Unit-I Introduction and Syntax of Python Program

1.1 Features of Python

Python is a high-level, versatile, and user-friendly programming language. Here are its main
features:

1.Interactive:​
Python supports interactive mode, allowing you to write code directly in a shell (like the Python
REPL).​
Example:​

>>> print("Hello, World!")

Hello, World!

2.Object-Oriented:​
Python supports object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, and
polymorphism.​
Example:​

class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

def bark(self):
print(f"{self.name} says Woof!")

my_dog = Dog("Rolo")
my_dog.bark() # Output: Rolo says Woof!

​
3.Interpreted:​
Python code is executed line-by-line by the Python interpreter, making it easy to debug and
test.​

4.Platform Independent:​
Python code can run on multiple platforms (Windows, macOS, Linux) without modification,
thanks to the Python interpreter.​

1.2 Python Building Blocks

Character set

A character set is a set of valid characters acceptable by a programming language in

scripting. In this case, we are talking about the Python programming language. So, the
Python character set is a valid set of characters recognized by the Python language.
These are the characters we can use during writing a script in Python. Python supports
all ASCII / Unicode characters that include:
●​ Alphabets: All capital (A-Z) and small (a-z) alphabets.
●​ Digits: All digits 0-9.
●​ Special Symbols: Python supports all kind of special symbols like, ” ‘ l ; : ! ~
@#$%^`&*()_+–={}[]\.
●​ White Spaces: White spaces like tab space, blank space, newline, and
carriage return.
●​ Other: All ASCII and UNICODE characters are supported by Python that
constitutes the Python character set.

Literals in Python

A literal in Python is a syntax that is used to completely express a fixed value of a

specific data type. Literals are constants that are self-explanatory and don’t need to be
computed or evaluated.
Types of Literals in Python
Python supports various types of literals, such as numeric literals, string literals,
Boolean literals, and more.
Python String Literals
A string is literal and can be created by writing a text(a group of Characters )
surrounded by a single(”), double(“), or triple quotes. We can write multi-line strings or
display them in the desired way by using triple quotes.
Python Character Literal
It is also a type of Python string literal where a single character is surrounded by single
or double quotes.

# character literal in single quote

v = 'n'

# character literal in double quotes

w = "a"

print(v)

print(w)

Output
n
a

Python Numeric Literal

They are immutable and there are three types of numeric literal:
●​ Integer
●​ Float
●​ Complex
Integer

Both positive and negative numbers including 0. There should not be any fractional part.
In this example, We assigned integer literals (0b10100, 50, 0o320, 0x12b) into different
variables. Here, ‘a‘ is a binary literal, ‘b’ is a decimal literal, ‘c‘ is an octal literal, and ‘d‘
is a hexadecimal literal. But on using the print function to display a value or to get the
output they were converted into decimal.

Float

These are real numbers having both integer and fractional parts. In this example, 24.8
and 45.0 are floating-point literals because both 24.8 and 45.0 are floating-point
numbers.

# Float Literal

e = 24.8

f = 45.0

print(e, f)

Output
24.8 45.0

Complex

The numerals will be in the form of a + bj, where ‘a’ is the real part and ‘b‘ is the
complex part. Numeric literal [ Complex ]

z = 7 + 5j
# real part is 0 here.
 k = 7j
print(z, k)

Output
(7+5j) 7j

Python Boolean Literal

There are only two Boolean literals in Python. They are true and false. In Python, True
represents the value as 1, and False represents the value as 0. In this example ‘a‘ is
True and ‘b‘ is False because 1 is equal to True.

Python Literal Collections

Python provides four different types of literal collections:
1.​ List literals
2.​ Tuple literals
3.​ Dict literals
4.​ Set literals

List literal

The list contains items of different data types. The values stored in the List are
separated by a comma (,) and enclosed within square brackets([]). We can store
different types of data in a List. Lists are mutable.

number = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
name = ['Amit', 'kabir', 'bhaskar', 2]
print(number)
print(name)

Output
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
['Amit', 'kabir', 'bhaskar', 2]
Tuple literal

A tuple is a collection of different data-type. It is enclosed by the parentheses ‘()‘ and

each element is separated by the comma(,). It is immutable.

even_number = (2, 4, 6, 8)
odd_number = (1, 3, 5, 7)
print(even_number)
print(odd_number)

Output
(2, 4, 6, 8)
(1, 3, 5, 7)

Dictionary literal

The dictionary stores the data in the key-value pair. It is enclosed by curly braces ‘{}‘
and each pair is separated by the commas(,). We can store different types of data in a
dictionary. Dictionaries are mutable.

alphabets = {'a': 'apple', 'b': 'ball', 'c': 'cat'}

information = {'name': 'amit', 'age': 20, 'ID': 20}
print(alphabets)
print(information)

Output
{'a': 'apple', 'b': 'ball', 'c': 'cat'}
{'name': 'amit', 'age': 20, 'ID': 20}
Set literal

Set is the collection of the unordered data set. It is enclosed by the {} and each element
is separated by the comma(,).

vowels = {'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'}

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(vowels)
print(fruits)

Output
{'e', 'u', 'i', 'o', 'a'}
{'banana', 'cherry', 'apple'}

Python Special Literal

Python contains one special literal (None). ‘None’ is used to define a null variable. If
‘None’ is compared with anything else other than a ‘None’, it will return false.

1. Identifiers

Identifiers are the names used to identify variables, functions, classes, modules, or objects.

Rules for Identifiers:

1.​ Must start with a letter (A-Z or a-z) or an underscore (_).

2.​ Cannot begin with a digit.
3.​ Can only contain alphanumeric characters (A-Z, a-z, 0-9) and underscores.
4.​ Case-sensitive: myVar and myvar are different.
5.​ Cannot use reserved keywords (e.g., for, if).

Examples of valid identifiers:

 student_name = "Setfan" # Variable
_age = 25 # Underscore prefix is valid
class_number = 10 # Snake_case is widely used

Examples of invalid identifiers:

2student = "John" # Starts with a digit

class = "Python" # Uses a reserved keyword
student-name = "Amy" # Contains invalid character `-`

2. Keywords

Keywords are reserved words in Python that have a predefined meaning and cannot be used as
identifiers.

Common Python Keywords:

●​ Control Flow: if, else, elif, for, while, break, continue.

●​ Declaration: def, class, import, pass, return.
●​ Boolean: True, False.
●​ Special: None, lambda, try, except.

Example:

# Using keywords
if True:
print("This is a valid statement") # Output: This is a valid statement

3. Indentation

Indentation is used to define blocks of code. Python strictly enforces indentation.

Rules:

●​ Use either spaces or tabs, but not both.

●​ Standard: Use 4 spaces for each level of indentation.
●​ Blocks without proper indentation will result in an IndentationError.

Example of Proper Indentation:

for i in range(3): # Loop starts

print(i) # Indented block under 'for'
print("Done!") # Outside the loop

Incorrect Indentation:

for i in range(3):
print(i) # IndentationError: unexpected indent

4. Variables

Variables store data in memory. They are dynamically typed in Python, meaning you don’t need
to declare the type.

Variable names are case-sensitive.

Variable Names
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name
(age, carname, total_volume). Rules for Python variables:

●​ A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character

●​ A variable name cannot start with a number
 ●​ A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
●​ Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different
variables)
●​ A variable name cannot be any of the Python keywords.

Variable Declaration and Assignment:

name = "John" # String

age = 25 # Integer
is_professor = True # Boolean

Dynamic Typing:

x = 10 # Initially integer
x = "Hello" # Reassigned to a string
print(x) # Output: Hello

Multiple Assignments:

# Assigning same value

a = b = c = 100
print(a, b, c) # Output: 100 100 100

# Assigning different values

x, y, z = 1, "Python", True
print(x, y, z) # Output: 1 Python True

Get the Type

You can get the data type of a variable with the type() function.
Example

x = 5

y = "John"

print(type(x))

print(type(y))

5. Comments

Comments help explain code and are ignored by the interpreter.

Types of Comments:

Single-line comments:​
Use # to write single-line comments.​
​
# This is a single-line comment
print("Hello, World!")

Multi-line comments:​
Use triple quotes (''' or """) for multi-line comments.​
​
'''
This is a multi-line comment.
It can span multiple lines.
'''
print("Python supports multi-line comments.")
1.3 Python Environment Setup
1. Installation:

●​ Step 1: Download Python from the official site: https://www.python.org/downloads/.

●​ Step 2: Install Python by following the on-screen instructions. Check "Add Python to
PATH".

2. Working with IDEs:

Popular Python IDEs include:

●​ IDLE: Comes pre-installed with Python.

●​ VS Code: A lightweight editor with Python extensions.
●​ PyCharm: Feature-rich IDE for Python.​
Example in VS Code:

Step 1: Open VS Code and install the Python extension.

Step 2: Write Python code in a `.py` file.
Step 3: Press `Ctrl + F5` to run the code.

1.4 Running Simple Python Scripts

A simple Python script to display a "Welcome" message:

# Script: welcome.py
print("Welcome to Python programming!")

●​ Save this as welcome.py.

Run it in the terminal using:​

python welcome.py
Output:​
Welcome to Python programming!

1.5 Python Data Types

Python provides built-in data types for different types of data.

1. Numbers

Python supports three types of numbers:

1.​ Integer (int): Whole numbers.

2.​ Float (float): Decimal or floating-point numbers.
3.​ Complex (complex): Numbers with real and imaginary parts.

Example:

# Integer
x = 42
print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>

# Float
y = 3.14
print(type(y)) # Output: <class 'float'>

# Complex
z = 1 + 2j
print(type(z)) # Output: <class 'complex'>

2. Strings

Strings are sequences of characters, enclosed in single ('), double (") quotes, or triple quotes
(''').

String Operations:

name = "Tanisha"
print(len(name)) # Length of string: 7
print(name.upper()) # Uppercase: TANISHA
print(name.lower()) # Lowercase: tanisha
print(name[0:3]) # Slicing: Tan
 print(name[::-1]) # Reverse: ahsinaT

3. Tuples

Tuples are immutable sequences of items.

Creating Tuples:
# Tuple declaration
colors = ("red", "blue", "green")

# Accessing tuple elements

print(colors[0]) # Output: red

# Tuples are immutable

colors[1] = "yellow" # TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

4. Lists

Lists are mutable sequences of items.

Creating Lists:
# List declaration
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

# Modifying a list
fruits[1] = "mango"
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'mango', 'cherry']

# Adding elements
fruits.append("grape")
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'mango', 'cherry', 'grape']

# Removing elements
fruits.remove("mango")
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'cherry', 'grape']
5. Dictionary

Dictionaries store data as key-value pairs. Keys are unique, and values can be any data type.

Creating a Dictionary:
# Dictionary declaration
student = {"name": "Tanisha", "age": 25, "subject": "CS"}

# Accessing values
print(student["name"]) # Output: Tanisha

# Adding a key-value pair

student["college"] = "Engineering College"
print(student)

# Modifying a value
student["age"] = 26
print(student)

# Removing a key-value pair

del student["subject"]
print(student)

Dictionary Methods:
print(student.keys()) # Output: dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'college'])
print(student.values()) # Output: dict_values(['Tanisha', 26, 'Engineering College'])
print(student.items()) # Output: dict_items([('name', 'Tanisha'), ('age', 26), ('college',
'Engineering College')])

Taking input in Python

Python input() function is used to take user input. By default, it returns the user input
in form of a string.
Chapter wise Questions

1.​ List features of Python.(2023 2 M)

2.​ Describe Multiline comment in python.(2023 2 m)
3.​ Describe Keyword "continue" with example. (2023 3 m)
4.​ How to give single and multiline comment in python(2022 2m)
5.​ List Data types used in python. Explain any two with example.(2022 3m)
6.​ Enlist applications for python programming.(2023 )2m winter
7.​ Explain with example: i) Indentation ii) Variables (2022 3m summer )
8.​ Explain building blocks of python (2023 3m winter)