1) MySQL vs SQL: Difference in SERVER Performance?

MySQL Server Vs SQL Server

Function MS SQL Server MySql
Developer Microsoft Oracle
License Commercial OpenSource
Cloud-based No No
Implementation Language C++ C & C++
XML Support Yes Yes
Supported Programming Lang It supports C#, PHP, Python, Ruby,
R, Visual Basic, Java, etc It supports c++, C#, Java, PHP, Perl,
Python, Ruby, Tcl, Delphi, D, etc
Server-Side Scripting. Net & TransaScripting. Yes, it supports
Concurrency It supports, yes It supports, yes
Consistency Concept's It enables immediate consistencyIt
enables immediate consistency
Transaction concepts It supports ACID It supports ACID

2) What is normalization? Explain different levels of normalization?

It is the way to eliminate redundant data
Reduces null value
Enables efficient indexing
1NF – Removes duplicated attributes, Attribute data should be
atomic, and attribute should be the same kind.
2NF – This should be in 1NF and each non-key is fully dependent on
the primary key.
3NF – This should be in 2NF and all the non-key attributes which are
not dependent on the primary key should be removed. All the
attributes which are dependent on the other non-key attributes
should also be removed. Normalization is done in.
3) What is denormalization and when would you go for it?
It is the reverse process of normalization. It increases query
performance by reducing the joins. It is used for OLAP applications.

4) How do you implement one-to-one, one-to-many, and

many-to-many relationships while designing tables?
Relationships in SQL server are explained below

One to One –It can be implemented as a single table. Rarely it is

implemented in two tables. For each instance, in the first entity,
there is one and only one in the second entity and vice versa.
One to Many –For each instance, in the first entity, there can be one
or more in the second entity. For each instance, in the second entity,
there can be one and only one instance in the first entity.
Many to Many –For each instance, in the first entity there can be one
or more instances in the second entity, and for each instance, in the
second entity there can be one or more instances in the first entity.
5) What is the difference between the Primary key and the Unique
key.
Primary Key
1.Enforces uniqueness of the column in a table
2.Default clustered index
3.Does do not Allow nulls

Unique Key
1. Enforces the uniqueness of the column in a table.
2.Default non-clustered index.
3.Allows one null value
6) Define the following keys:
Candidate key, Alternate key, Composite key.

1.Candidate key –Key which can uniquely identify a row in the table.
2. Alternate key –If the table has more than one candidate key and
when one becomes a primary key the rest becomes alternate keys.
3. Composite key –More than one key uniquely identifies a row in a
table.
7) What are defaults? Is there a column to which a default can’t be
bound?
It is a value that will be used by a column if no value is supplied to
that column while inserting data.
I can’t be assigned for identity and timestamp values.
8) What are user-defined data types and when you should go for
them?
Lets you extend the base SQL Server data types by providing a
descriptive name and format to the database

E.g. Flight_num appears in many tables and all these tables have
varchar(8)
Create a user-defined data-type

9) What is a transaction and what are ACID properties?

A transaction is a logical unit of work in which, all the steps must be
performed or none. ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,
and Durability. These are the properties of a transaction.

10) What part does database design have to play in the performance
of a SQL Server-based application?
It plays a very major part. When building a new system, or adding to
an existing system, the design must be correct. Ensuring that the
correct data is captured and is placed in the appropriate tables, that
the right relationships exist between the tables, and that data
redundancy is eliminated is an ultimate goal when considering
performance. Planning a design should be an iterative process, and
constantly reviewed as an application is developed.

It is rare, although it should be the point that everyone tries to

achieve, when the initial design and system goals are not altered, no
matter how slightly. Therefore, a designer has to be on top of this
and ensure that the design of the database remains efficient.
Explore - SQL Server Interview Questions for 2-5 Years Experienced
11) What can a developer do during the logical and physical design of
a database to help ensure that their database and SQL Server-based
application will perform well?
A developer must investigate volumes of data (capacity planning),
what types of information will be stored, and how that data will be
accessed. If you are dealing with an upgrade to an existing system,
analyzing the present data and where existing data volumes occur,
how that data is accessed and where the current response
bottlenecks are occurring, can help you search for problem areas in
the design.

A new system would require a thorough investigation of what data

will be captured, and looking at volumes of data held in other
formats also will aid design. Knowing your data is just as important as
knowing the constituents of your data. Also, constantly revisit your
design. As your system is built, check relationships, volumes of data,
and indexes to ensure that the physical design is still at its optimum.
Always be ready to check your system by using tools like the SQL
Server Profiler.

12) What are the main steps in Data Modeling?

1.Logical – Planning, Analysis, and Design

2.Physical – Design, Implementation, and Maintenance

Database Development & Programming SQL Server Interview
Questions and Answers
13) What are cursors? Explain different types of cursors. What are
the disadvantages of cursors? How can you avoid cursors?
Cursors allow row-by-row processing of the result sets.

Types of cursors:

Static – Makes a temporary copy of the data and stores it in tempdb

and any modifications on the base table do not reflect in data
returned by fetches made by the cursor.
Dynamic – Reflects all changes in the base table.
Forward-only – specifies that the cursor can only fetch sequentially
from first to last.
Keyset-driven – Keyset is the set of keys that uniquely identifies a row
is built in a tempdb.

Disadvantages of cursors:

Each time you fetch a row from the cursor, it results in a network
roundtrip, whereas a normal SELECT query makes only one roundtrip,
however large the result set is. Cursors are also costly because they
require more resources and temporary storage (which results in
more IO operations). Further, there are restrictions on the SELECT
statements that can be used with some types of cursors.
Most of the time set-based operations can be used instead of
cursors.
Here is an example:
If you have to give a flat hike to your employees using the following
criteria:

Salary between 30000 and 40000 — 5000 hike

Salary between 40000 and 55000 — 7000 hike
Salary between 55000 and 65000 — 9000 hike
In this situation, many developers tend to use a cursor, determine
each employee’s salary, and update his salary according to the above
formula. But the same can be achieved by multiple update
statements or can be combined in a single UPDATE statement as
shown below:

UPDATE tbl_emp SET salary =

CASE
WHEN salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 40000 THEN salary + 5000
WHEN salary BETWEEN 40000 AND 55000 THEN salary + 7000
WHEN salary BETWEEN 55000 AND 65000 THEN salary + 10000
END
another situation in which developers tend to use cursors: You need
to call a stored procedure when a column in a particular row meets
certain conditions. You don’t have to use cursors for this. This can be
achieved using a WHILE loop, as long as there is a unique key to
identify each row.

14) Write down the general syntax for a SELECT statement covering
all the options.
Here’s the basic syntax: (Also checkout SELECT in books online for
advanced syntax).

SELECT select_list
[HDEV:INTO new_table_]
FROM table_source
[HDEV:WHERE search_condition]
[HDEV:GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[HDEV:HAVING search_condition]
[ORDER BY order_expression [ASC | HDEV:DESC] ]
15) What is a Join? Explain Different Types of Joins
Joins are used in queries to explain how different tables are related.
Joins also let you select data from a table depending upon data from
another table.
Types of joins: INNER JOINs, OUTER JOINs, CROSS JOINs. OUTER
JOINs are further classified as LEFT OUTER JOINS, RIGHT OUTER
JOINS, and FULL OUTER JOINS.

16) Can you have a nested transaction?

Yes, very much. Check out BEGIN TRAN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVE
TRAN, and @@TRANCOUNT

17) What is an extended stored procedure? Can you instantiate a

COM object by using T-SQL?
An extended stored procedure is a function within a DLL (written in a
programming language like C, C++ using Open Data Services (ODS)
API) that can be called from T-SQL, just the way we call normal stored
procedures using the EXEC statement.
Yes, you can instantiate a COM (written in languages like VB, VC++)
object from T-SQL by using the sp_OACreate stored procedure. Also
see books online for sp_OAMethod, sp_OAGetProperty,
sp_OASetProperty, sp_OADestroy.

18) What is the system function to get the current user’s user id?
USER_ID(). Also check out other system functions like USER_NAME(),
SYSTEM_USER, SESSION_USER, CURRENT_USER, USER, SUSER_SID(),
HOST_NAME().

19) What are triggers? How many triggers you can have on a table?
How to invoke a trigger on demand?
Triggers are special kinds of stored procedures that get executed
automatically when an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE operation takes
place on a table. In SQL Server 6.5 you could define only 3 triggers
per table, one for INSERT, one for UPDATE, and one for DELETE. From
SQL Server 7.0 onwards, this restriction is gone, and you could create
multiple triggers per each action. But in 7.0 there’s no way to control
the order in which the triggers fire. In SQL Server 2000 you could
specify which trigger fires first or fires last using sp_settriggerorder.

Triggers can’t be invoked on demand. They get triggered only when

an associated action (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) happens on the table
on which they are defined. Triggers are generally used to implement
business rules, auditing. Triggers can also be used to extend the
referential integrity checks, but wherever possible, use constraints
for this purpose, instead of triggers, as constraints are much faster.
Till SQL Server 7.0, triggers fire only after the data modification
operation happens. So in a way, they are called post triggers. But in
SQL Server 2000 you could create pre triggers also – INSTEAD OF
triggers.

Virtual tables – Inserted and Deleted from the basis of trigger

architecture.

20) What is a self join? Explain it with an example.

Self-join is just like any other join, except that two instances of the
same table will be joined in the query. Here is an example:
Employees table which contains rows for normal employees as well
as managers. So, to find out the managers of all the employees, you
need a self join.

CREATE TABLE emp

(
empid int,
mgrid int,
empname char(10)
)
INSERT emp SELECT 1,2,’Vyas’
INSERT emp SELECT 2,3,’Mohan’
INSERT emp SELECT 3,NULL,’Shobha’
INSERT emp SELECT 4,2,’Shridhar’
INSERT emp SELECT 5,2,’Sourabh’
SELECT t1.empname [HDEV:Employee], t2.empname
[HDEV:Manager]
FROM emp t1, emp t2
WHERE t1.mgrid = t2.empid
Here’s an advanced query using a LEFT OUTER JOIN that even returns
the employees without managers (super bosses)

SELECT t1.empname [HDEV:Employee], COALESCE(t2.empname, ‘No

manager’) [HDEV:Manager]
FROM emp t1
LEFT OUTER JOIN
emp t2
ON
t1.mgrid = t2.empid
21) Write a SQL Query to find the first Week's Day of the month?
SELECT DATENAME(dw, DATEADD(dd, – DATEPART(dd, GETDATE()) +
1, GETDATE())) AS FirstDay
22) How to find the 6th highest salary from the Employee table?
SELECT TOP 1 salary FROM (SELECT DISTINCT TOP 6 salary FROM
employee ORDER BY salary DESC) a ORDER BY salary
23) How can I enforce using of a particular index?
You can use index hint (index=index_name) after the table name.
SELECT au_lname FROM authors (index=aunmind)
24) What is ORDER BY and how is it different than clustered index?
The ORDER BY clause sorts query results by one or more columns up
to 8,060 bytes. This will happen by the time when we retrieve data
from the database. Clustered indexes will physically sort data while
inserting/updating the table.

25) What is the difference between a UNION and a JOIN?

A JOIN selects columns from 2 or more tables. A UNION selects rows.

26) What is Referential Integrity?

Referential integrity refers to the consistency that must be
maintained between primary and foreign keys, i.e. every foreign key
value must have a corresponding primary key value

27) What is the purpose of UPDATE STATISTICS?

it updates information about the distribution of key values for one or
more statistics groups (collections) in the specified table or indexed
view.

28) What is the use of the SCOPE_IDENTITY() function?

It returns the most recently created identity value for the tables in
the current execution scope.

29) What do you consider are the best reasons to use stored
procedures in your application instead of passing Transact-SQL code
directly to SQL Server?
First and foremost, a stored procedure is a compiled set of code,
where passing T-SQL through languages such as VB, Visual FoxPro,
etc., means that the set of code needs to be compiled first. Although
T-SQL within VB, etc., can be prepared before running, this is still
slower than using a stored procedure. Then, of course, there is the
security aspect, where, by building a stored procedure, you can place
a great deal of security around it.

When dealing with sensitive data, you can use an encrypted stored
procedure to hide sensitive columns, calculations, and so on. Finally,
by using a stored procedure, I feel that transactional processing
becomes a great deal easier and, in fact, using nested transactions
becomes more insular and secure. Having to deal with transactions
within code that may have front-end code, will slow up a transaction,
and therefore a lock will be held for longer than necessary.

30) What are some techniques for writing fast-performing stored

procedures?
Fast performing stored procedures are like several other areas within
T-SQL. Revisiting stored procedures every six months or so, to ensure
that they are still running at their optimum performance is essential.
However, actual techniques themselves include working with as short
a transaction area as possible, as lock contention will certainly impact
performance.

Recompiling your stored procedures after index additions if you are

unable or not wishing to restart SQL Server, will also ensure that a
procedure is using the correct index if that stored procedure is
accessing the table which has received the new index. If you have a
T-SQL command that joins several tables, and it takes a long time to
return a value, first of all, check out the indexes.

But what you may find tends to help, is to break down the code and
try to determine which join it is that is causing the performance
problem. Then analyze this specific join and see why it is a problem.
Always check out a stored procedure’s performance as you build it up
by using the SHOWPLAN commands.

Also, try to use EXISTS, rather than a JOIN statement. An EXISTS

statement will only join on a table until one record is found, rather
than joining all the records. Also, try to look at using subqueries
when you are trying to find a handful of values in the subquery
statement, and there is no key on the column you are looking upon.

31) When should SQL Server-based cursors be used, and not be

used?
SQL Server cursors are perfect when you want to work one record at
a time, rather than taking all the data from a table as a single bulk.
However, they should be used with care as they can affect
performance, especially when the volume of data increases. From a
beginner’s viewpoint, I really do feel that cursors should be avoided
every time because if they are badly written, or deal with too much
data, they really will impact a system’s performance.

There will be times when it is not possible to avoid cursors, and I

doubt if many systems exist without them. If you do find you need to
use them, try to reduce the number of records to process by using a
temporary table first, and then building the cursor from this. The
lower the number of records to process, the faster the cursor will
finish. Always try to think “out of the envelope”.

32) What alternatives do developers have over using SQL

Server-based cursors? In other words, how can developers perform
the same function as a cursor without using a cursor?
Perhaps one of the performance gains least utilized by developers
starting in SQL Server is temporary tables. For example, using one or
more temporary tables to break down a problem into several areas
could allow blocks of data to be processed in their own individual
way, and then at the end of the process, the information within the
temporary tables merged and applied to the underlying data.

The main area of your focus should be, is there an alternative way of
doing things? Even if I have to break this down into several chunks of
work, can I do this work without using cursors, and so result in faster
performance. Another area that you can look at is the use of CASE
statements within your query.

By using a CASE statement, you can check the value within a column
and make decisions and operations based on what you have found.
Although you will still be working on a whole set of data, rather than
a subset found in a cursor, you can use CASE to leave values, or
records as they are, if they do not meet the right criteria. Care should
be taken here though, to make sure that by looking at all the data,
you will not be creating a large performance impact.

Again, look at using a subset of the data by building a temporary

table first, and then merging the results in afterward. However, don’t
get caught out with these recommendations and do any of them in
every case. Cursors can be faster if you are dealing with small
amounts of data. However, what I have found, to be rule number
one, is to get a little data into your cursor as is needed.

33) If you have no choice but to use a SQL Server-based cursor, what
tips do you have to optimize them?
Perhaps the best performance gain is when you can create a cursor
asynchronously rather than needing the whole population operation
to be completed before further processing can continue. Then, by
checking specific global variables settings, you can tell when there is
no further processing to take place. However, even here, care has to
be taken. The asynchronous population should only occur on large
record sets rather than those that only deal with a small number of
rows.

Use the smallest set of data possible. Break out of the cursor loop as
soon as you can. If you find that a problem has occurred, or
processing has ended before the full cursor has been processed, then
exit. If you are using the same cursor more than once in a batch of
work, and this could mean within more than one stored procedure,
then define the cursor as a global cursor by using the GLOBAL
keyword, and not closing or deallocating the cursor until the whole
process is finished. A fair amount of time will be saved, as the cursor
and the data contained will already be defined, ready for you to use.

34) What are the steps you will take to improve the performance of a
poor-performing query?
This is a very open-ended question and there could be a lot of
reasons behind the poor performance of a query. But some general
issues that you could talk about would be:

No indexes
No Table scans
Missing or out of date statistics
Blocking
Excess recompilations of stored procedures
35) What is an ER Diagram?
An ER diagram or Entity-Relationship diagram is a special picture
used to represent the requirements and assumptions in a system
from a top-down perspective. It shows the relations between entities
(tables) in a database.

36) What is a prime attribute?

A prime attribute is an attribute that is part of a candidate key.

37) What are the properties of a transaction?

The ACID properties. Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.

38) What is a non-prime attribute?

A non-prime attribute is an attribute that is not a part of a candidate
key.
39) What is Atomicity?
This means the transaction finish completely, or it will not occur at
all.

40) What is Consistency?

Consistency means that the transaction will repeat predictably each
time it is performed.

41) What is Isolation?

The data the transactions are independent of each other. The success
of one transaction doesn’t depend on the success of another.

42) What is Durability?

Guarantees that the database will keep track of pending changes so
that the server will be able to recover if an error occurs.

43) What is a DBMS?

A DBMS is a set of software programs used to manage and interact
with databases.

44) What is an RDBMS?

It is a set of software programs used to interact with and manage
relational databases. Relational databases are databases that contain
tables.

45) What is business intelligence?

Refers to computer-based techniques used in identifying, extracting,
and analyzing business data, such as sales revenue by-products
and/or departments, or by associated costs and incomes.

Explore - SQL Server Interview Questions for 5 Years Experienced

46) What is normalization?
Database normalization is the process of organizing the fields and
tables of a relational database to minimize redundancy and
dependency.

47) What is a relationship?

The way in which two or more concepts/entities are connected, or
the state of being connected.

48) What are the different types of relationships?

One to one, one to many, many to many, many to fixed cardinality.

49) What is the difference between an OLTP and a database?

An OLTP is the process of gathering the data from the users, and a
database is initial information.

50) What are the different kinds of relationships?

Identifying and non-identifying.

51) What is an entity?

Something that exists by itself, although it need not be of material
existence.

52) What is a conjunction table?

A table that is composed of foreign keys that points to other tables.

53) What is a relational attribute?

An attribute that would not exist if it were not for the existence of a
relation.

54) What are associative entities?

An associative entity is a conceptual concept. An associative entity
can be thought of as both an entity and a relationship since it
encapsulates properties from both. It is a relationship since it is
serving to join two or more entities together, but it is also an entity
since it may have its own properties.

55) What is the difference between a derived attribute, derived

persistent attribute, and computed column?
A derived attribute is an attribute that is obtained from the values of
other existing columns and does not exist on its own. A derived
persistent attribute is a derived attribute that is stored. A computed
attribute is an attribute that is computed from internal system values.

56) What are the types of attributes?

Simple, composite (split into columns), multi-valued (becomes a
separate table), derived, computed, derived persistent.
57) Is the relationship between a strong and weak entity always
identifying?
Yes, this is the requirement.

58) Do stand-alone tables have cardinality?

No.

59) What is a simple key?

It is a key that is composed of one attribute.
Give/ recite the types of UDF functions.
Scalar, In-line, Multi

Explore - SQL Server Constraints

60) Describe what you know about PK, FK, and the UK.
Primary keys – Unique clustered index by default, doesn’t accept null
values, only one primary key per table.

Foreign Key – References a primary key column. It can have null

values. Enforces referential integrity.

Unique key – can have more than one per table. It can have null
values. It cannot have repeating values. Maximum of 999 clustered
indexes per table.
61) What do you mean by CTEs? How will you use it?
CTEs also is known as common table expressions are used to create a
temporary table that will only exist for the duration of a query. They
are used to create a temporary table whose content you can
reference to simplify a query structure.

62) What is a sparse column?

It is a column that is optimized for holding null values.

63) What would the command: DENY CREATE TABLE TO Peter do?
It wouldn’t allow the user Peter to operate CREATE TABLE regardless
of his role.

64) What does the command: GRANT SELECT ON project TO Peter

do?
It will allow the SELECT operation on the table ‘project’ by Peter.

65) What does the command: REVOKE GRANT SELECT ON project TO

Peter do?
It will revoke the permission granted on that table to Peter.

66) New commands in SQL 2008?

Database encryption, CDCs tables – For on the fly auditing of tables,
Merge operation, INSERT INTO – To bulk inserts into a table from
another table, Hierarchy attributes, Filter indexes, C like operations
for numbers, resource management, Intellisense – For making
programming easier in SSMS, Execution Plan Freezing – To freeze in
place how a query is executed.

67) What is faster? A table variable or a temporary table?

A table variable is faster in most cases since it is held in memory
while a temporary table is stored on a disk. However, when the table
variable’s size exceeds memory size the two table types tend to
perform similarly.

68) How big are a tinyint, smallint, int, and bigint?

1 byte, 2 bytes, 4 bytes, and 8 bytes.

69) What does @@trancount do?

It will give you the number of active transactions for the current user.

70) What are the drawbacks of CTEs?

It is query bound.

71) What is the transaction log?

It keeps a record of all activities that occur during a transaction and is
used to roll back changes.

72) What are before images, after images, undo activities, and redo
activities in relation to transactions?
Before images refer to the changes that are rolled back on if a
transaction is rolled back. After images are used to roll forward and
enforce a transaction. Using the before images are called the undo
activity. Using after images are called the redo activity.

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73) What are shared, exclusive, and updated locks?
A shared lock locks a row so that it can only be read. An exclusive lock
locks a row so that only one operation can be performed on it at a
time. An update lock basically has the ability to convert a shared lock
into an exclusive lock.

74) What does WITH TIES do?

If you use TOP 3 WITH TIES *, it will return the rows, that have a
similarity in each of their columns with any of the column values
from the returned result set.

75) How can you get a deadlock in SQL?

By concurrently running the same resources that access the same
information in a transaction.

76) What is LOCK_TIMEOUT used for?

It is used for determining the amount of time that the system will
wait for a lock to be released.

77) What is the ANY predicate used for?

SELECT * FROM emp_table WHERE enter_date > ANY (SELECT
enter_date FROM works_on)
78) What is the ALL predicate used for?
SELECT * FROM emp_table WHERE enter_date > ALL (SELECT
enter_date FROM works_on)
79) What are some control flow statements in SQL?
while, if, case, for each, etc.

80) What is the EXISTS function used for?

It is used to determine whether a query returns one or more rows. If
it does, the EXIST function returns TRUE, otherwise, it will return
FALSE.

Inner Join: It is used to retrieve matching records from both the

tables

Department:

Department_No Department_Name
10 ECE
20 ECE
30 CSE
40 IT
Employee Details:

Employee_No Emp_Name Address Age Department_No

Salary
1 Anil Hyderabad23 10 20000
2 Sunil Hyderabad22 10 21000
3 Ajay Chennai 24 20 23000
4 Vijay Chennai 25 30 22000
5 James Hyderabad24 50 230000
SQL Query Interview Questions with Answers
81) Write a Query to display employee details who are working in the
ECE department?
SELECT employee.employee_name, employee.address,
employee.salary, employee.age,
FROM Department D
INNER JOIN Employees E
ON department.D_no=employee.D_no WHERE
department.D_name= ‘ECE’
82) Write a Query to display employee details?
SELECT * FROM employee;
83) Write a Query to display employee details along with
department_name?
SELECT employee.employee_no, employee.employee_name,
employee.address, employee.salary, employee.age,
department.department_name
FROM department D
INNER JOIN employee E
ON department.D_no=employee.D_no
84) Write a Query to display employee details whose sal>20000 and
who is working in the ECE department?
SELECT employee.employee_no, employee.employee_name,
employee.address, employee.salary, employee.age
FROM department D
INNER JOIN employee E
ON dept.D_no=emp.D_no
WHERE dept.D_name=’ECE’ and E.salary>20000
85) Write a Query to display employee details along with
department_name and who is working in the ECE department,
whose name starts with a?
SELECT emp.e_no, emp.e_name, emp.address, emp.salary, emp.age,
dept.dname
FROM department D
INNER JOIN employee E
ON dept.D_no=emp.D_no
WHERE dept.D_name=’ECE’ and emp.E_name like ‘a%’
86) Write a Query to display employee details along with
department_name and whose age between 20 and 24?
SELECT emp.e_no, emp.e_name, emp.address, emp.salary, emp.age,
dept.d_name
FROM department D
INNER JOIN employee E
ON dept.D_no=emp.D_no
WHERE E.age between 20 and 24
87) Write a Query to display employee details along with
department_name and who are staying in Hyderabad?
SELECT emp.e_no, emp.e_name, emp.address, emp.salary, emp.age,
dept.d_name
FROM department D
INNER JOIN employee E
ON dept.D_no=emp.D_no
WHERE E.address=’hyd’
88) Write a Query to display employee details whose salary>20000
and whose age>20 & who is working in the ECE department?
SELECT emp.e_no, emp.e_name, emp.address, emp.salary, emp.age,
dept.d_name
FROM department D
INNER JOIN employee E
ON dept.D_no=emp.D_no
WHERE E.age>20 and E.salary>20000 and dept.D_name=’ECE’
State Table:

State ID State Name

S1 Telangana
S2 AP
S3 Tamil Nadu
S4 Karnataka
S5 Kerala
City

City ID City Name State ID

1 HyderabadS1
2 Vizag S2
3 Vijayawada S2
4 Chennai S3
5 Madhurai S3
6 Bangalore S4
Blood Group Details

Blood Group ID Blood Group

B1 A+ve
B2 B+ve
B3 AB +ve
B4 A -ve
B5 O +ve
Donor Details

Donor ID Donor Name Phone Number City ID Blood Group

ID
D1 Anil 9999 1 B1
D2 Sunil 8888 1 B1
D3 Ajay 7777 2 B1
D4 John 6666 4 B3
D5 James 5555 4 B5
89) Write a Query to display city names belongs to AP?
SELECT C.City_Name
FROM State S
INNER JOIN City C
ON S.State_ID
WHERE S.State_Name ‘AP’
90) Write a Query to display Donor_ID, Donor_Name, Phone No,
City?
SELECT D.Donor_ID, D_Name, D_Phone No, C.City_Name
FROM Donor D
INNER JOIN City C
ON D.City_ID=C.City_ID
91) Write a Query to display Donor_ID, Donor_Name, Phone No,
Blood Group?
SELECT D.Donor_ID, D_Name, D_Phone No, B.Blood_Group
FROM Donor D
INNER JOIN Blood B
ON D.Blood_ID=B.Blood_ID;
92) Write a Query to display Donor_ID, Donor_Name, Phone No, and
who is staying in Hyderabad?
SELECT D.Donor_ID, D_Name, D_Phone No, C.City_Name
FROM Donor D
INNER JOIN City C
ON C.City_ID=D.City_ID
WHERE C.City_Name=’hyderabad’
93) Write a Query to display donor details whose blood group is A
+ve?
SELECT D.Donor_ID, D_Name, D_Phone No
FROM Donor D
INNER JOIN Blood B
ON D.Donor_ID=B.Blood_ID
WHERE B.Blood_Group=’A+ve’
94) Write a Query to display Donor_ID, Donor_Name, Phone No, City,
Blood Group?
SELECT D.Donor_ID, D_Name, D_Phone No, C.City_Name
B.Blood_Group
FROM Blood B
INNER JOIN Donor D
ON D.Blood_ID=B.Donor_Name
INNER JOIN City C
ON D.City_ID=C.City_ID
95) Write a Query to display Donor_Name, Phone No, Blood Group of
the donors who are staying in Hyderabad and whose blood group is
A+ve?
SELECT D.Donor_Name, D. Phone_Number, B.Blood_Group
FROM Donor D
INNER JOIN Blood B
ON D.Blood_ID=B.Blood_ID
INNER JOIN City C
ON D.City_ID=C.City_ID
WHERE C.City_Name=’hyderabad’ and B.Blood_Group=’A+ve’
Outer Join A join that includes rows even if they do not have related
rows in the joined table is an Outer Join. You can create three
different outer joins to specify the unmatched rows to be included:

Left Outer Join

Right Outer Join
Full Outer Join
Employee Details Table

Employee_No Employee_Name Dept_No

101 Anil 10
102 Sunil 20
103 Ajay 30
104 Vijay 40
105 Null Null
Department Details Table

Dept_No Depat_Name
10 EEE
20 EEE
30 CSE
Null Null
50 IT
96) Write a Query to display only left records?
SELECT e.*
FROM Employee E
LEFT OUTER JOIN Department D
ON E.D_no
WHERE D.D_No IS NULL
97) Write a Query to display employee details where employee no is
101?
SELECT *
FROM Employee E
WHERE E_No=101
98) Write a Query to display employee details where the employee
number is null?
SELECT *
FROM Employee E
WHERE E_No IS NULL
99) Write a Query to display only the right records?
SELECT D.*
FROM Employee E
RIGHT OUTER JOIN Department D
ON E.D.No=D.D_No
WHERE E.D_No IS NULL
100) Write a Query to display all the records from the table except
matching records?
SELECT E.*, D.*
FROM Employee E
FULL JOIN Department D
ON E.D_No=D.D_No
WHERE E.D_No IS NULL or D.D_No IS NULL
Department Details Table

Dept_No Dept_Name
1 ECE
2 CSE
3 EEE
Course Details Table

Course_ID Course_Name Cr
1 EDC 4
2 PDC 4
3 SS 4
4 DAA 4
5 OS 4
Student Details Table

Student_No Student_Name
101 Anil
102 Sunil
103 Ajay
104 Vijay
105 John
Enroll Details Table

Enroll_Date Student_No Dpet_No S_ID

1/2/2014 101 10 S1
3/2/2016 102 10 S1
3/2/2016 103 10` S1
3/2/2016 104 20 S2
3/2/2016 105 20 S2
Address Table

Emp_No Address
E1 Hyderabad
E2 Vizag
E3 Hyderabad
E4 Bangalore
E5 Hyderabad
Employee Details Table

Emp_No Emp_Name
E1 Arun
E2 Kiran
E3 Kumar
E4 Anus
E5 James
Semester Details Table

Semester Sn
S1 1
S2 2-1
S3 2-2
S4 3-1
S5 3-2
S6 4-1
S7 4-2
Course Department Details

Dept_No Course_ID
10 1
10 2
10 3
20 4
20 5
Syllabus Table

Dept_No Course_ID S_ID

10 1 S1
10 2 S1
10 3 S1
20 4 S2
20 5 S2
Instructor Details Table

Emp_No Dept_No
E1 10
E2 10
E3 10
E4 20
E5 30
Course Instructor Table

Course_ID Emp_No S_ID Dept_No

1 E1 S1 10
1 E1 S1 20
1 E2 S1 30
2 E3 S1 10
4 E4 S2 20
5 E4 S2 20
5 E5 S1 10
101) Write a query to display Student No, Student Name, Enroll Date,
Department Name?
SELECT S.Student_No, S.Student_Name, S.Enroll_Date,
D.Dept_Name
FROM Student S
INNER JOIN Enroll E
ON S.Student_No=E.Student_No
INNER JOIN Department D
ON D.Dept_No=E.Dept_No
102) Write a query to display Employee Number, Employee Name
and address, department name?
SELECT E.Emp_No, E.Emp_Name, A.Address, D.Dept_Name
FROM Employee E
INNER JOIN Address A
ON E.Emp_No=A.Emp_No
INNER JOIN Instructor I
ON A.Emp_No=I.Emp_No
INNER JOIN Department D
ON I.Dept_No=D.Dept_No
103) Write a query to display the course name belongs to the ECE
department?
SELECT C.Course_Name
FROM Department D
INNER JOIN Course Department CD
ON D.Dept_NO=CD.Dept_NO
INNER JOIN Course C
ON CD.CourseDept_ID=C.Course_ID
WHERE D.Dept_Name=’ECE’
104) Write a query to display student number, student name, enroll
date, dept name, semester name?
SELECT S.Student_No, S.Student_Name, S.Enroll_Date,
D.Dpet_Name, Sem.Student_Name
FROM Enroll E
INNER JOIN Student S
ON S.Student_No=E.Student_No
INNER JOIN Deprtment D
ON E.Dept_No=D.Dept_No
INNER JOIN Semester SE
ON E.Student_ID=Sem.Student_ID
105) Write a query to display the syllabus of the ECE department's
1st year?
SELECT C.Course_Name
FROM Department D
INNER JOIN Syllabus Sy
ON D.Dept_No=Sy.Dept_No
INNER JOIN Course C
ON Sy.Course_ID=C.Course_ID
INNER JOIN Semester Se
ON Syllabus_Sy_ID=Se_Sy_ID
WHERE D.Dept_Name=’ECE’ and Se.Semester=’1’
106) Write a query to display the employee names and faculty names
of ECE dept 1st year?
SELECT E.Emp_Name
FROM Employee E
INNER JOIN Course Instructor Ci
ON E.Emp_No=Ci.Emp_No
INNER JOIN Semester Se
ON Se.Student_ID=Ci.Student_ID
INNER JOIN Dept D
ON Ci.Dept_No=D.Dept_No
WHERE D.Dept_Name=’ECE’ and Se.Student_Name=’1’
107) Write a query to display student details who enrolled for the
ECE department?
SELECT S.Student_NO, S.Student_Name, S.Enroll_Date
FROM Student S
INNER JOIN Enroll E
ON S.Student_No=E.Student_No
INNER JOIN Department D
ON E.Dept_No=D.Dept_No
WHERE D.Dept_Name=’ECE’
108) Write a query to display student details along with dept name
who are enrolled in the ECE department the first year?
SELECT S.Student_No, S.Student_Name, S.Enroll_Date, D.Dept_Name
FROM Student S
INNER JOIN Enrollment E
ON S.Student_No=E.Student_No
INNER JOIN Department D
ON D.Dept_No=E.Dept_No
INNER JOIN Semester Se
ON E.Student_ID=Se.Student_ID
WHERE D.Dept_Name=’ECE’ and Se.Student_Name=’1’
109) Write a query to display the employee name who is teaching
EDC?
SELECT E.Emp_Name
FROM Employee E
INNER JOIN Course Instructor Ci
ON E.Emp_No=Ci.Emp_No
INNER JOIN Course C
ON Ci.Course_ID=C.Course_ID
WHERE C.Course_Name=’EDC’
110) Write a query to display employee details along with dept name
who are staying in Hyderabad?
SELECT E.Emp_No, Emp_Name, D.Dept_Name
FROM Employee E
INNER JOIN Address A
ON E.Emp_No=A.Emp_No
INNER JOIN Instructor I
ON A.Emp_No=I.Emp_No
INNER JOIN Department D
ON I.Dept_No=D.Dept_No
WHERE A.Address=’hyderabad’
Emp_No Emp_Name Salary Age Dept_Name
101 Anil 20,000 22 ECE
102 Sunil 23000 23 EEE
103 Vijay 32000 24 CSE
Using Range Operator:: BETWEEN, NOT BETWEEN

111) Write a Query to display employee details whose salary > 20000
and whose age >23?
SELECT * FROM Employee
WHERE Salary>20000 AND Age>23;
112) Write a Query to display employee details whose salary >20000
and who is working in the ECE department?
SELECT * FROM Employee
WHERE Salary>20000 AND Dept_Name=’ECE’
113) Write a Query to display employee details whose age is
BETWEEN 18 and 22?
SELECT * FROM Employee Details
WHERE Age BETWEEN 18 AND 22;
114) Write a Query to display employee details whose salary range
BETWEEN 20000 and 23000?
SELECT * FROM Employee
WHERE Salary BETWEEN 20000 AND 23000;
115) Write a Query to display employee details whose age is NOT
BETWEEN 18 & 22?
SELECT * FROM Employee
WHERE Age NOT BETWEEN 18 AND 22;
Using String Operators:: LIKE, NOT LIKE

116) Write a Query to display employee details whose name starts

with a?
SELECT * FROM Employee
WHERE Emp_Name LIKE ‘a%’
a% ----> starts with a
%a ----> ends with a
117) Write a Query to display employee details and whose age>20 &
whose name starts with a?
SELECT * FROM Employee
WHERE Salary>20000 AND Age>20 AND Emp_Name LIKE ‘a%’
118) Write a Query to display employee details whose name not
starts with a?
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE Emp_Name NOT LIKE ‘a%’