
3. this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.

4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call.

5. this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.
6. this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
float fee;
Student(int rollno,String name,float fee){
this.rollno=rollno;
this.name=name;
this.fee=fee;
}
void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}
}
class TestThis2{
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);
Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit",6000f);
s1.display();
s2.display();
}}
Output:
111 ankit 5000
112 sumit 6000
Difference between constructor and method in java
There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given below

Java Constructor Java Method

Constructor is used to initialize the state of an object. Method is used to expose

behaviourof an object.

Constructor must not have return type. Method must have return type.

Constructor is invoked implicitly. Method is invoked explicitly.

The java compiler provides a default constructor if you Method is not provided by compiler
don't have any constructor. inany case.

Constructor name must be same as the class name. Method name may or may not be
same as class name
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

Method Overloading in java

If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is knownas
Method Overloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases thereadability of
the program.

Method Overloading: changing no. of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods, first add() method performs addition of twonumbers and
second add method performs addition of three numbers.

In this example, we are creating static methods so that we don't need to create instance for callingmethods.

class Adder{
static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
static int add(int a,int b,int c){return a+b+c;}
}
class TestOverloading1{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11,11));
}}

Output:

22
33

Method Overloading: changing data type of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods that differs in data type. The first add methodreceives
two integer arguments and second add method receives two double arguments.
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1

Recursion in Java
Recursion in java is a process in which a method calls itself continuously. A method in java that calls
itself is called recursive method.

Java Recursion Example 1: Factorial Number

public class RecursionExample3 {

static int factorial(int n){
if (n == 1)
return 1;
else
return(n * factorial(n-1));
}}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Factorial of 5 is: "+factorial(5));
}}

Output:

Factorial of 5 is: 120

Java Garbage Collection

In java, garbage means unreferenced objects.

Garbage Collection is process of reclaiming the runtime unused memory automatically. In otherwords, it
is a way to destroy the unused objects.

To do so, we were using free() function in C language and delete() in C++. But, in java it isperformed
automatically. So, java provides better memory management.

Advantage of Garbage Collection

o It makes java memory efficient because garbage collector removes the unreferenced
objects from heap memory.
o It is automatically done by the garbage collector(a part of JVM) so we don't need to make
extra efforts.

gc() method
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to perform cleanup processing. Thegc() is
found in System and Runtime classes.

public static void gc(){}

Simple Example of garbage collection in java

public class TestGarbage1{
public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage collected");}
public static void main(String args[]){
TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();
TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();
s1=null;
s2=null;
System.gc();
}}
object is garbage collected
object is garbage collected

Java Nested and Inner Class

In this tutorial, you will learn about the nested class in Java and its types with the help of examples.
Java Inner Classes
In Java, it is also possible to nest classes (a class within a class). The purpose of nested classes is to group
classes that belong together, which makes your code more readable and maintainable.

To access the inner class, create an object of the outer class, and then create an object of the inner class:

Example
class OuterClass {
int x = 10;

class InnerClass {
int y = 5;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
OuterClass myOuter = new OuterClass();
OuterClass.InnerClass myInner = myOuter.new InnerClass();
System.out.println(myInner.y + myOuter.x);
}
}

// Outputs 15 (5 + 10)
Private Inner Class
Unlike a "regular" class, an inner class can be private or protected. If you don't want outside objects to
access the inner class, declare the class as private:

Example
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
class OuterClass {
int x = 10;

private class InnerClass {

int y = 5;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
OuterClass myOuter = new OuterClass();
OuterClass.InnerClass myInner = myOuter.new InnerClass();
System.out.println(myInner.y + myOuter.x);
}
}
If you try to access a private inner class from an outside class, an error occurs:

Main.java:13: error: OuterClass.InnerClass has private access in OuterClass

OuterClass.InnerClass myInner = myOuter.new InnerClass();

Static Inner Class

An inner class can also be static, which means that you can access it without creating an object of the outer
class:

Example
class OuterClass {
int x = 10;

static class InnerClass {

int y = 5;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
OuterClass.InnerClass myInner = new OuterClass.InnerClass();
System.out.println(myInner.y);
}
}

// Output
5
Note: just like static attributes and methods, a static inner class does not have access to members of the
outer class.
Access Outer Class From Inner Class
One advantage of inner classes, is that they can access attributes and methods of the outer class:

Example
class OuterClass {
int x = 10;

class InnerClass {
public int myInnerMethod() {
return x;
 JAVA PROGRAMMING Unit-1
}
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
OuterClass myOuter = new OuterClass();
OuterClass.InnerClass myInner = myOuter.new InnerClass();
System.out.println(myInner.myInnerMethod());
}
}

// Output
10