This is a special notes for all CAT and MBA aspirants.. by IIM Topper. QUANT THEORY 1) nPr = n!/(n-r)!

2) nPn = n! 3) nCr = n!/(n-r)!r! 4) nCn = 1 5) nP0 = 1 6) nC0 = 1 7) AP An = a + (n-1)d Sn = n/2[2a + (n-1)d] GP An = ar(n-1) Sn = a(rn 1 )/ (r-1) S = a/(1-r) 9) 1 mile = 1760 yards 10) 1 yard = 3 feet 11) 1 mile2 = 640 acres 12) I gallon = 4 quarts 13) 1 quart = 2 pints 14) 1 pint = 2 cups 15) 1 cup = 8 ounces 16) 1 pound = 16 ounces 17) 1 ounce = 16 drams 18) 1 kg = 2.2 pounds 19) 30-60-90 triangle 1:3:2 sides 20) 45-45-90 triangle 1:1:2 sides 21) a3>b3 a>b 22) If A than B => not B than not A 23) Zero divided by any nonzero integer is zero.

24) Division by 0 is undefined. 25)

26) The standard deviation is a statistic that tells you how tightly all the various examples are clustered around the mean in a set of data. When the examples are pretty tightly bunched together and the bell-shaped curve is steep, the standard deviation is small. When the examples are spread apart and the bell curve is relatively flat, that tells you have a relatively large standard deviation. 27) n(A U B U C) = n(A) + n (B)+ n(C) n(A n B) n(A n C) n(B n C) + n(A n B n C) 28) n(Aonly) = n(A) n(A n C) n(A n B) + n(A U B U C) 29) Dividend = Divisor * Quotient + Remainder 30) LCM * HCF = Product of 2 numbers. 31) 1 + 2 + 3 ..n = n * n+1 / 2 32) Sum of squares of 1st n natural numbers = n (n+1)(2n+1) / 6

33) Sum of cubes of 1st n natural numbers = [n (n+1)/2]2 34) Squares and Cubes Number ( x ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 35) Square ( x 2 ) 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 441 484 529 576 625 Cube ( x 3 ) 1 8 27 64 125 216 -

Fractions and Percentage: Fraction 1/2 1/3 2/3 1/4 3/4 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 1/6 5/6 1/8 3/8 5/8 7/8 Decimal 0.5 0.33 0.66 0.25 0.75 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.166 0.833 0.125 0.375 0.625 0.875 Percentage 50 33 1/3 66 2/3 25 75 20 40 60 80 16 2/3 83 2 / 3 12 1 / 2 37 1 / 2 62 1 / 2 87 1 / 2

1/9 2/9 1 / 10 1 / 20 1 / 100

0.111 0.222 0.1 0.05 0.01

11 22 10 5 1

36) Average speed = Total distance / Total Time When equal distances are covered in different speed then we take the harmonic mean Av Speed = 2ab / a + b Different distances in same time we take AM Av Speed is = a + b / 2 37) Simple Interest: SI = PRT / 100, A = P + SI 38) 1 Nickel = 5 cents 1 dime = 10 cents 1 quarter = 25 cents 1 half = 50 cents 1 dollar = 100 cents 39) Equilateral triangle, Area = (3 * a2)/4 40) Area of trapezium = (Height * Sum of parallel sides) 41) Arc Length = ( / 360) 2 r 42) Area of sector = ( / 360) r2 43) Equal chords are equidistant from the center. 44) (x+y) 8 = 8C8x8 + 8C7x7y + 8C6x6y2 + 8C5x5y3 + + 8C2x2y6 + 8C1xy7 + 8C0y8 45) Sometimes we get so involved with the nitty-gritties of mathematics that we start functioning like automatons and stop thinking. Dont fall prey to this trap. For example, what is the probability that a number amongst the first 1000 positive integers is divisible by 8? Dont start counting the multiples of 8! The figure of 1000 is a red herring. Use a little common sense. The numbers will be 8,16,24,32So, 1 in every 8 numbers is a multiple of 8, even if you consider the first million integers. So Probability is 1/8 46) The number of integers from A to B inclusive is = B -A +1 47) Average of consecutive numbers: Eg from 13 to 77 = (13+77)/2

48) Slope = (change in y)/(change in x) 49) 00 = undefined 50)

51) Sum of interior angles of a polygon with n sides = (n-2)*180 52) Degree measure of one angle in a regular polygon with n sides = {(n-2)*180 }/n 53) When multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by a negative number, the inequality sign reverses. x < y => -(-x) > y => x > -y 54) Fraction > (fraction)2 for all positive fractions 55) Fraction > (fraction ) for all positive fractions 56) If n is a positive integer, (n6)/2 = (n12 / 4) 57) If z1, z2, z3 zn are consecutive positive integers and their average is an odd integer => n is odd => sum of series is odd 58) In a triangle with sides of measure a, b and c SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT , a-b a + b = odd 59) Before confirming try and back solve and make sure that u have answered what has been asked. 60) When the question mentions prime number, remember to think of 2 too. 61) In a triangle, if the sum of two angles = third angle, then it is a right angled triangle. 62) Do not transport information from another statement unless considering both collectively. 63) A-b = odd => a + b = odd 64)

65)

66) If a DS question simply asks whether a, b, c and d are consecutive integers; use your brain. It has just asked u to answer if they are consecutive, not if they are consecutive in order. 67) Measure of an angle of a cyclic polygon = 180 360/n , where n is the number of sides of the polygon. 68) Sometimes, mistakes might also be committed by simply misreading the statement. Eg Both Tim and Harry received an acre of land more than Neel => t = n + 1, h = n + 1 Tim and Harry received an acre more than Neel => t + h = n+1 69)

Let Triangle ABC be equilateral with each side of measure a and AC ^ BD

 AB = BD = AD = a a = b = c = 600 AC = (a2 + a/2 2) = 3*a/2 Area = 3 * a2/4 Perimeter = 3a Radius of circle O = a/3 = AC * 2/3 Radius of circle O = 3a/6 = AC * 1/3

70) Two circles will touch each or intersect each other if the distance between their centers d is such that R r d R + r, where R and r are the radii of the two circles 71) Remainder of less than two means not just one; it also means remainder of zero. 72) Do not make unwarranted assumptions. 12 midnight to 12 noon does not mention what days, and hence you cannot find out the time period. 73) Standard deviation of a set is always negative and equals zero only if all elements of the set are equal. 74) If the difference between the largest and the smallest divisor of a number is X, the number is X + 1 75) Always remember the special watch out cases in DS questions. If the question mentions mean of a set, the mean can be ZERO also. 76) If area of a rectangle is known, diagonal is known, perimeter can be found a2 + b2 = diagonal2 a2 + b2 + 2ab = diagonal2+ 2ab

(a + b)2 = diagonal2+ 2*area 77) (y2) = |y| => y if y is positive, -y if y is negative 78) angle = mod [(60H - 11M) /2 ] H = value of hour hand M = value of minute hand eg, if time is 2:30, then H =2 and M =30 79) Every number raised to power 5 has the number itself as unit digit 80) If a + b + c = Z, than the largest of a, b, and c cannot be greater than the mean of the other two. 81) The rule that one side of a triangle cannot be > sum of other two, only applies to sides, not angles 82) FINALLY, MAKE SURE OF WHAT THE QUESTION SAYS INTEGER MEANS INTEGRAL LENGTH. And, DIVIDING A WIRE INTO PIECES, DOES NOT NECESSARILY IMPLY THAT THEY WILL BE INTEGRAL LENGTHS. Similarly, that a boat covers a distance upstream in 3 hours, states only the time, even if it has been mentioned that it covers a a distance 12 km downstream in 2 hours. 83) x2 = 9*y2 does not necessarily imply that x2 > y2. (Hint : consider x=y=0) 84) When we say multiples between 16 and 260, and inclusive/exclusive is not mentioned, take 16 and 260 to be exclusive. 85) The statement implies : The hourly wage for each employee ranges from $5 an hour to $20 an hour. minimum average = (20 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5)/5 maximum average = (5 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20)/5 Just mug up these notes and you will be able to crack any MBA exam like CAT,XAT,XLRI,FMS and GMAT

THEORY OF EQUATIONS: (1) If an equation (i:e f(x)=0 ) contains all positive co-efficients of any powers of x , it has no positive roots then. eg: x^4+3x^2+2x+6=0 has no positive roots .

(2) For an equation , if all the even powers of x have some sign coefficients and all the odd powers of x have the opposite sign coefficients , then it has no negative roots . (3)Summarising DESCARTES RULE OF SIGNS: For an equation f(x)=0 , the maximum number of positive roots it can have is the number of sign changes in f(x) ; and the maximum number of negative roots it can have is the number of sign changes in f(-x) . Hence the remaining are the minimum number of imaginary roots of the equation(Since we also know that the index of the maximum power of x is the number of roots of an equation.) (4) Complex roots occur in pairs, hence if one of the roots of an equation is 2+3i , another has to be 2-3i and if there are three possible roots of the equation , we can conclude that the last root is real . This real roots could be found out by finding the sum of the roots of the equation and subtracting (2+3i)+(2-3i)=4 from that sum. (More about finding sum and products of roots next time ) 07/10/2002 THEORY OF EQUATIONS (1) For a cubic equation ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=o sum of the roots = b/a sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time = c/a product of the roots = -d/a (2) For a biquadratic equation ax^4+bx^3+cx^2+dx+e = 0 sum of the roots = b/a sum of the product of the roots taken three at a time = c/a sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time = -d/a product of the roots = e/a (3) If an equation f(x)= 0 has only odd powers of x and all these have the same sign coefficients or if f(x) = 0 has only odd powers of x and all these have the same sign coefficients then the equation has no real roots in each case(except for x=0 in the second case. (4) Besides Complex roots , even irrational roots occur in pairs. Hence if 2+root(3) is a root , then even 2-root(3) is a root . (All these are very useful in finding number of positive , negative , real ,complex etc roots of an equation ) Todays Section: 08/10/2002 (1) If for two numbers x+y=k(=constant), then their PRODUCT is MAXIMUM if x=y(=k/2). The maximum product is then (k^2)/4 .

(2) If for two numbers x*y=k(=constant), then their SUM is MINIMUM if x=y(=root(k)). The minimum sum is then 2*root(k) . (3) |x| + |y| >= |x+y| (|| stands for absolute value or modulus ) (Useful in solving some inequations) (4) Product of any two numbers = Product of their HCF and LCM . Hence product of two numbers = LCM of the numbers if they are prime to each other . 1) For any regular polygon , the sum of the exterior angles is equal to 360 degrees hence measure of any external angle is equal to 360/n. ( where n is the number of sides) (2) If any parallelogram can be inscribed in a circle , it must be a rectangle. (3) If a trapezium can be inscribed in a circle it must be an isosceles trapezium (i:e oblique sies equal). (4) For an isosceles trapezium , sum of a pair of opposite sides is equal in length to the sum of the other pair of opposite sides .(i:e AB+CD = AD+BC , taken in order) . (5) Area of a regular hexagon : root(3)*3/2*(side)*(side) 1) For any 2 numbers a>b a>AM>GM>HM>b (where AM, GM ,HM stand for arithmetic, geometric , harmonic menasa respectively) (2) (GM)^2 = AM * HM (3) For three positive numbers a, b ,c (a+b+c) * (1/a+1/b+1/c)>=9 (4) For any positive integer n 2<= (1+1/n)^n <=3 (5) a^2+b^2+c^2 >= ab+bc+ca If a=b=c , then the equality holds in the above. (6) a^4+b^4+c^4+d^4 >=4abcd (7) (n!)^2 > n^n (! for factorial) (1) If a+b+c+d=constant , then the product a^p * b^q * c^r * d^s will be maximum if a/p = b/q = c/r = d/s . (2)Consider the two equations a1x+b1y=c1 a2x+b2y=c2 Then , If a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2 , then we have infinite solutions for these equations.

If a1/a2 = b1/b2 <> c1/c2 , then we have no solution for these equations.(<> means not equal to ) If a1/a2 <> b1/b2 , then we have a unique solutions for these equations.. (3) For any quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect at right angles , the area of the quadrilateral is 0.5*d1*d2, where d1,d2 are the lenghts of the diagonals. (4) Problems on clocks can be tackled as assuming two runners going round a circle , one 12 times as fast as the other . That is , the minute hand describes 6 degrees /minute the hour hand describes 1/2 degrees /minute . Thus the minute hand describes 5(1/2) degrees more than the hour hand per minute . (5) The hour and the minute hand meet each other after every 65(5/11) minutes after being together at midnight. (This can be derived from the above) . 1)If n is even , n(n+1)(n+2) is divisible by 24 (2)If n is any integer , n^2 + 4 is not divisible by 4 (3)Given the coordinates (a,b) (c,d) (e,f) (g,h) of a parallelogram , the coordinates of the meeting point of the diagonals can be found out by solving for [(a+e)/2,(b+f)/2] =[ (c+g)/2 , (d+h)/2] (4)Area of a triangle 1/2*base*altitude = 1/2*a*b*sinC = 1/2*b*c*sinA = 1/2*c*a*sinB = root(s*(s-a)*(sb)*(s-c)) where s=a+b+c/2 =a*b*c/(4*R) where R is the CIRCUMRADIUS of the triangle = r*s ,where r is the inradius of the triangle . (5)In any triangle a=b*CosC + c*CosB b=c*CosA + a*CosC c=a*CosB + b*CosA (6)If a1/b1 = a2/b2 = a3/b3 = .. , then each ratio is equal to (k1*a1+ k2*a2+k3*a3+..) / (k1*b1+ k2*b2+k3*b3+..) , which is also equal to (a1+a2+a3+./b1+b2+b3+.) (7)In any triangle a/SinA = b/SinB =c/SinC=2R , where R is the circumradius cosC = (a^2 + b^2 c^2)/2ab sin2A = 2 sinA * cosA cos2A = cos^2(A) sin^2 (A) 1) x^n -a^n = (x-a)(x^(n-1) + x^(n-2) + .+ a^(n-1) ) Very useful for finding multiples .For example (17-14=3 will be a multiple of 17^3 14^3)

(2) e^x = 1 + (x)/1! + (x^2)/2! + (x^3)/3! + ..to infinity (2a) 2 < e < 3 (3) log(1+x) = x (x^2)/2 + (x^3)/3 (x^4)/4 to infinity [ Note the alternating sign . .Also note that the ogarithm is with respect to base e ] (4) In a GP the product of any two terms equidistant from a term is always constant . (5) For a cyclic quadrilateral , area = root( (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) * (s-d) ) , where s=(a+b+c+d)/2 (6) For a cyclic quadrilateral , the measure of an external angle is equal to the measure of the internal opposite angle. (7) (m+n)! is divisible by m! * n! . 02/11/2002 (1) If a quadrilateral circumscribes a circle , the sum of a pair of opposite sides is equal to the sum of the other pair . (2)The sum of an infinite GP = a/(1-r) , where a and r are resp. the first term and common ratio of the GP . (3)The equation whose roots are the reciprocal of the roots of the equation ax^2+bx+c is cx^2+bx+a (4) The coordinates of the centroid of a triangle with vertices (a,b) (c,d) (e,f) is((a+c+e)/3 , (b+d+f)/3) . (5) The ratio of the radii of the circumcircle and incircle of an equilateral triangle is 2:1 (6) Area of a parallelogram = base * height (7)APPOLLONIUS THEOREM: In a triangle , if AD be the median to the side BC , then AB^2 + AC^2 = 2(AD^2 + BD^2) or 2(AD^2 + DC^2) . _________________ 1) for similar cones , ratio of radii = ratio of their bases. (2) The HCF and LCM of two nos. are equal when they are equal . (3) Volume of a pyramid = 1/3 * base area * height (4) In an isosceles triangle , the perpendicular from the vertex to the base or the angular bisector from vertex to base bisects the base. (5) In any triangle the angular bisector of an angle bisects the base in the ratio of the other two sides.

(6) the quadrilateral formed by joining the angular bisectors of another quadrilateral is always a rectangle. (7) Roots of x^2+x+1=0 are 1,w,w^2 where 1+w+w^2=0 and w^3=1 ( |a|+|b| = |a+b| if a*b>=0 else |a|+|b| >= |a+b| (9) 2<= (1+1/n)^n <=3 (10) WINE and WATER formula: If Q be the volume of a vessel q qty of a mixture of water and wine be removed each time from a mixture n be the number of times this operation be done and A be the final qty of wine in the mixture then , A/Q = (1-q/Q)^n (11) Area of a hexagon = root(3) * 3 * (side)^2 (12) (1+x)^n ~ (1+nx) if x<<<1 (13) Some pythagorean triplets: 3,4,5 (3^2=4+5) 5,12,13 (5^2=12+13) 7,24,25 (7^2=24+25) 8,15,17 (8^2 / 2 = 15+17 ) 9,40,41 (9^2=40+41) 11,60,61 (11^2=60+61) 12,35,37 (12^2 / 2 = 35+37) 16,63,65 (16^2 /2 = 63+65) 20,21,29(EXCEPTION) (14) Appolonius theorem could be applied to the 4 triangles formed in a parallelogram. (15) Area of a trapezium = 1/2 * (sum of parallel sids) * height = median * height where median is the line joining the midpoints of the oblique sides. (16) when a three digit number is reversed and the difference of these two numbers is taken , the middle number is always 9 and the sum of the other two numbers is always 9 . (17) ANy function of the type y=f(x)=(ax-b)/(bx-a) is always of the form x=f(y) . (1 Let W be any point inside a rectangle ABCD . Then WD^2 + WB^2 = WC^2 + WA^2 (19) Let a be the side of an equilateral triangle . then if three circles be drawn inside this triangle touching each other then eachs radius = a/(2*(root(3)+1))

(20) Let x be certain base in which the representation of a number is abcd , then the decimal value of this number is a*x^3 + b*x^2 + c*x + d 5) For a cyclic quadrilateral , area = root( s* (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) * (s-d) ) , where s=(a+b+c+d)/2 Here are some neat shortcuts on Simple/Compound Interest. Shortcut #1: We all know the traditional formula to compute interest CI = P*(1+R/100)^N P The calculation get very tedious when N>2 (more than 2 years). The method suggested below is elegant way to get CI/Amount after N years. You need to recall the good ol Pascals Triange in following way: Code: Number of Years (N) 11 2121 31331 414641 . 1 . . 1 Example: P = 1000, R=10 %, and N=3 years. What is CI & Amount? Step 1: 10% of 1000 = 100, Again 10% of 100 = 10 and 10% of 10 = 1 We did this three times bcos N=3. Step 2: Now Amount after 3 years = 1 * 1000 + 3 * 100 + 3 * 10 + 1 * 1 = Rs.1331/The coefficents 1,3,3,1 are lifted from the pascals triangle above. Step 3: CI after 3 years = 3*100 + 3*10 + 3*1 = Rs.331/- (leaving out first term in step 2) If N =2, we would have had, Amt = 1 * 1000 + 2 * 100 + 1 * 10 = Rs. 1210/CI = 2 * 100 + 1* 10 = Rs. 210/This method is extendable for any N and it avoids calculations involving higher powers on N altogether! A variant to this short cut can be applied to find depreciating value of some property. (Example, A property worth 100,000 depreciates by 10% every year, find its value after N years). Shortcut #2: (i) When interest is calculated as CI, the number of years for the Amount to double (two times the principal) can be found with this following formula:

P * N ~ 72 (approximately equal to). Exampe, if R=6% p.a. then it takes roughly 12 years for the Principal to double itself. Note: This is just a approximate formula (when R takes large values, the error % in formula increases). (ii) When interest is calculated as SI, number of years for amt to double can be found as: N * R = 100 . BTW this formula is exact! Adding to what Peebs said, this shortcut does work for any P/N/R. Basically if you look closely at this method, what I had posted is actually derived from the Binomial expansion of the polynomial (1+r/100)^n but in a more edible format digestable by us! BTW herez one shortcut on recurring decimals to fractions Its more easier to explain with an example.. Eg: 2.384384384 . Step 1: since the 3 digits 384 is recurring part, multiply 2.384 by 1000 = so we get 2384. Next 2 is the non recurring part in the recurring decimal so subtract 2 from 2384 = 2382. If it had been 2.3848484.., we would have had 2384 23 = 2361. Had it been 2.384444.. NR would be 2384 238 = 2146 and so on. We now find denominator part . Step 3: In step 1 we multiplied 2.384384 by 1000 to get 2384, so put that first. Step 4: next since all digits of the decimal part of recurring decimal is recurring, subtract 1 from step 3. Had the recurring decimal been 2.3848484, we need to subtract 10. If it had been 2.3844444, we needed to have subtracted 100 ..and so on Hence here, DR = 1000 1 = 999 Hence fraction of the Recurring decimal is 2382/999!! Some more examples . 1.56787878 = (15678 156) / (10000 100) = 15522/9900 23.67898989 = (236789 2367) / (10000 100) = 234422/9900 124.454545 = (12445 124) / (100 1) = 12321/99