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HEINEMANN BACCALAUREATE
Biology
DEVELOPED SPECIFICALLY FOR THE
H IG H E R L E V E L
IB DIPLOMA
SAMPLE MATERIAL
to show the design and layout for the series See back cover for full title list
I N T E R N AT I O N A L
HEINEMANN BACCALAUREATE
An exciting new series of textbooks for students and teachers of the IB Diploma, written and developed by practising IB teachers comprehensive coverage of all the latest syllabus requirements and all the options for each subject differentiated for Standard and Higher levels appropriate and accessible language, illustrated examples and levelled exercises clear links to TOK throughout exam-style assessment opportunities using questions from past papers supported by teachers notes
C O N T E N TS
Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Statistical analysis Cells The chemistry of life Genetics 1 Ecology and evolution Human health and physiology 1 Nucleic acids and proteins Cell respiration and photosynthesis Plant science Genetics 2 Human health and physiology 2 (Option A) Human nutrition and health (Option B) Physiology of exercise (Option C) Cells and energy (Option D) Evolution (Option E) Neurobiology and behaviour (Option F) Microbes and biotechnology (Option G) Ecology and conservation (Option H) Further human physiology
Theory of Knowledge Advice on Internal Assessment Advice on Extended Essay Answers Index
*Please note that the content in this pack is sample material which has yet to go through final checks and may contain minor errors.
Assessment statements are reiterated at the start of each section, showing which areas in the curriculum are covered.
DNA REPLICATION
3.4
DNA replication
Assessment statements 3.4.1 Explain DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and separation of the strands by helicase, followed by formation of the new complementary strands by DNA polymerase. Explain the signicance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA. State that DNA replication is semiconservative.
3.4.2 3.4.3
Interesting facts place the material in reallife contexts and give depth to students understanding of a topic. They also prompt further enquiry.
Interesting fact Helicase may catalyse the unzipping of DNA at a rate measured in hundreds of base pairs per second.
Key facts are drawn out and highlighted in text boxes, to help reinforce the most important concepts.
Key fact DNA must replicate before any cell divides. This means that DNA replication precedes binary ssion for prokayotes, mitosis for many eukaryotic cells and meiosis for eukaryotic gamete and spore producing cells.
Helicase (currently at about the halfway point in this image) would have started on the left and would be moving towards the right. 234
Figure 3.13 The rst step of DNA replication is helicase unzipping the doublestranded DNA molecule forming a section with two single strands.
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Weblink
unzipped section
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The experimental work which determined that DNA replication was semiconservative is often called the most beautiful experiment in biology. See how this classic experiment was conducted at http://users.rcn.com/jkimball. ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/ Meselson_Stahl.html
Weblinks support Aim 7 in encouraging students to use ICT skills in the study of their subject.
The pattern of DNA replication ensures that two identical copies of DNA are produced from one. Figure 3.14 illustrates a very small section of DNA replicating. Notice that in the area where replication has already taken place, the two strands are absolutely identical to each other. This is because the original double stranded molecule had complementary pairs of nucleotides and it was the complementary nucleotides that used the unzipped single-stranded areas as templates. This also means that no DNA molecule is ever completely new. Every DNA molecule after replication consists of a strand that was old now paired with a strand that is new. DNA replication is described as a semiconservative process because half of a pre-existing DNA molecule is always conserved (saved).
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A small section of DNA (shown in the centre) is seen in a DNA polymerase enzyme.
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TOK
7 The concept of semiconservative DNA replication has some interesting repercussions. For example, one can argue that there never is such a thing as a new DNA molecule. How long has your DNA been in you? In your family lineage? 8 Most DNA mutations occur during DNA replication. Suggest how a mutation called a deletion could occur. Suggest how a mutation called a substitution could occur.
Who should decide how fast and how far humans should go with our study of DNA and the technology that is rapidly emerging?
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Revision exercises are provided at key points in the text, to test the students understanding of the material being taught, and aid them in applying it to problem-solving situations. The answers to all exercises are provided in the back of the book. In addition, past IB exam paper questions are given at the end of each chapter, to provide the student with exam practice.
DNA REPLICATION
3.5
Assessment statements 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 Compare the structure of RNA and DNA. Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase. Describe the genetic code in terms of codons composed of triplets of bases. Explain the process of translation, leading to polypeptide formation. Discuss the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide.
Examiners hints give the student an insight into commonly used exam terms, pitfalls to avoid, and ways to maximise their score when it comes to the exam.
This computer graphic shows an insulin molecule. Insulin is a protein (peptide) hormone and is produced by protein synthesis.
Hint: compare requires both similarities and dierences. Answers may be given in the form of a table. In the table shown here, there are ve comparisons (not ten).
Protein synthesis has two major sets of reactions called transcription and P DNA polymerase A C G C T translation. Both either produce or require a type of nucleic helicase acid called RNA T G A C G A G G T G T A tion (ribonucleic acid). C C C T direc T C A A C G G G T T This table compares DNA and RNA. P G A C
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DNA contains a 5-carbon sugar 5-carbon sugar is deoxyribose each nucleotide has one of four nitrogenous bases the nitrogenous bases are cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine double-stranded molecule
C C n of A G RNA synt T T C G hesis A G G A G A A T contains a 5-carbon sugar C C C C T A T G P C C 5-carbon sugar is ribose G A C T G G each nucleotide also has one of four DNA polymerase nitrogenous bases the nitrogenous bases are cytosine, guanine, adenine, and uracil single-stranded molecule
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TOK Is there signicance to the fact that the structure of DNA is universal among all living things? Is there further signicance that all living organisms use the same genetic code?
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TOK links provide an ethical and moral dimension to the students study experience. Discussion-points are suggested, and questions posed for wider consideration. A TOK chapter at the end of the book draws many of these strands together.
Another major difference is that no RNA nucleotides exist that contain thymine, instead there is a nitrogenous base unique to RNA, called uracil. The process of transcription begins when an area of DNA of one gene becomes unzipped (see Figure 3.15). This is very similar to the unzipping process involved in DNA replication, but in this case only the area of the DNA where the particular gene is found is unzipped. The two complementary strands of DNA are now single-stranded in the area of the gene. Recall that RNA (including mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule. This means that only one of the two strands of DNA will be used as a template to create the mRNA molecule. An enzyme called RNA polymerase is used as the catalyst for this process. As RNA polymerase moves along the strand of DNA acting as the template, RNA nucleotides oat into place by complementary base pairing. The complementary base pairs are the same as in double-stranded DNA, with the exception that adenine on the DNA is now paired with uracil on the newly forming mRNA molecule. Consider the following facts concerning transcription: only one of the two strands of DNA is copied, the other strand is not used; mRNA is always single-stranded and shorter than the DNA that it is copied from as it is a complementary copy of only one gene; look for the presence of thymine in a molecule to identify it as DNA (the presence of deoxyribose is another clue); look for the presence of uracil in a molecule to identify it as RNA (the presence of ribose is another clue).
RNA polymerase
Global perspective The human genome project was truly an international initiative, as China, France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and United States all provided major funding and lab work towards the goal of sequencing all of the genes of a human. Today over 18 countries have laboratories involved in the continuation of this project.
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Students are encouraged to consider the global impact and international reach of the subject being studied, through indicators of global perspectives. This can lead to further enquiry, class discussion, or simply a broader awareness of the real-life context of the material being studied, following the intentions of Aim 8.
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RNA-free nucleotides
HEINEMANN BACCALAUREATE
978-0-435994-27-3
22.50
December 2007
Physics Standard Level History: The Cold War Chemistry Standard Level Mathematics Standard Level Mathematical Studies Theory of Knowledge
December 2007 December 2007 June 2008 September 2008 September 2008 September 2008
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