Tutorial 4: Measurement of R, L, C: 4.1 The Resistors in A Wheatstone Bridge Shown in The Attached

EPM1016
MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS
TUTORIAL 4
T to l 4 M a u m n o R L C u ria : e s re e t f , ,
4.1 The resistors in a Wheatstone bridge shown in the attached figure are given by: R1 = R2 = R3 = 1k and the adjustable resistance R4 = 1.5k. If the bridges supply voltage is 10V, (i) Find the unbalance voltage (also called offset voltage), if a high-impedance voltmeter is used for the detector. (ii) Find the unbalance current, if a galvanometer of resistance 50 is used for the detector. Solution 4.1: To find the voltage between nodes A and B using high impedance meter: R3 R 4 1k 1.5k VAB = VA - VB = V = 10 = -1 volts R 1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4 2k 2.5k During open circuit the voltage between A and B (VAB) equal to VTH Resistance between A and B at open circuit is equal to RTh (refer to the attached Figure) RTH R1 R 3 R 2 R 4 + = R1//R3 + R2//R4 = R1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4 1 1 1 1.5 + = = 1.1k 1 + 1 1 + 1.5
VTH
R1 V
A
R2
G
R3 R4
R1 A
R2 B
R3
R4
Shorted voltage source V
RTH
IG
A
RG
Using the Thevenins equivalent to the bridge circuit (with the voltmeter replaced by a galvanometer of resistance 50) IG = VTH -1 = = - 86.95 mA R TH + R G 1.1k + 50
4.2
A given dc-bridge circuit as shown in the figure is used for potential measurements. It found to be balanced when R1=R2= 1k, R3= 605 , and R4 =500 with a 10V supply. Find the unknown potential Vx .
R1 R3
R2
G
R4
Solution 4.2: In this case, the null-detector responds to the potential between points c and b: Where, Vc = Va + Vx
EPM1016
TUTORIAL 4
V = Vcb = Vc Vb R3 R4 V = V x + V V R1 + R3 R2 + R4 R3 R4 V = V x + V R1 + R3 R2 + R4 500 605 Thus, for null-condition : 0 = V x + 10 1k + 605 1k + 50 V x + 3.769 3.333 = 0 Thus, Vx = -0.436 V The negative sign tells indicates the polarity of the unknown voltage, Vx. 4.3 Certain a.c. bridge is in balance, with the following constants: arm AB, R = 450 , arm BC, a resistance of 300 in series with a capacitance of 0.265 F, arm CD, an unknown impedance and arm DA, a resistor of 200 in series with an inductance of 15.9 mH. The supply frequency is 1 kHz. Find the constants of arm CD.
Solution 4.3: At balance of bridge: Z1 . Z4 = Z2 . Z3 Z1 = R = 450, 1 = 300 - j 600.5847 , Z2 = R2 - j 2fC 2 Z3 = R3 + j 2fL3 = 200 + j 99.9026 Z4 = Z 2 Z3 Z1 =
[ 300 - j600.5847 ] [ 200 + j99.9026 ]

450 1 2..f.C 4
= 266.6667 j 200.3248 Z4 = R4 j X4 ; C4 = R4 = 266.6667 ; X4 =
1 1 = = 0.7945 F 2..f.X 4 2 * *1000 * 200.3248
Z4 has a resistor of 267 in series with a capacitor of 0.795F.
4.4
An AC Maxwell bridge is constructed as shown in the Figure. The arms AB and BC are non-reactive resistors of 1k; arm DA is a standard variable reactor L1 in series with a resistance R1 of 100; the arm CD comprises a standard variable resistor R in series with the coil unknown impedance Rx+ jwLx . Balance is obtained with L1=50 mH and R = 25. Find the resistance Rx and the inductance Lx of the coil.
EPM1016
TUTORIAL 4
Solution 4.4: Since at balancing condition: Z1 Z 3 = Z 2 Z 4 Equating the real terms, the unknown Rx could be found as R1 R3 = R2 ( R + R x ) ; 100 1k = 1k (25 + R x ) R x = 100 25 = 75 Equating the imaginary terms, the unknown Lx could be found as L1 R3 = R2 L x ; L1 1k = 1k L x L1 = L x ; and, L x = 50 mH
4.5
A Parallel resistance capacitance bridge as shown in the following figure has a standard capacitance value of 0.47F for C1. The bridge is balanced when R3 = 2.2k, R1 = 33k and R4 = 22k at a supply frequency of 50 Hz. Determine the resistive and capacitive components of the measured capacitor and its dissipation factor.
Solution 4.5: From the parallel-resistance capacitance bridge equations, RR RP = 1 4 R3 Substituting the values, We get, RP = 330 k ; and CP = 0.047 F The dissipation factor, D = 1 / ( CP RP ) = 0.205 and C R CP = 1 3 R4
4.6
The figure attached shows an ac bridge, with R1 = 1k, R2 = 2k, R3 = 100 and L3 = 250mH. Find the unknown resistance R4 and unknown inductance L4 , under bridge balance condition. If the circuit is excited by a 5V, 1kHz oscillator, find the unbalanced voltage, if L4 = 510 mH.
EPM1016
TUTORIAL 4
Solution 4.6: Z1 = 1000 ; Z2 = 2000 ; Z3 = 100 + j 0.25 ; Z4 = R4 + j L4
Under bridge balanced conditions, Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3 1000 ( R4 + j L4 ) = 2000 (100 + j 0.25 ) Simplifying and equating the real and imaginary parts, R4 = 200 ; If L4 = 0.51 H, Then, Z1 = 1000 ; Z2 = 2000 ; Z3 = 100 + j (2 x 1 K ) x ( 0.25 ) = 100 + j 1571 Z4 = 200 +j (2 x 1 K ) x ( 0.5 ) = 200 + j 3204 Z3 Z4 Offset voltage, V = V Z1 + Z 3 Z 2 + Z 4 Simplifying, we get , V = Z 2 Z 3 Z1 Z 4 x V ( Z1 + Z 3 )( Z 2 + Z 4 ) L4 = 0.5 H
Substituting the values, V = 0.0418 / -200.55 V

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EPM1016

MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS

MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS

[ 300 - j600.5847 ] [ 200 + j99.9026 ]

= 266.6667 j 200.3248 Z4 = R4 j X4 ; C4 = R4 = 266.6667 ; X4 =

1 1 = = 0.7945 F 2..f.X 4 2 * 1000 200.3248

Z4 has a resistor of 267 in series with a capacitor of 0.795F.

MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS

MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS

Solution 4.6: Z1 = 1000 ; Z2 = 2000 ; Z3 = 100 + j 0.25 ; Z4 = R4 + j L4

Substituting the values, V = 0.0418 / -200.55 V

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