Link Design 4th Chapter in Satellite Communication
Link Design 4th Chapter in Satellite Communication
Link Design 4th Chapter in Satellite Communication
The complete satellite circuit consists of an uplink & downlink. When more than one ratio is present In the link, the individual ratio, i.e., . ratios are added reciprocally to obtain an overall
formula.
in
the earth station should be determined. If there are intermodulation products as a result of non-liner transfer characteristic of the transponder, then the carrier to interference ratio should also be considered.
From the two the following rules: If the If one the If one
i.e.,
is 3dB lower than either value. is lower than the smaller of value, then is equal will be less than
value is 10 dB smaller than the other, values. value is or very greater than the other values. ( value.
Variation), so the
Problem
1. Thermal noise in earth station receiver results in a from a bent pipe transponder with of . A signal is received at = 24dB, what is the value of overall
the earth station? If the transponder introduces intermodulation products with what is the overall Solution: at the receiving earth station?
Regenerative transponder: [Automatic gain control is used] Where, Pin is Power at the transponder input (delivered by satellites receiving antenna) Pout is Power delivered by transponder to the satellites receiving antenna input. Gxp is Gain of the transponder. G is Loss of gain caused by the non-linear saturation characteristics of the transponder.
(C/N)0 Uplink
Rain attenuation on the uplink path to the satellite reduces the power at the satellite receiver input & thus reduces i) in direct proportion to the attenuation on the link.
ii)
Non-linear transponder,
iii)
8. Evaluate the result & compare with the specification requirements change parameters of the system as required to obtain acceptable (C/N)0 or S/N or BER values. This requires several trial designs. 9. Determine the propagation conditions under which the link must operate, calculate outage times for the uplink & downlinks. 10. Reducing the system by changing some parameters if the link margins are inadequate. Check that all parameters are reasonable & that the design can be implemented within the expected budget.
Signal : Compressed digital videos signal with transmitted symbol rate at 43.2 Msps. Minimum permitted overall (C/N)0 in the receiver = 9.5 dB.
Transmitting Ku-band earth station Antenna diameter Aperture efficiency Uplink frequency Required C/N in Ku-band transponder Transponder HPA output backoff Miscellaneous uplink losses = 5m = D = 68% = e = 14.15GHz = fup = 30 dB = (C/N)up = 1 dB = [BO]0 = 0.3 dB.
Location : -2 dB contour of satellite receiving antenna = Lpt Receiving KU-band earth station: Downlink frequency Receiver If noise bandwidth Antenna noise temperature LNA noise temperature Required overall (C/N)0 in clear air Miscellaneous downlink losses = 11.45GHz = fdn = 43.2 MHz = BN = 30k = Tin = TA = 110k = TLNA = TRF = 17 dB = (C/N)0 = 0.2 dB
Location : -3 dB contour of satellite transmitting antenna = Lpt Rain attenuation & propagation factors Ku-band clear air attenuation Uplink (14.15 GHz) Downlink (11.45 GHz) Rain attenuation Uplink 0.01% of year Downlink 0.01% of year =6 dB =5 dB = 0.7dB = 0.5 dB
DESIGN
This example examines the design of a satellite communication link using a ku-band geostationary satellite with bent pipe transponder to distribute digital TV signals from an earth station to many receiving stations.
K = Boltzmanns constant Ts = 500k Bn = 43.2 MHz Pn = N = Transponder noise power Pn = kTs Bn [Pn] = [N] = [K] + [Ts] + [Bn] [C/N]up = [C] [N] [C] = [Pr] = [C/N] + [N] [Pr] = 30-125.2 = 195.2 dBW To find Pt, Gt & Lp should be calculated. Gt Gain of transmitting antenna. Gt = 4Ae/2 = 4Ae/ 2 = e(D/ )2 Gt = 0.68*[ (5)/0.0212]2 Gt = 37.3316 = 373.316* 103 [Gt] = 10 log Gt = 55.7 dB Lp Free space path loss.
-228.6 dBW/K/Hz 27.0 dBk 76.4 dBHz -125.2 dBW. = -228.6 + 27+ 76.4 = -125.2 dBW
(1)
[Pr] = power at transponder input (or) the carrier power (or) the received power.
Lp = (4R/ 2) = (4*38.500*103 / 0.021)2 Lp = 5.3076*1020 [Lp] = 10log (5.3076*1020) = 207.25 dB. Uplink power Budget Pt = Earth station transmitter power Gt= Es antenna gain Gr = satellite antenna gain Lp = Free space path loss Lpt = Es on 2dB contour Lm = other losses Atmospheric attenuation & miscellaneous losses Pr = Received power at transponder
Assume R= 38,500 Km
Pt 123.5 dB
W.K.T [Pr] = [Pt] + [Gt] + [Gr] [N] [LOSSES] [pr] = [Pt] + [Gt] + [Gr] {[Lp] + [Lm] } [Pr] = [Pt] + 55.7 + 31 207.2 L- 2 Lpt from (1), Pr = 95.2 dBW [-95.2] = [Pt] 123.5
[Pt] = 28.3 dBW (or) gain (Pt) Ku-band Downlink Deign The first step is to calculate (C/Ndn that will provide (C/N)0 = 17dB When (C/N)up = 30 dB. Pt = 676W. This is relatively high power, so the transmitting antenna diameter is increased there by increasing its
(C/N)up = 30 dAB = 1000 (C/N)0 = 17 dB 101.7 = 50 (or) 1/(C/N)dn = 1/(C/N)0 1/(C/N)up 1/(C/N)dn = 1/50 1/100 (C/N)dn = 52.63 [C/N]dn = 10log 52.63 = 17.2 dB Next step is to find the required receiver input power to give (C/N)dn = 17.2 dB & then find the receiving antenna gain, Gr. Down link noise power budget K= -228.6 dB W/K/Hz Ts = TLNA + Tin = 110 + 30 = 140K = 21.5 dBK Bn = 43.2 MHz = 76.4 dBHz. [Pn] = [N]dn = [K] + [Ts] + [Bn] = -228.6 + 21.5 + 76.4 = -130.7 dB W [C/N]dn = [C]dn [N]dn [C] = [C/N]dn + [N]dn [C] = 17.2 + (-130.7) = -113.5 dBW (2)
[C] = [Pr] Power at earth station receiver input . Lp Path Loss. [Lp] = 10log (4R/ )2 [Lp] = 20log [4* 38500* 103 /0.0262 ] [Lp] = 205.3 dB. The transponder is operated with 1 dB output backoff, so the output power is 1 dB below the saturated power. Psat = 80 W [Psat ] = 19 dBW = C/f = 3*108 / 11.45 GHz = 0.00262m
[Pt] = [Ptsat ] [Bo]0 = 19-1= 18 dBW. Downlink power budget: Pt = Satellite transponder o/p power Gt = Satellite antenna gain Gr = ES antenna gain [Lp] = path loss Lpt = E/s on -3 dB contour of sat antenna -3 dB Lm = other losses = 0.2 + 0.5 = 0.7 dB. Miscellaneous loss Absorption in atmosphere Pr = Received power at transponder. [Pr] = [Pt] + [Gt] + [Gr] [Lp] + [Lm] +Lpt [Pr] = 18 + [Gr] + 31 205.3 0.7 -3 [Pr] = [Gr] 160 [Gr] = [Pr] + 160 = -113.5 (From(2)) [Gr] = 46.5 dB= 44668.3 Diameter Gr = (D/ )2 x e D2 = Gr 2 / 62 * e = 44668.3*0.02622 / 2 * 0.65 D = 2.18m Diameter of the receiving antenna. Rain effects at Ku-band. 1) Uplink. Under conditions of heavy rain, the Ku-band path to the satellite station suffers an attenuation of 6dB for 0.01% of the year. The (C/N)up = 30 dB in clear air. If we assume a linear characteristic transponder, then [C/N] [C/N]upca - [A] rain [C/N] uprain = 30-6 = 24 dB. The overall [C/N] also falls by 6 dB, [C/N]0rain = 17-6 11dB But this is grater than the min C/N of 9.5 dB Additional margin is 1.5 dB. Total margin available on uplink is 1.5 + 6 = 7.5 dB 2) Downlink: The 11.45 GHz path between the satellite & receive station suffrs rain attenuation of 5 dB for 0.01% of the year. The sky noise temperature because of rain fall is,
up rain
D = 2.18m
Tskyrain = T0 (1- Gl) Gl< 1 Total attenuation = [A]absorption + [A] rain [A] = 0.5 + 5.0 = 5.5 dB. Gl = 1/100.55 = 0.282. Tsky rain = 270 (1-0.282) = 194K = TA = Tin . Thus, the antenna noise temperature has increased from 30K in clear air to 194k in rain. Ts rain = Ts sky + TLNA = Tin + TRF Ts rain = 194 + 110 = 304k 24.8 dBk. The increase in noise power, [N]rain 10 log (Ts rain/Ts ca) [N] rain = 10 log (304/140) = 3.4 dB [C/N]dn rain = [C/N]ca dn [A]rain [N] rain = 17.2 5- 3.4 [C/N] dn rain = 8.8 dB = 7.585 W.K.T Tsca = Tin + TRF = 30 + 110 140k
which is less than the min (C/N) i.e., 9.5 dB. So, we will find the max tolerable attenuation, (trials error method) Let [A] rain be equal to 4.7 dB. Tskyrain = 178k, N rain = 10 log (178+110/ 140) = 3.1 dB (C/N)dn rain = 9.36 9.4 dB (almost equal to C/N min 9.5 dB) 1. An LNA is conducted rain receiver F= 12 dB = 15.85. Tn = T =T0 (F-1) = 290(15.85-1) = 4306k (receiver) Ts (or) GLNA, Ts= TRF + Tn/GRF Ts = 120 + 4306/104 = 120.43K. 2. A parabolic dish antenna having a mouth diameter of 20m & an aperture efficiency of 90% produces a radiated beam with a solid angel of 3*10-4 steradians. Determine the antennas power gain in dB, & also the operational frequency. Beam solid angle = = 3*10-4 steriadians.
Operational frequency, f= c/ = 3*108 /0.291 = 1.03 GHz The following fig shows a cascaded arrangement of three gain blocks. It is given that G1= 106 & its noise temperature Te1 = 100k, G2 = 104 Te2
=
60k, G3 100 & Te3 = 20k. Determine the equivalent noise temperature of the cascaded
arrangement. Tc
Te = Te + Te2 / G1 + Te3 /G1 G2 Te = 100 + 60/106 + 20/106 *104 Te 100k. The following fig shows the cascaded arrangement of four gain 5lods with their gain & noise figures as G1 = 100, F1 = 2, G2 = 10, F2 = 10, G3 = 10, F3 = 1, G4 = 10, F4 = 20. Determine the noise figure of the cascaded arrangement. The overall noise figure, F= F1 + (F2 -1/G1) + (F3 -1/G1 G2) + (F4 -1/G1 G2 G3) F = 2 + (10-1/100) + 100 (15-1)/100*10 + 20-1/100*10*10 F = 2.1059 = 3.2 dB. 5) The following fig shows the reciver side of satellite earth station. Determine the earth station system noise temperature & (G/T) referred to the i/p of the low noise amplifier. To = 290k. TA = 60k Gr = 66dB Waveguide LNA L- 1.075 10,000k. Ts = (TA * Gl) + Tp (1 Gl ) + TLNA + Tm/GLNA Ts = 160.01 + 76.04 = 236.05K. At LNA i/p Ts = Ts LNA /Gl = 236.05/0.93 = 253.75 k (or w/g i/p) Antenna gain referred to LNA i/p is, G = 66 0.3 = 65.7 dB Gl = 1/1.075 = 0.93 = (60*0.93) + 290 (1 0.93) + 160 + 10,000/ 106 Mixer 160k,106
(loss in wave guide) [G/T] = 65.7 [10 log 236.05] = 65.7 23.73 [G/T] = 41.97 dB/K. referred to LNA i/p.