$igital Multi Programme Systems For Television Sound and Data Services For Cable Distribution

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
ITU-T J.83
TELECOMMUNICATION
STANDARDIZATION SECTOR
OF ITU
(04/97)
SERIES J: TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION, SOUND
PROGRAMME AND OTHER MULTIMEDIA SIGNALS
Digital transmission of television signals
DigitaI muIti-programme systems for teIevision,
sound and data services for cabIe distribution
ITU-T Recommendation J.83
(Previously CCITT Recommendation)
ITU-T J-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION, SOUND PROGRAMME AND OTHER MULTIMEDIA SIGNALS
For further details, please refer to ITU-T List of Recommendations.
General Recommendations J.1J.9
General Recommendations concerning sound-programme transmissions J.10J.19
Performance characteristics of sound-programme circuits J.20J.29
Characteristics of equipment and lines used for setting up sound-programme circuits J.30J.39
Characteristics of equipment for coding analogue sound-programme signals J.40J.49
Digital transmission of sound-programme signals J.50J.59
Characteristics of circuits for television transmissions J.60J.69
Systems for television transmission over metallic lines and interconnection with radio-relay
links
J.70J.79
Digital transmission of television signals J.80J.89
Specific Recommendations for television transmission J.90J.99
Transmission of signals with multiplexing of video, sound and data, and signals of new
systems
J.100J.109
Interactive services J.110J.119
Recommendation J.83 (04/97) i
FOREWORD
The ITU-T (Telecommunication Standardization Sector) is a permanent organ of the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU). The ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommen-
dations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
The World Telecommunication Standardization Conference (WTSC), which meets every four years, establishes the
topics for study by the ITU-T Study Groups which, in their turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
The approval of Recommendations by the Members of the ITU-T is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSC
Resolution No. 1 (Geneva, October, 1997).
This second edition of ITU-T Recommendation J.83 was prepared by ITU-T Study Group 9 (1997-2000) and
incorporates Amendment 1 and Amendment 2 approved under the WTSC Resolution No. 1 procedure on the 17th of
October 1996 and the 22nd of April 1997 respectively.
___________________
NOTE
In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication
administration and a recognized operating agency.
ITU 1997
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the ITU.
ii Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
CONTENTS
Page
1 Scope.............................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions..................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols and abbreviations............................................................................................................................. 2
4.1 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................ 2
4.2 Abbreviations.................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Digital multi-programme systems for cable distribution................................................................................ 3
Annex A Digital multi-programme System A..................................................................................................... 5
A.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5
A.2 Cable system concept........................................................................................................................ 5
A.3 MPEG-2 transport layer.................................................................................................................... 7
A.4 Framing structure.............................................................................................................................. 7
A.5 Channel coding................................................................................................................................. 8
A.6 Byte to symbol mapping................................................................................................................... 10
A.7 Modulation........................................................................................................................................ 11
A.8 Baseband filter characteristics .......................................................................................................... 13
Annex B Digital multi-programme System B..................................................................................................... 14
B.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 14
B.2 Cable system concept........................................................................................................................ 15
B.3 MPEG-2 transport layer.................................................................................................................... 15
B.4 MPEG-2 transport framing............................................................................................................... 15
B.5 Forward error correction................................................................................................................... 20
B.6 Modulation and demodulation.......................................................................................................... 33
Annex C Digital multi-programme System C..................................................................................................... 35
C.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 35
C.2 Cable system concept........................................................................................................................ 35
C.3 MPEG-2 transport layer.................................................................................................................... 37
C.4 Framing structure.............................................................................................................................. 37
C.5 Channel coding................................................................................................................................. 38
C.6 Modulation........................................................................................................................................ 39
Annex D Digital multi-programme System D..................................................................................................... 43
D.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 43
D.2 Cable system concept........................................................................................................................ 43
D.3 MPEG-2 transport layer.................................................................................................................... 44
D.4 Framing structure.............................................................................................................................. 44
D.5 Channel coding................................................................................................................................. 46
D.6 Modulation........................................................................................................................................ 51
D.7 16-VSB cable receiver ...................................................................................................................... 52
D.8 Other VSB modes ............................................................................................................................. 52
Appendix I Bibliography..................................................................................................................................... 60
Recommendation J.83 (04/97) iii
SUMMARY
This Recommendation "Digital multi-programme systems for television, sound and data services for cable distribution"
covers the definition of the framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital multi-programme signals for
television, sound and data services distributed by cable networks.
This Recommendation has four Annexes (A, B, C and D), that provide the specifications for the four digital television
cable systems submitted to the ITU-T. This reflects the fact that standardization of digital cable television systems is
being addressed for the first time by the ITU-T and that a number of systems had been developed and provisionally
implemented when this standardization effort was undertaken by the ITU.
This Recommendation recommends that those implementing new digital multi-programme services on existing and
future cable networks should use one of the systems whose framing structure, channel coding and modulation are
specified in Annexes A, B, C and D.
INTRODUCTION
The development of new digital technology is now reaching the point at which it is evident that they enable digital
systems to offer significant advantages, in comparison with conventional analogue techniques, in terms of vision and
sound quality, spectrum and power efficiency, service flexibility, multimedia convergence and potentially lower
equipment costs. Moreover, the use of cable distribution for the delivery of video and audio signals to individual viewers
and listeners is continually growing, and has already become the dominant form of distribution in many parts of the
world. It is also evident that these potential benefits can best be achieved through the economies of scale resulting from
the widespread use of digital systems designed to be easily implementable on existing infrastructure and which take
advantage of the many possible synergies with related audiovisual systems.
Administrations and private operators planning the introduction of digital cable television services are encouraged to
consider the use of one of the systems described in Annexes A, B, C and D, and to seek opportunities for further
convergence, rather than developing a different system based on the same technologies.
This second edition of this Recommendation incorporates Amendment 1 and Amendment 2. These amendments brought
the following changes with respect to the first edition of the Recommendation:
a) In Annex B there is now a specification for 256-QAM;
b) In Annex B, two distinct operating modes of interleaving capability are specified, called level 1 and
level 2. Level 1 is specified for 64-QAM transmission only and this mode already existed in the first
edition of Annex B. Level 2 encompasses 64-QAM and 256-QAM transmission, and for both modulation
schemes is capable of supporting variable interleaving.
c) In the first edition of Annex D, 24 bits were identified which determined the VSB mode for the data in the
frame and two such modes were defined: 16-VSB Cable and 8-VSB Terrestrial (trellis coded). In this
second edition, three other VSB modes are defined, i.e. 2-VSB, 4-VSB and 8-VSB.
Table 1/J.83 has been updated to take account of these extensions. In addition, a new Appendix I containing a short
Bibliography has been added.
Recommendation J.83 (04/97) 1
Recommendation J.83
Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
DIGITAL MULTI-PROGRAMME SYSTEMS FOR TELEVISION,
SOUND AND DATA SERVICES FOR CABLE DISTRIBUTION
(Geneva, 1995; revised in 1997)
1 Scope
The scope of this Recommendation is the definition of the framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital
multi-programme television, sound and data signals distributed by cable networks (e.g. CATV systems) possibly in
frequency-division multiplex. A separate Recommendation defines the transmission characteristics for digital multi-
programme signals distributed through SMATV networks.
NOTE The system input is specified to be the MPEG-2 transport layer; this provides some ancillary data capacity in the
forward channel, which can be used to accommodate the needs of interactive services (a description of the provision and
characteristics of the return channel is outside the scope of this Recommendation).
Being highly flexible, the MPEG-2 transport layer can be configured to deliver any desired mix of television, sound and
data signals (with sound either related or unrelated to the video signal content, and at various possible levels of quality). The transport
layer can even be totally devoted to the delivery of sound programming, although it may not necessarily be optimised for this
application.
The specific case of the delivery of a multiplex only containing sound signals may be addressed in a future
Recommendation.
This Recommendation is intended to ensure that the designers and operators of cable distribution (e.g. CATV) networks
carrying multi-programme signals will have the information they need to be able to establish and maintain fully
satisfactory networks. It also provides the information needed by the designers and manufacturers of equipment
(including receivers) for digital multi-programme signals distributed by cable networks.
2 References
The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in the text,
constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All
Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; all users of this Recommendation are therefore
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other
references listed below. A list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published.
[1] ITU-R Recommendation BO.1211 (1995), Digital multi-programme emission systems for television, sound and
data services for satellites operating in the 11/12 GHz frequency range.
[2] ITU-T Recommendation H.222.0 (1995) | ISO/IEC 13818-1:1996, Information technology Generic coding of
moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems.
3 Terms and definitions
No unconventional terms or definitions are used in this Recommendation.
2 Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
4 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1 Symbols
This Recommendation uses the following symbols.
Roll-off factor
A
k
, B
k
Most Significant Bits at the output of the Byte to m-tuple converter
byte Eight bits
f
0
Channel centre frequency
f
N
Nyquist frequency
g(x) RS code generator polynomial
G
(256)
RS primitive field generator polynomial
G
(16)
Randomizer generator polynomial
I Interleaving depth (bytes)
I, Q In-phase, Quadrature phase components of the modulated signal
j Branch index
k Number of bytes mapped into n symbols
m Power of 2
m
-level QAM: 4,5,6 for 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, respectively
M Convolutional interleaver branch depth for j = 1, M = N/I
ms millisecond
n Number of symbols mapped from k bytes
N Error protected frame length (bytes)
p(x) RS field generator polynomial
PN(x) Pseudorandom sequence, identified by the number following the symbol
r
m
In-band ripple (dB)
R Randomized sequence
R
s
Symbol rate corresponding to bilateral Nyquist bandwidth of modulated signal
R
u
Useful bit rate after MPEG-2 transport multiplexer
R
u
Bit rate after RS outer coder
q Number of bits: 2,3,4 for 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, respectively
T Number of bytes which can be corrected in RS error-protected packet
T
s
Symbol period
4.2 Abbreviations
This Recommendation uses the following symbols.
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BB BaseBand
BER Bit Error Ratio
bps Bits per second
CATV Community Antenna Television
C/N Carrier to Noise ratio
DTVC Digital Television by Cable
FEC Forward Error Correction
FIFO First In First Out
HEC Header Error Control
HEX Hexadecimal
IF Intermediate Frequency
IRD Integrated Receiver Decoder
LSB Least Significant Bit
MMDS Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System
MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group
MSB Most Significant Bit
MUX Multiplex
P Parity
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PN Pseudorandom Noise
ppm Parts per million
PRBS PseudoRandom Binary Sequence
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QEF Quasi Error Free
RF Radio Frequency
RS Reed-Solomon
SMATV Satellite Master Antenna Television
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
sps Symbols per second
Sync Synchronizing signal
TBD To Be Determined
TDM Time Division Multiplex
TS Transport Stream
VLSI Very Large Scale Integration
VSB Vestigial SideBand
XOR Exclusive OR
2-VSB 2 level VSB
4-VSB 4 level VSB
8-VSB 8 level VSB
16-VSB 16 level VSB
5 Digital multi-programme systems for cable distribution
It is recommended that those implementing new digital multi-programme services on existing and future cable networks
should use one of the systems whose framing structure, channel coding and modulation are specified in Annexes A, B, C
and D. The specifications are compared in Table 1, indicating common features.
Table 1/J.83 Comparison of specifications in summary form indicating common features
Item Annex B Annex A Annex C Annex D
Input signals Modified MPEG-2 transport
stream. A parity checksum is
substituted for the sync byte,
supplying improved packet
delineation functionality,
and error detection
capability independent of the
FEC layer. (See B.4.)
MPEG-2 transport Stream
(See A.3, C.3, D.3.)
Framing structure An FEC frame consists of
a 42- or 40-bit sync trailer
following 60 or 88 RS
blocks, with each block
containing 128 symbols.
An RS symbol consists of
7 bits. Thus, there is a
total 53 802 or 78 888 bits
in an FEC frame for 64- or
256-QAM respectively.
(See B.5.3.)
The framing organization is based on the
MPEG-2 transport packet structure.
(See A.4, C.4, D.4.)
Randomization The 3-word polynominal for
the PRS:
x
3
+ x +
3
over GF 128.
(See B.5.4.)
The 15-bit polynominal for the PRBS:
1 + x
14
+ x
15
(See A.5.1, C.5.1.)
The 16-bit poly-
nominal for the
PRBS:
1 + x + x
3
+ x
6
+ x
7
+ x
11
+ x
12
+ x
13
+ x
16
.
(See D.5.1.)
Channel
coding
FEC Concatenated coding, RS
(128, 122) GF 128 with
convolutional coding.
(See B.5.)
RS (204, 188) GF 256
(See A.5.2, C.5.2.)
RS (207, 187)
GF 256
(See D.5.2.)
Interleaving Convolutional interleaving
depth:
I 128,64,32,16,8
J 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,16.
(See B.5.2.)
Convolutional interleaving, depth:
I 12.
(See A.5.3, C.5.3.)
Convolutional
interleaving,
depth: I 52.
(See D.5.3.)
Byte to symbol
mapping
See B.5.5. See A.6, C.6.1. See D.6.1.
Differential coding See B.5.5. See A.6, C.6.2. None
Trellis coding See B.5.5. None
Bandwidth 6 MHz 8 MHz 6 MHz
Modu-
lation
Constellation 64- or 256-QAM
Figure B.18 or B.19
16-, 32-, 64-QAM
Figure A.7
64-QAM
Figure C.7
2-, 4-, 8-, 16-VSB
Roll-off factor 18% or 12% for 64- or
256-QAM respectively.
See B.6.1.
15%
See A.7
13%
See C.6.4
11.5%
See D.6.3
Baseband filter
characteristics
Table B.2 Figure A.8 Figure C.8 Figure D.11
Annex A
Digital multi-programme System A
A.1 Introduction
This Annex derives from work done on digital television satellite broadcasting in Europe; it describes the framing
structure, channel coding and modulation (denoted "the System" for the purposes of this Annex) for digital multi-
programme television distribution by cable. This System can be used transparently with the modulation/channel coding
system used for digital multi-programme television by satellite (see Reference [1]). The System allows for further
evolution as technology advances.
The System is based on MPEG-2 (see Reference [2] as regards source coding and transport multiplexing. It is based on
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It allows for 16-, 32-, or 64-QAM constellations and permits future
extension to higher constellations, such as 128-QAM and 256-QAM.
The System FEC is designed to improve the Bit Error Ratio (BER) from 10
4
to a range of 10
10
to 10
11
, ensuring
"Quasi Error Free" (QEF) operation with approximately one uncorrected error event per transmission hour.
A.2 Cable system concept
The cable system shall be defined as the functional block of equipment performing the adaptation of the baseband TV
signals to the cable channel characteristics (see Figure A.1). In the cable head-end, the following TV baseband signal
sources can be considered:
satellite signal(s);
contribution link(s);
local programme source(s).
The following processes shall be applied as shown in Figure A.1.
A.2.1 Baseband interfacing
1)
and sync
This unit shall adapt the data structure to the format of the signal source. The framing structure shall be in accordance
with MPEG-2 transport layer including sync bytes.
A.2.2 Sync 1 inversion and randomization
This unit shall invert the Sync 1 byte according to the MPEG-2 framing structure, and randomizes the data stream for
spectrum shaping purposes.
A.2.3 Reed-Solomon (RS) coder
This unit shall apply a shortened Reed-Solomon (RS) code to each randomized transport packet to generate an error-
protected packet. This code shall also be applied to the Sync byte itself.
A.2.4 Convolutional interleaver
This unit shall perform a depth I 12 convolutional interleaving of the error-protected packets. The periodicity of the
sync bytes shall remain unchanged.
A.2.5 Byte to m-tuple conversion
This unit shall perform a conversion of the bytes generated by the interleaver into QAM symbols.
A.2.6 Differential encoding
In order to get a rotation-invariant constellation, this unit shall apply a differential encoding of the two Most Significant
Bits (MSBs) of each symbol.
1)
Interfaces are not part of this Recommendation.
6
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e
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J
.
8
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7
)
T0902590-95/d01
Baseband and interface to:
Local MPEG-2 programme sources,
Contribution links,
Remultiplexers, etc.
Data
(Note)
Clock
BB
Physical
interface
Sync 1
inversion
&
randomi-
zation
Reed-
Solomon
Coder
(204,188)
Convol.
Inter-
leaver
1 =
12 bytes
Clock & sync generator
RF
physical
interface
&
QAM
demodu-
lator
Matched
filter
&
Equalizer
Differen-
tial
decoder
Symbol
to
byte
mapping
Convo-
lutional
deinter-
leaver
Reed-
Solomon
decoder
Sync 1
inversion
&
Energy
dispersal
removal
BB
Physical
interface
From RF
cable
channel
Carrier & clock & sync recovery
NOTE MPEG-2 transport MUX packets.
Figure A.1/J.83 Conceptual block diagram of elements at the cable head-end and receiving site
8 8
m
m 8 8 8 8
Cable head-end
8 m m
Data (Note)
Clock
Byte
to
m-tuple
conver-
sion
To RF
cable
channel
QAM
Modulator
&
IF
physical
interface
Differential
encoding
F
I
G
U
R
E

A
.
1
/
J
.
8
3
.
.
.
[
D
0
1
]

A

L
I
T
A
L
I
E
N
N
E
A.2.7 QAM modulation and physical interface
This unit performs a square-root raised cosine filtering of the I and Q signals prior to QAM modulation. This is followed
by interfacing the QAM modulated signal to the Radio Frequency (RF) cable channel.
A.2.8 Cable receiver
A System receiver shall perform the inverse signal processing, as described for the modulation process above, in order to
recover the baseband signal.
A.3 MPEG-2 transport layer
The MPEG-2 transport layer is defined in Reference [2]. The transport layer for MPEG-2 data is comprised of packets
having 188 bytes, with one byte for synchronization purposes, three bytes of header containing service identification,
scrambling and control information, followed by 184 bytes of MPEG-2 or auxiliary data.
A.4 Framing structure
The framing organization shall be based on the MPEG-2 transport packet structure. The System framing structure is
shown in Figure A.2.
T0902600-95/d02
187 Bytes
Sync
1 byte
R
187 Bytes
Sync 2
R
187 Bytes
R
187 Bytes
R
187 Bytes
204 bytes
R
187 Bytes
RS (204,188, 8)
203 Bytes
Sync 1
or
Sync n
203 Bytes
PRBS period = 1503 bytes
a) MPEG-2 transport MUX packet
b) Randomized transport packets: Sync bytes and Randomized Sequence R
c) Reed-SoIomon RS (204,188, T = 8) error-protected packet
d) InterIeaved Frames; InterIeaving depth I = 12 bytes
Figure A.2/J.83 Framing structure
Sync 1
Sync 1
or
Sync n
Sync 1
or
Sync n
Sync 1
or
Sync n
Sync 8
Sync 1 Not randomized complemented sync byte.
Sync n Not randomized sync byte, n = 2, 3, ..., 8.
Sync 1
FIGURE A.2/J.83...[D02] = 14.8 CM
A.5 Channel coding
To achieve the appropriate level of error protection required for cable transmission of digital data, an FEC based on
Reed-Solomon encoding shall be used. In contrast to the Baseline System for satellite described in Reference [1], no
convolutional coding shall be applied to cable transmission. Protection against burst errors shall be achieved by the use
of byte interleaving.
A.5.1 Randomization for spectrum shaping
The System input stream shall be organized in fixed length packets (see Figure A.2), following the MPEG-2 transport
multiplexer. The total packet length of the MPEG-2 transport MUX packet is 188 bytes. This includes 1 sync-word byte
(i.e. 47
HEX
). The processing order at the transmitting side shall always start from the MSB (i.e. 0) of the sync word-byte
(i.e. 01000111).
In order to comply with the System for satellite (see Reference [1]) and to ensure adequate binary transitions for clock
recovery, the data at the output of the MPEG-2 transport multiplex shall be randomized in accordance with the
configuration depicted in Figure A.3.
The polynomial for the PseudoRandom Binary Sequence (PRBS) generator shall be:
1 + x
14
+ x
15
Loading of the sequence "100101010000000" into the PRBS registers, as indicated in Figure A.3, shall be initiated at the
start of every eight transport packets. To provide an initialization signal for the descrambler, the MPEG-2 sync byte of
the first transport packet in a group of eight packets shall be bit wise inverted from 47
HEX
to B8
HEX
.
The first bit at the output of the PRBS generator shall be applied to the first bit of the first byte following the inverted
MPEG-2 sync byte (i.e. B8
HEX
). To aid other synchronization functions, during the MPEG-2 sync bytes of the
subsequent 7 transport packets, the PRBS generation continues, but its output shall be disabled, leaving these bytes
unrandomized. The period of the PRBS sequence shall therefore be 1503 bytes.
The randomization process shall be active also when the modulator input bit stream is non-existent, or when it is non-
compliant with the MPEG-2 transport stream format (i.e. 1 sync byte + 187 packet bytes). This is to avoid the emission
of an unmodulated carrier from the modulator.
A.5.2 Reed-Solomon coding
Following the energy dispersal randomization process, systematic shortened Reed-Solomon encoding shall be performed
on each randomized MPEG-2 transport packet, with T 8. This means that 8 erroneous bytes per transport packet can be
corrected. This process adds 16 parity bytes to the MPEG-2 transport packet to give a codeword (204, 188).
NOTE RS coding shall also be applied to the packet sync byte, either non-inverted (i.e. 47
HEX
) or inverted (i.e. B8
HEX
).
Code Generator Polynomial: g(x) (x +
0
)(x +
1
)(x +
2
) ... (x +
15
);
where:
02
HEX
Field Generator Polynomial: p(x) x
8
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ 1
The shortened Reed-Solomon code shall be implemented by appending 51 bytes, all set to zero, before the information
bytes at the input of a (255, 239) encoder; after the coding procedure these bytes are discarded.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T0902610-95/d03
AND
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 ....
Enable
Clear/randomized
data input
Randomized/
de-randomized
data output
Initialization sequence
XOR
Figure A.3/J.83 Scrambler/descrambler schematic diagram
XOR
Data input (MSB first) 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
PRBS sequence
:
:
....
....
x
1
x
1
x
0
x
0
x
0
x
0
x
0
x
0
FIGURE A.3/J.83...[D03] = 10.8 CM
A.5.3 Convolutional interleaving
Following the scheme of Figure A.4, convolutional interleaving with depth I 12 shall be applied to the error-protected
packets [see Figure A.2 c)]. This results in an interleaved frame [see Figure A.2 d)].
The convolutional interleaving process shall be based on the Forney approach which is compatible with the Ramsey
type III approach, with I 12. The Interleaved Frame shall be composed of overlapping error-protected packets and
shall be delimited by MPEG-2 sync bytes (preserving the periodicity of 204 bytes).
The interleaver may be composed of I 12 branches, cyclically connected to the input byte-stream by the input switch.
Each branch shall be a First In First Out (FIFO) shift register, with depth (Mj) cells (where M 17 N/I, N 204
error-protected frame length, I 12 interleaving depth, j branch index). The cells of the FIFO shall contain 1 byte,
and the input and output switches shall be synchronized.
For synchronization purposes, the sync bytes and the inverted sync bytes shall be always routed in the branch "0" of the
interleaver (corresponding to a null delay).
NOTE The de-interleaver is similar, in principle, to the interleaver, but the branch indexes are reversed (i.e. j 0
corresponds to the largest delay). The de-interleaver synchronization can be carried out by routing the first recognized sync byte in the
"0" branch.
T0902620-95/d04
Sync word route
Sync word route
1 byte per
position 1 byte per
position
FIFO shift register
De-interleaver I = 12
Interleaver I = 12
Figure A.4/J.83 Conceptual diagram of the convolutional interleaver and de-interleaver
8
9
10
11
10
9
8
0 0
0
1
2
3
11
0
1
2
3
17 = M
17 2
17 3
17 11
17 11
17 3
17 2
17 = M
11 = I 1 11 = I 1
FIGURE A.4/J.83...[D04] = 7.2 CM
A.6 Byte to symbol mapping
After convolutional interleaving, an exact mapping of bytes into symbols shall be performed. The mapping shall rely on
the use of byte boundaries in the modulation system.
In each case, the MSB of symbol Z shall be taken from the MSB of byte V.
Correspondingly, the next significant bit of the symbol shall be taken from the next significant bit of the byte. For the
case of 2
m
-QAM modulation, the process shall map k bytes into n symbols, such that:
8 k n m
The process is illustrated for the case of 64-QAM (where m 6, k 3 and n 4) in Figure A.5:
T0902630-95/d05
b
7
b
6
b
1
b
0
b
7
b
6
b
5
b
4
b
3
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
5
b
4
b
3
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
5
b
4
b
3
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
5
b
4
b
3
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
5
b
4
b
3
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
5
b
4
b
3
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
7
b
6
b
5
b
4
b
3
b
2
From interleaver
output (bytes)
Byte V Byte V + 1 Byte V + 2
Symbol Z Symbol Z + 1 Symbol Z + 2 Symbol Z + 3
To differential
encoder
(6-bit symbols)
MSB LSB
NOTE 1 b
0
shall be understood as being the Least Significant Bit (LSB) of each byte or m-tuple.
NOTE 2 In this conversion, each byte results in more than one m-tuple, labelled Z, Z + 1, etc. with Z being
transmitted before Z + 1.
Figure A.5/J.83 Byte to m-tuple conversion for 64-QAM
FIGURE A.5/J.83...[D05] = 7.6 CM
The two most significant bits of each symbol shall then be differentially coded in order to obtain a /2 rotation-invariant
QAM constellation. The differential encoding of the two MSBs shall be given by the following expression:
I = (A B ) A I A B A Q
k k k k k k k k k
+

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
Q = (A B ) B Q A B B I
k k k k k k k k k
+

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
Figure A.6 gives an example of implementation of byte to symbol conversion.
T0903190-95/d06
Byte
to
m-tuple
conversion
Differential
encoding
Mapping
From
convolutional
interleaver
2 for 16-QAM
q = 3 for 32-QAM
4 for 64-QAM
Figure A.6/J.83 Example of an implementation of the byte to m-tuple conversion
and the differential encoding of the two MSBs
q bits (b
q

1
, ..., b
0
)
8
I
Q
Q
k
I
k
A
k
= MSB
B
k
= b
q
FIGURE A.6/J.83...[D06] = 5.7 CM
A.7 Modulation
The modulation of the System shall be Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) with 16, 32, or 64 points in the
constellation diagram.
The System constellation diagrams for 16-QAM, 32-QAM and 64-QAM are given in Figure A.7.
As shown in Figure A.7, the constellation points in Quadrant 1 shall be converted to Quadrants 2, 3 and 4 by changing
the two MSB (i.e. I
k
and Q
k
) and by rotating the q LSBs according to the rule given in Table A.1.
I I
Q
Q
Q
I
000000 000001 000101 000100
000010 000011 000111 000110
001010 001011 001111 001110
001000 001001 001101 001100
100000 100010 101010
100011 101011
100101 100111 101111
100100 100110 101110
100001
110101 110001 010000
110111 110011 110010
111111 111011 111010
111101 111001 111000
010010 011010 011000
010001 010011 011011 011001
010101 010111 011111 011101
010100 010110 011110 011100
110000 110100
101001
101101
101100
110110
111110
111100
101000
T0902640-95/d07
0000 1000
1100 0100
0001
1001
1101
0101
0011
1111
1011
0111
0010
1010
1110
0110
00000 00001 00011
00111 00101 00100
00110 00010 10011 10111
10010 10101 10001
10110 10100 10000
11011 11001 11000
11111 11101 11100
11010 11110 01011 01111
01001 01101 01010
01110 01100 01000
I
k
Q
k
= 10 I
k
Q
k
= 00
I
k
Q
k
= 11 I
k
Q
k
= 01
I
k
Q
k
= 10 I
k
Q
k
= 00
I
k
Q
k
= 11 I
k
Q
k
= 01
I
k
Q
k
= 10 I
k
Q
k
= 00
I
k
Q
k
= 11 I
k
Q
k
= 00
NOTE I
k
Q
k
are the two MSBs in each quadrant.
Figure A.7/J.83 Constellation diagrams for 16-QAM, 32-QAM and 64-QAM
32-QAM 16-QAM
64-QAM
FIGURE A.7/J.83...[D07] = 21.7 CM
Table A.1/J.83 Conversion of constellation points of quadrant 1 to other quadrants
of the constellation diagram given in Figure A.7
Prior to modulation, the I and Q signals shall be square-root raised-cosine filtered. The roll-off factor shall be 0.15.
The square-root raised cosine filter shall have a theoretical function defined by the following expression:
H(f) = 1 for f | f
N
| ( ) < 1
H(f) =
1
2 f
f f |
for f f f
N
N
N N
+

1
]
1
'
+
1
2 2
1 1
1 2
sin
|
( ) | | ( )
/

H(f) = for f | f
N
0 1 | ( ) > +
where:
f
T
R
N
s
s

1
2 2
is the Nyquist frequency and roll-off factor 0.15.
The transmitter filter characteristic is given in A.8.
A.8 Baseband filter characteristics
The template given in Figure A.8 shall be used as a minimum requirement for hardware implementation of the Nyquist
filter. This template takes into account not only the design limitations of the digital filter, but also the artefacts coming
from the analogue processing components of the System (e.g. D/A conversion, analogue filtering, etc).
The value of in-band ripple r
m
in the pass-band up to (1 ) f
N
as well as at the Nyquist frequency f
N
shall be lower
than 0.4 dB. The out-of-band rejection shall be greater than 43 dB.
The filter shall be phase-linear with the group delay ripple 0.1 T
s
(ns) up to f
N
,
where:
T
R
s
s
1
is the symbol period.
NOTE The values for in-band ripple and out-of-band rejection given in this Annex are subject to further study.
Quadrant MSBs LSBs rotation
1 00
2 10 +/2
3 11 +
4 01 +3/2
NOTE Receivers shall support at least 64-QAM modulation.
T0902650-95/d08
Frequency
Out-of-band rejection 43 dB
3.01 dB
f Nyquist frequency
N
In-band ripple r
m
0.4 dB
Figure A.8/J.83 Half-Nyquist baseband filter amplitude characteristics
f
0
f
N
(1 ) f
N
(1 + )
f
N
r
m
r
m
H(f)
0 dB
FIGURE A.8/J.83...[D08] = 10 CM
Annex B
Digital multi-programme System B
B.1 Introduction
This Annex describes the framing structure, channel coding, and channel modulation for a digital multi-service
television distribution system that is specific to a cable channel. The system can be used transparently with the
distribution from a satellite channel, as many cable systems are fed directly from satellite links. The specification covers
both 64- and 256-QAM. Most features of both modulation schemes are the same. Where there are differences, the
specific details for each modulation scheme will be covered.
The design of the modulation, interleaving and coding is based upon testing and characterization of cable systems in
North America. The modulation is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation with a 64-point signal constellation (64-QAM)
and with a 256-point signal constellation (256-QAM), transmitter selectable. The Forward Error Correction (FEC) is
based on a concatenated coding approach that produces high coding gain at moderate complexity and overhead.
Concatenated coding offers improved performance over a block code, at a similar overall complexity. The system FEC is
optimized for quasi error free operation at a threshold output error event rate of one error event per 15 minutes.
The data format input to the modulation and coding is assumed to be MPEG-2 transport. However, the method used for
MPEG synchronization is decoupled from FEC synchronization. For example, this enables the system to carry ATM
packets easily without interfering with ATM synchronization. In fact, ATM synchronization may be performed by
defined ATM synchronization mechanisms.
There are two modes supported: Mode 1 has a symbol rate of 5.057 Msymbols/s and Mode 2 has a symbol rate of
5.361 Msymbols/s. Typically, Mode 1 will be used for 64-QAM and Mode 2 will be used for 256-QAM. The system
will be compatible with future implementations of higher data rate schemes employing higher order QAM extensions.
B.2 Cable system concept
Channel coding and transmission are specific to a particular medium or communication channel. The expected channel
error statistics and distortion characteristics are critical in determining the appropriate error correction and demodulation.
The cable channel, including optical fiber, is primarily regarded as a bandwidth-limited linear channel, with a balanced
combination of white noise, interference, and multi-path distortion. The Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
technique used, together with adaptive equalization and concatenated coding is well suited to this application and
channel.
The basic layered block diagram of cable transmission processing is shown in Figure B.1. The following subclauses
define these layers from the "outside" in, and from the perspective of the transmit side.
T0903400-96/d09
Transmitter Receiver
Channel
MPEG
framing
FEC
encoder
QAM
modulator
QAM
demodulator
FEC
decoder
MPEG
framing
MPEG-2
transport
MPEG-2
transport
Figure B.1/J.83 Cable transmission block diagram
FIGURE B.1/J.83...[D09] = 7.5 CM
B.3 MPEG-2 transport layer
B.4 MPEG-2 transport framing
The MPEG transport framing is the outermost layer of processing. It is provided as a robust means of delivering MPEG
packet synchronization to the receiver output. This processing block receives an MPEG-2 transport data stream
consisting of a continuous stream of fixed length 188 byte packets. This data stream is transmitted in serial fashion, MSB
first. The first byte of a packet is specified to be a sync byte having a value of 47
HEX
.
The sync byte is intended for the purpose of packet delineation. The cable transmission system has incorporated an
additional layer of processing to provide an additional functionality by utilizing the information bearing capacity of this
sync byte. A parity checksum which is a coset of an FIR parity check linear block code is substituted for this sync byte,
supplying improved packet delineation functionality, and error detection capability independent of the FEC layer.
The parity checksum is computed over the adjacent 187 bytes, which constitute the immediately preceding MPEG-2
packet contents (minus sync byte). It is then possible to support simultaneous packet synchronization and error detection.
The decoder computes a sliding checksum on the serial data stream, using the detection of a valid code word to detect
the start of packet. Once a locked alignment condition is established, the absence of a valid code word at the expected
location will indicate a packet error. The error flag of the previous packet may optionally be set as the data is passed out
of the decoder. The normal sync word must be re-inserted in place of the checksum to provide a standard MPEG-2 data
stream as an output.
The syndrome is computed by passing the 1496 payload bits through a Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) as
described by the following equation:
f(x) = [1 + x
1497
b(x)]/g(x)
where:
g(x) 1 + x + x
5
+ x
6
+ x
8
; and
b(x) 1 + x + x
3
+ x
7
.
This computational structure is illustrated in Figures B.2 and B.3. All addition operations are assumed to be modulo 2.
For an encode operation, the LFSR is first initialized so that all memory elements contain zero value. The 1496 bits
which constitute the MPEG-2 transport stream packet payload are then shifted into the LFSR. The encoder input is set to
zero after the 1496 data bits are received, and eight additional shifts are required to sequentially output the eight
computed syndrome bits. This 8-bit result must then be passed through an additional FIR filtering function g(x)
(initialized to an all-zeros state prior to introduction of the 8 syndrome bits) to generate an encoder checksum. An offset
of 67
HEX
is added to this checksum result for improved autocorrelation properties, and causes a 47
HEX
result to be
produced during a syndrome decode operation when a valid code word is present.The final 8-bit checksum with added
offset is transmitted MSB first following the 1496 payload bits to implement a systematic encoder.
A parity check matrix may be used by the decoder to identify a valid checksum. A syndrome generator, as shown in
Figure B.3, may also be employed for this purpose. The code has been designed such that when the appropriate
188 bytes of the modified MPEG-2 transport stream packet (which includes the associated checksum) are multiplied
with the parity check matrix, a valid code word is indicated when the calculated product produces a 47
HEX
result. Each
of the 8 columns of the parity check matrix "P" includes a 1497 bit vector, hereafter referred to as "C". This vector is
defined in Figure B.4.
Proceeding from the leftmost column of the matrix "P", the 1497-bit column "C" is duplicated in subsequent columns of
the matrix "P", shifted down by one bit position. The bit positions unoccupied by the column data are filled with zeros,
as illustrated in Figure B.5.
Note that the checksum is calculated based on the previous 187 bytes and not the 187 bytes yet to be received by the
MPEG-2 sync decoder. This is in contrast to the conventional notion of an MPEG packet structure, in that the sync byte
is usually described as the first byte of a received packet.
The received vector "R" is the MPEG-2 data consisting of 187 bytes followed by the checksum byte, yielding a total of
1504 bits. This "R" vector is multiplied (modulo 2) by the parity check "P" matrix, yielding an "S" vector whose length
is 8-bits, as illustrated in Figure B.6.
Z
1
B 0
B
0
A
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
b
0
T0903410-96/d10
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1497
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
b
1
b
2
b
3
b
4
b
5
b
6
b
7
Input
Switch position A first 1496 shifts
Switch position B last 8 shifts
67
HEX
offset, MSB first
(LSB) (MSB)
Encoder checksum output
Figure B.2/J.83 Checksum generator for the MPEG-2 sync byte encoder
FIGURE B.2/J.83...[D10] = 11.5
T0903420-96/d11
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1497
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Input
Decoder
syndrome
output
Figure B.3/J.83 Syndrome generator for the MPEG-2 sync decoder
FIGURE B.3/J.83...[D11] = 5.5
b0f3
857f
97a5
0ddb
eba0
caa3
58c1
2da9
a7ee
67b2
1039
2627
5688
a47c
05c7
78b3
61e7
0aff
2f4a
1bb7
d741
9546
b182
5b53
4fdc
cf64
2072
4c4e
ad11
48f8
0b8e
f166
c3ce
15fe
5e94
376f
ae83
2a8d
6304
b6a6
9fb9
9ec8
40e4
989d
5a22
91f0
171d
e2c2
879c
2bfc
bd28
6edf
5d06
551a
c609
6d4d
3f73
3d90
81c9
313a
b445
23e0
2e3b
c59b
0f38
57f9
7a50
ddbe
ba0c
aa35
8c12
da9a
7ee6
7b21
0392
6275
688a
47c0
5c77
8b36
1e70
aff2
f4a1
bb7d
7419
546b
1825
b534
fdcc
f642
0724
c4ea
d114
8f
T0903430-96/d12
C = 1497 1 =
C = 1497 1 =
All entries are in hexadecimal format except where otherwise noted.
1
binary
Figure B.4/J.83 "C" column vector (replicated inside the parity check matrix)
C
0,0
C
1,0
C
2,0
C
1494,0
C
1495,0
C
1496,0
FIGURE B.4/J.83...[D12] = 12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
T0903440-96/d13
"P" parity check matrix
= 1504 8 = P
1497 rows
(bits)
7 rows
(bits)
8 columns
Figure B.5/J.83 Structure of the parity check matrix "P"
FIGURE B.5/J.83...[D13] = 14
T0903450-96/d14
=
R "Vector"
(Alignment window)
1 1504
P "Matrix"
(Parity check)
1504 8
S "Vector"
(Received checksum)
1 8
S = [0100 0111] = 0 47
Figure B.6/J.83 Received MPEG-2 vector and parity check matrix multiplication
FIGURE B.6/J.83...[D14] = 5.5
A valid checksum is indicated when S [0100, 0111] 47
HEX
.
For carriage of transport protocols other than MPEG-2 Transport, e.g. ATM, this outer layer is removed or bypassed.
The FEC layer accepts and delivers data without any constraints on protocol. The framing section could be replaced with
one appropriate to the alternative transport protocol if required by an application. All other portions of this specification
(modulation, coding, interleaving) are implemented as described below. For the case of ATM, no framing layer is
required. The ATM HEC typically provides adequate packet framing and error detection. Isochronous ATM streams are
therefore carried transparently without overhead for MPEG or quasi-MPEG packet encapsulation.
B.5 Forward error correction
The Forward Error Correction (FEC) definition is composed of four processing layers, as illustrated in Figure B.7. There
are no dependencies on input data protocol in any of the FEC layers. FEC synchronization is fully internal and
transparent. Any data sequence will be delivered from the encoder input to decoder output.
T0903460-96/d15
FEC encoding
FEC decoding
Reed-
Solomon
encoder
Inter-
leaver
Ran-
domizer
Trellis
encoder
Channel
Trellis
decoder
De-
ran-
domizer
De-
interleaver
Reed-
Solomon
decoder
Trellis layer
Randomization layer
Interleaving layer
Reed-Solomon layer
Figure B.7/J.83 Layers of processing in the FEC
FIGURE B.7/J.83...[D15] = 7.9
The FEC section uses various types of error correcting algorithms and interleaving techniques to transport data reliably
over the cable channel.
Reed-Solomon (RS) Coding Provides block encoding and decoding to correct up to three symbols
within an RS block.
Interleaving Evenly disperses the symbols, protecting against a burst of symbol errors from being sent
to the RS decoder.
Randomization Randomizes the data on the channel to allow effective QAM demodulator
synchronization.
Trellis Coding Provides convolutional encoding and with the possibility of using soft decision trellis
decoding of random channel errors.
The following subclauses define these 4 layers.
B.5.1 Reed-Solomon coding
The MPEG-2 transport stream is Reed-Solomon (RS) encoded using a (128, 122) code over GF(128). This code has the
capability of correcting up to t 3 symbol errors per RS block. The same RS code is used for both 64-QAM and
256-QAM. However, the FEC frame format is different for each modulation type, as described in a later subclause.
The Reed-Solomon encoder implementation is described in this subclause. A systematic encoder is utilized to implement
a t 3, (128,122) extended Reed-Solomon code over GF(128). The primitive polynomial used to form the field over
GF(128) is:
p(x) x
7
+ x
3
+ 1
where:
p() 0.
The generator polynomial used by the encoder is:
g(x) = (x + )(x +
2
)(x +
3
)(x +
4
)(x +
5
)
x
5
+
52
x
4
+
116
x
3
+
119
x
2
+
61
x +
15
The message polynomial input to the encoder consists of 122, 7-bit symbols, and is described below:
m(x) m
121
x
121
+ m
120
x
120
+ ... + m
1
x + m
0
This message polynomial is first multiplied by x
5
, then divided by the generator polynomial g(x) to form a remainder,
described by the following:
r(x) r
4
x
4
+ r
3
x
3
+ r
2
x
2
+ r
1
x + r
0
This remainder constitutes five parity symbols which are then added to the message polynomial to form a 127-symbol
code word that is an even multiple of the generator polynomial.
The generated code word is now described by the following polynomial:
c(x) m
121
x
126
+ m
120
x
125
+ m
119
x
124
+ ... + r
4
x
4
+ r
3
x
3
+ r
2
x
2
+ r
1
x + r
0
A valid code word will have roots at the first through fifth powers of .
An extended parity symbol (c_ ) is generated by evaluating the code word at the sixth power of .
c_ c(
6
)
This extended symbol is used to form the last symbol of a transmitted Reed-Solomon block. The extended code word
then appears as follows:
^
c xc(x) + c_
m
121
x
127
+ m
120
x
126
+ ... + m
1
x
7
+ m
0
x
6
+ r
4
x
5
+ r
3
x
4
+ r
2
x
3
+ r
1
x
2
+ r
0
x + c_
The structure of a Reed-Solomon block which illustrates the order of transmitted symbols output from the RS encoder is
shown below:
m
121
m
120
m
119
...m
1
m
0
r
4
r
3
r
2
r
1
r
0
c_ (order sent is left to right)
B.5.2 Interleaving
Interleaving is included in the modem between the RS block coding and the randomizer to enable the correction of burst
noise induced errors. In both 64-QAM and 256-QAM a convolutional interleaver is employed.
Convolutional interleaving is illustrated in Figure B.8. At the start of an FEC frame defined in a subsequent subclause,
the interleaving commutator position is initialized to the top-most branch and increments at the RS symbol frequency,
with a single symbol output from each position. With a convolutional interleaver, the RS code symbols are sequentially
shifted into the bank of I registers (the width of each register is 7 bits which matches the RS symbol size). Each
successive register has J symbols more storage than the preceding register. The first interleaver path has zero delay,
the second has a J symbol period of delay, the third 2*J symbol periods of delay, and so on, upto the I
th
path which has
(I 1)*J symbol periods of delay. This is reversed for the de-interleaver in the Cable Decoder such that the net delay of
each RS symbol is the same through the interleaver and de-interleaver. Burst noise in the channel causes a series of bad
symbols. These are spread over many RS blocks by the de-interleaver such that the resultant symbol errors per block are
within the range of the RS decoder correction capability.
J
J J
J J
J J
J J J J
J J
J
J
J J
J J
J J
J J J
J J
J
J J
J
2
1
3
1 2 I-3
1 2
2
1
3
I-2 I-1
I-1
I
I-2
I-1
I
I-3 I-2 I-1
T0903470-96/d16
I-2
De-interleaver
7 bits
Channel
7 bits
Commutator
Symbol delay
(I,J) = (128,1), (64,2), (32,4), (16,8), (8,16)
(reduced interleaving modes)
I = 128, J = 1 to 8
(enhanced interleaving modes)
Interleaver
Commutator Commutator
Figure B.8/J.83 Interleaving functional block diagram
Commutator
FIGURE B.8/J.83...[D16] = 9.1
With regard to interleaving capability, two distinct operating modes are specified, hereafter referred to as level 1 and
level 2.
Level 1 is specified for 64-QAM transmission only. This mode accommodates the installed base of legacy 64-QAM-only
digital set tops. While operating in level 1, a single interleaving depth will be supported; namely I 128, J 1.
Level 2 shall encompass 64-QAM and 256-QAM transmission, and will for both modulation schemes be capable of
supporting variable interleaving. This will include both enlarged and reduced interleaving depths relative to the nominal
64-QAM (level 1) configuration. Four data bits are transmitted in-band during the FEC frame sync interval to convey the
interleaving parameters to the receiver for a given channel.
Table B.1 describes the interleaver parameters for level 1 operation, with associated latency and burst protection.
Table B.2 describes the decoding of the 4-bit in-band control word into the I and J interleaving parameters for level 2
operation, also with associated burst protection and latency.
Table B.1/J.83 Level 1 interleaving
Table B.2/J.83 Level 2 interleaving
B.5.3 Frame synchronization sequence
The frame synchronization sequence trailer delineates the FEC frame, providing synchronized RS coding, interleaving,
and randomization. Additionally, trellis groups for 256-QAM only are aligned with the FEC frame. The FEC framing
does not perform MPEG packet of trellis decoder synchronization. The RS block and 7-bit symbol structures are aligned
with the end of the frame for both 64- and 256-QAM.
For 64-QAM, an FEC frame consists of a 42-bit sync trailer which is appended to the end of 60 RS blocks, with each RS
block containing 128 symbols. Each RS symbol consists of 7 bits. Thus, there is a total of 53 760 data bits and 42 frame
sync trailer bits in this FEC frame. The first 4 7-bit symbols of the frame sync trailer contain the 28-bit "unique"
synchronization pattern (1110101 0101100 0001101 1101100) or (75 2C 0D 6C)
HEX
. The remaining 2 symbols (14 bits)
are utilized as follows: first 4 bits for interleaver mode control, and 10 bits are reserved and set to zero. The frame sync
trailer is inserted by the encoder and detected at the decoder. The decoder circuits search for this pattern and determine
the location of the frame boundary and interleaver depth mode when found. The FEC frame for 64-QAM is shown in
Figure B.9.
Control
word
(4 bits)
I (# of taps) J (increment)
Burst
protection
Latency
xxxx 128 1 95 s 4.0 ms
Control
word
(4 bits)
I (# of taps) J (increment)
Burst
protection
64-QAM/256-QAM
Latency
64-QAM/256-QAM
0001 128 1 95 s /66 s 4.0 ms/2.8 ms
0011 64 2 47 s /33 s 2.0 ms/1.4 ms
0101 32 4 24 s /16 s 0.98 ms/0.68 ms
0111 16 8 12 s /8.2 s 0.48 ms/0.33 ms
1001 8 16 5.9 s /4.1 s 0.22 ms/0.15 ms
1011 Reserved
1101 Reserved
1111 Reserved
0000 128 1 95 s /66 s 4.0 ms/2.8 ms
0010 128 2 190 s /132 s 8.0 ms/5.6 ms
0100 128 3 285 s /198 s 12 ms/8.4 ms
0110 128 4 379 s /264 s 16 ms/11 ms
1000 128 5 474 s /330 s 20 ms/14 ms
1010 128 6 569 s /396 s 24 ms/17 ms
1100 128 7 664 s /462 s 28 ms/19 ms
1110 128 8 759 s /528 s 32 ms/22 ms
1110101 0101100 0001101 1101100 0000000000
T0903480-96/d17
Time
FEC frame
(contains both "A" and "B" information)
6 RS symbols sync
trailer (42 bits)
Reed-Solomon
block # 1
Reed-Solomon
block # 2
Reed-Solomon
block # 60
122 symbols 122 symbols 122 symbols
6 RS parity symbols 6 RS parity symbols
6 RS parity
symbols
Unique sync. pattern
(75 2C 0D 6C)
HEX
FSYNC word
2 RS symbols
4-bit
control word
10 reserved bits
Figure B.9/J.83 Frame packet format for 64-QAM
FIGURE B.9/J.83...[D17] = 8
For 256-QAM, an FEC frame consists of a 40-bit sync trailer which is appended to the end of 88 RS blocks, with each
RS block containing 128 symbols. Each RS symbol consists of 7 bits. Thus, there is a total of 78 848 data bits and
40 frame sync trailer bits in this FEC frame. The 40-bit frame sync trailer is divided as follows: 32 bits are the "unique"
synchronization pattern (0111 0001 1110 1000 0100 1101 1101 0100) or (71 E8 4D D4)
HEX
, 4 bits are a control word
which determine the size of the interleaver employed, and 4 bits are a reserved word which is set to zero. The FEC frame
for 256-QAM is shown in Figure B.10.
Note that there is no synchronization relationship between the transmitted RS block and transport data packets. Thus,
MPEG-2 transport stream packet synchronization is obtained independently from RS frame synchronization. This keeps
the FEC and transport layers de-coupled and independent.
0100 1101 1101 0100 1000 1110 0001 0111 0000
T0903490-96/d18
Time
FEC frame
Reed-Solomon
block # 1
Reed-Solomon
block # 2
Reed-Solomon
block # 88
40-bit frame
sync trailer
6 RS
parity symbols
6 RS
parity symbols
Reserved bits
Unique word
(71 E8 4D D4)
Frame sync trailer
4-bit
control
word
122 symbols 122 symbols 122 symbols
6 RS
parity symbols
Figure B.10/J.83 Frame packet format for 256-QAM
FIGURE B.10/J.83...[D18] = 9.8 CM
B.5.4 Randomization
The randomizer shown in Figure B.11 is the third layer of processing in the FEC block diagram. The randomizer
provides for even distribution of the symbols in the constellation, which enables the demodulator to maintain proper
lock. The randomizer adds a Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequence of 7-bit symbols over GF(128) (i.e. bit-wise
exclusive-OR) to the symbols within the FEC frame to assure a random transmitted sequence.
For both 64- and 256-QAM, the randomizer is initialized during the FEC frame trailer, and is enabled at the first symbol
after the trailer. Thus the trailer itself is not randomized, and the initialized output value randomizes the first data
symbol.
Initialization is defined as pre-loading to the all ones state for the randomizer structure shown in Figure B.11. The
randomizer uses a linear feedback shift register specified by a GF(128) polynomial defined as follows:
f (x) x
3
+ x +
3
where:
7
+
3
+ 1 0.
3
7 7
7
T0903500-96/d19
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
f(x) = x
3
+ x +
3
Data in
The Randomizer polynomial
Data out
Figure B.11/J.83 Randomizer (7-bit symbol scrambler)
FIGURE B.11/J.83...[D19] = 6.8
B.5.5 Trellis coded modulation
As part of the concatenated coding scheme, trellis coding is employed for the inner code. It allows the introduction of
redundancy to improve the threshold Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) by increasing the symbol constellation without
increasing the symbol rate. As such, it is more properly termed "trellis coded modulation."
B.5.5.1 64-QAM modulation mode
For 64-QAM, the input to the trellis coded modulator is a 28-bit sequence of four, 7-bit RS symbols, which are labelled
in pairs of Asymbols, and B symbols. A block diagram of a 64-QAM trellis coded modulator is shown in Figure B.12.
All 28 bits are assigned to a trellis group, where each trellis group forms 5-QAM symbols, as shown in Figure B.13.
Of the 28 input bits that form a trellis group, each of two groups of 4 bits of the differentially pre-coded bit streams in a
trellis group are separately encoded by a Binary Convolutional Coder (BCC). Each BCC produces 5 coded bits, as
shown in Figure B.12. The remaining bits are sent to the mapper uncoded. This will produce an overall output of 30 bits.
Thus, the overall code rate for 64-QAM trellis coded modulation is 14/15.
The trellis group is formed from RS symbols as follows: For the "A" symbols, the RS symbols are read, from MSB to
LSB, A
10
, A
8
, A
7
, A
5
, A
4
, A
2
, A
1
and A
9
, A
6
, A
3
, A
0
, A
13
, A
12
, A
11
. The four MSBs of the second symbol are input to
the BCC, one bit at a time, LSB first. The remaining bits of the second symbol and all the bits of the first symbol are
input to the mapper, uncoded, LSB first one bit at a time. The four bits sent to the BCC will produce 5 coded bits
labelled, U
1
, U
2
, U
3
, U
4
, U
5
. The same process is done for the "B" bits. The process can be seen in Figure B.12. With
64-QAM, 4 RS symbols conveniently fit into one trellis group, and in this case the sync word may occupy every bit
position within a trellis group.
U
5
, U
4
, U
3
, U
2
, U
1
A
9
, A
6
, A
3
, A
0
B
9
, B
6
, B
3
, B
0
A
13
, A
11
, A
8
, A
5
, A
2

A
13
, A
10
, A
7
, A
4
, A
1

B
13
, B
11
, B
8
, B
5
, B
2

B
13
, B
10
, B
7
, B
4
, B
1

V
5
, V
4
, V
3
, V
2
, V
1

C
3
C
0
C
5
C
4
C
2
C
1
W
Z
X
Y
T0903510-96/d20
Uncoded
Time
(1/2)
Binary
convolutional
coder with
(4/5 puncture)
(1/2)
Binary
convolutional
coder with
(4/5 puncture)
Differential
pre-coder
Buffer
Parser
QAM
mapper
MSBs
of "A"
MSBs
of "B"
LSB
of "A"
LSB
of "B"
Every 4-bit sequential input
yields a 5-bit sequential output
The overall rate is 14/15
Data stream from
randomizer
28 bits
64-QAM
output
Coded
Figure B.12/J.83 64-QAM trellis coded modulator block diagram
FIGURE B.12/J.83...[D20] = 13.8
T0903520-96/d21
T
0
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
B
2
B
5
B
8
B
11
B
13
B
1
B
4
B
7
B
10
B
12
A
2
A
5
A
8
A
11
A
13
A
1
A
4
A
7
A
10
A
12
B
0
B
3
B
6
B
9
A
3
A
6
A
9
A
10
A
8
A
7
A
5
A
4
A
2
A
1
A
9
A
6
A
3
A
0
A
13
A
12
A
11
B
10
B
8
B
7
B
5
B
4
B
2
B
1
B
9
B
6
B
3
B
0
B
13
B
12
B
11
A
0
Time
28 bits
RS symbol to Trellis Group bit ordering
Order of RS symbols
MSB LSB
Bits input
to BCC
QAM
symbols
LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB
Figure B.13/J.83 64-QAM trellis group
RS
0
RS
1
RS
2
RS
3
FIGURE B.13/J.83...[D21] = 13.1
B.5.5.2 256-QAM modulation mode
For 256-QAM, an analogous trellis coding is employed using the same BCC as 64-QAM, with the same rate 1/2
generator and the same 4/5 puncture matrix. The 256-QAM trellis coded modulator is shown in Figure B.14. In this case
all the FEC frame sync information is embedded only in the trellis group convolutionally encoded bit positions of a
trellis group as shown in Figure B.15.
There are two distinct types of trellis groups in 256-QAM: hereafter referred to as a non-sync group and a sync group.
Each trellis group generates 5-QAM symbols at the modulator, the non-sync group contains 38 data bits while the sync
group contains 30 data bits and 8 sync bits. Figure B.15 shows both a non-sync trellis group and a sync trellis group.
Since there are 88 RS blocks plus 40 frame sync bits per FEC frame, there will be a total of 2076 trellis groups per
frame. Of these trellis groups, 2071 are non-sync trellis groups and 5 are sync trellis groups. The 5 sync trellis groups
come at the end of the frame. The frame sync trailer is aligned to the trellis groups. In the encoder, the trellis group is
further divided into two groups: one uncoded bit stream and one coded bit stream. The MSB of the first RS symbol in
the FEC frame is assigned to the first bit in the first non-sync trellis group, as shown in the ordering in Figure B.15. The
output from each BCC is the five parity bits labelled U
1
through U
5
and V
1
through V
5
, respectively, as shown in Figure
B.14.
U
5
, U
4
, U
3
, U
2
, U
1

B
12
, B
8
, B
4
, B
0
A
16
, A
13
, A
9
, A
5
, A
1

B
18
, B
15
, B
11
, B
7
, B
3
B
17
, B
14
, B
10
, B
6
, B
2

B
16
, B
13
, B
9
, B
5
, B
1

V
5
, V
4
, V
3
, V
2
, V
1

C
4
C
0
C
5
C
3
C
2
C
1
W
Z
X
Y
T0903530-96/d22
A
18
, A
15
, A
11
, A
7
, A
3

A
17
, A
14
, A
10
, A
6
, A
2

C
7
C
6
(S
6
, S
4
, S
2
, S
0
)
(S
7
, S
5
, S
3
, S
1
)
A
12
, A
8
, A
4
, A
0
Data stream
from randomizer
38 bits
Data
formatter
Coded
(1/2)
Binary
convolutional
coder with
(4/5 puncture)
(1/2)
Binary
convolutional
coder with
(4/5 puncture)
Differential
pre-coder
Uncoded
Time
QAM
mapper
256-QAM
output
MSBs
of A
MSBs
of B
LSB
of A
LSB
of B
The overall rate is 19/20
Every 4-bit sequential input
Figure B.14/J.83 256-QAM trellis coded modulator block diagram
FIGURE B.14/J.83...[D22] = 14.4
T0903540-96/d23
B
3
B
7
B
11
B
15
B
18
B
2
B
6
B
10
B
14
B
17
B
1
B
5
B
9
B
13
B
16
T
0
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
A
3
A
7
A
11
A
15
A
18
A
2
A
6
A
10
A
14
A
17
A
1
A
5
A
9
A
13
A
16
B
0
B
4
B
8
B
12
A
0
A
4
A
8
A
12
B
3
B
7
B
11
B
15
B
18
B
2
B
6
B
10
B
14
B
17
B
1
B
5
B
9
B
13
B
16
T
0
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
A
3
A
7
A
11
A
15
A
18
A
2
A
6
A
10
A
14
A
17
A
1
A
5
A
9
A
13
A
16
S
1
S
3
S
5
S
7
S
0
S
2
S
4
S
6
A
0
B
0
A
1
B
1
A
2
A
3
B
2
B
3
A
4
B
4
A
5
A
6
A
7
B
5
B
6
B
7
A
8
B
8
A
9
A
10
A
11
B
9
B
10
B
11
A
12
B
12
A
13
A
14
A
15
B
13
B
14
B
15
A
16
A
17
A
18
B
16
B
17
B
18
A
1
B
1
A
2
A
3
B
2
B
3
A
5
A
6
A
7
B
5
B
6
B
7
A
9
A
10
A
11
B
9
B
10
B
11
A
13
A
14
A
15
B
13
B
14
B
15
A
16
A
17
A
18
B
16
B
17
B
18
S
0
S
1
S
2 S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
Sync trellis group Non-sync trellis group
38 bits
Non-sync trellis group bit order
Sync trellis group bit order
Time
A
0
is assigned to the
MSB of the first RS
symbol in the FEC frame
Sync
bits
QAM
symbols
QAM
symbols
Figure B.15/J.83 256-QAM sync and non-sync trellis groups
FIGURE B.15/J.83...[D23] = 15.6
To form trellis groups from RS code words, the RS code words are serialized beginning with the MSB of the first
symbol of the first RS code word following the frame sync trailer. Bits are placed into trellis group locations from RS
symbols in the order: A
0
B
0
A
1
... B
3
A
4
B
4
... B
16
B
17
B
18
as shown in Figure B.15. For sync trellis groups, the bits
from serialized RS symbols are placed beginning at location A
1
instead of A
0
. The last five trellis groups in an FEC
frame each contain 8 of the 40 sync bits, S
0
S
1
... S
7
in the frame sync trailer shown in Figure B.10.
Of the 38 input bits that form a trellis group, each of two groups of 4 bits of type differentially pre-coded bit streams in a
trellis group are separately encoded by a Binary Convolutional Coder (BCC). Each BCC produces 5 coded bits, as
shown in Figure B.14. The remaining bits are sent to the QAM mapper uncoded. This produces a total output of 40 bits
per trellis group. Thus, the overall code rate for 256-QAM trellis coded modulation is 19/20.
B.5.5.3 Rotationally invariant pre-coding
The differential pre-coder shown in Figure B.16 performs the 90 rotationally invariant trellis coding. Rotationally
invariant coding is employed for both 64- and 256-QAM modulation. The key for robust modem design is to have very
fast recovery from carrier phase slips. Non-rotationally invariant coding requires resynchronization of the FEC when the
carrier phase tracking changes quadrant alignment, leading to a burst of errors at the FEC output.
The differential pre-coder allows the information to be carried by the change in phase, rather than by the absolute phase.
For 64-QAM, the 3rd and the 6th bits of the 6-bit symbols are differentially encoded, and for 256-QAM, the 4th and
8th bits are differentially encoded. If you mask out the 3rd and the 6th bits in 64-QAM as in Figure B.18 (labelled C
3
and C
0
) and the 4th and 8th bits in 256-QAM as in Figure B.19 (labelled C
4
and C
0
), the 90 rotational invariance of the
remaining bits is inherent in the labelling of the symbol constellation.
x
J
= W
J
+ x
J1
+ Z
J
(x
J1
+ Y
J1
)
Y
J
= Z
J
+ W
J
+ Y
J1
+ Z
J
(x
J1
+ Y
J1
)
T0903550-96/d24
W
J
Z
J
x
J
Y
J
Differential
pre-coder
Differential pre-coder equations
Figure B.16/J.83 Differential pre-coder
FIGURE B.16/J.83...[D24] = 5.9
B.5.5.4 Binary Convolutional Coder
The trellis coded modulator includes a punctured rate 1/2 binary convolutional encoder that is used to introduce the
redundancy into the LSBs of the trellis group. The convolutional encoder is a 16-state non-systematic rate 1/2 encoder
with the generator: G1 010 101, G2 011 111 (25,37
octal
), or equivalently the generator matrix [1D
2
D
4
,
1DD
2
D
3
D
4
]. At the beginning of a trellis group, the BCC commutator is initially in the G1 position. For each
input bit presented to the tapped delay line, two bits (G1, followed by G2) are subsequently produced at the output in
accordance with the associated set of generator coefficients. For each trellis group, 4 input bits produce
8 convolutionally encoded bits. This time output of the encoder is selected according to a puncture matrix: [P1, P2]
[0001;1111] ("0" denotes NO transmission, "1" denotes transmission), which produces a single serial bit stream. The
puncture matrix essentially converts the rate 1/2 encoder to rate 4/5, since only 5 of the 8 encoded bits are retained after
puncturing. The internal structure of the punctured encoder is illustrated in Figure B.17.
T0903560-96/d25
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
G2 = 37
(octal)

G1 = 25
(octal)
Commutator
Puncture matrix
For every 4-bit sequential input
(1/2) Binary Convolutional Coder
16 state
Binary Convolutional Coder Structure:
1) 16 state.
2) Rate 1/2 binary convolutional coder.
3) Generating code: G1 = [010101], G2 = [011111] (25,37
octal
)
or Generating Matrix of [1(+)D
2
(+)D
4
, 1(+)D(+)D
2
(+)D
3
(+)D
4
]
where D is equal to Z
1
.
4) Punctured matrix [P1;P2] = [0001;1111].
from
pre-coder
NOTE 1 0 denotes NO transmission.
1 denotes transmission.
NOTE 2 (+) denotes XOR operation.
Figure B.17/J.83 Punctured Binary Convolutional Coder
To
QAM
mapper
FIGURE B.17/J.83...[D25] = 15.3
B.5.5.5 QAM constellation mapping
For 64-QAM, the QAM mapper receives the coded and uncoded 3-bit Aand Bdata from the trellis coded modulator. It
uses these bits to address a look-up table which produces the 6-bit constellation symbol. The 6-bit constellation symbol
is then sent to the 64-QAM modulator where the signal constellation illustrated in Figure B.18 is generated.
For 256-QAM, the QAM mapper receives the coded and uncoded 4-bit A and B data from the trellis coded modulator.
It uses these bits to address a look-up table which produces the 8-bit constellation symbol. The 8-bit constellation
symbol is then sent to the 256-QAM modulator where the signal constellation illustrated in Figure B.19 is generated.
T0903570-96/d26
011,011 010,111 111,011 110,111
Q
I
011,000 010,100 111,000 110,100
001,011 000,111 101,011 100,111
001,000 000,100 101,000 100,100
111,111 110,101 101,111 100,101
111,010 110,000 101,010 100,000
011,111 010,101 001,111 000,101
011,010 010,000 001,010 000,000
001,001 000,011 011,001 010,011
001,100 000,110 011,100 010,110
101,001 100,011 111,001 110,011
101,100 100,110 111,100 110,110
101,101 100,001 001,101 000,001
101,110 100,010 001,110 000,010
111,101 110,001 011,101 010,001
111,110 110,010 011,110 010,010
C
5
C
4
C
3
, C
2
C
1
C
0
Figure B.18/J.83 64-QAM constellation
FIGURE B.18/J.83...[D26] = 13.4
T0903580-96/d27
1110,
1011
1111,
1101
1110,
1111
1111,
1001
1110,
0111
1111,
0101
1110,
0011
1111,
0001
0000,
1111
0011,
1111
0100,
1111
0111,
1111
1000,
1111
1011,
1111
1100,
1111
1111,
1111
1100,
1110
1101,
1100
1100,
1010
1101,
1000
1100,
0110
1101,
0100
1100,
0010
1101,
0000
0000,
1100
0011,
1100
0100,
1100
0111,
1100
1000,
1100
1011,
1100
1100,
1100
1111,
1100
1010,
1111
1011,
1101
1010,
1011
1011,
1001
1010,
0111
1011,
0101
1010,
0011
1011,
0001
0000,
1011
0011,
1011
0100,
1011
0111,
1011
1000,
1011
1011,
1011
1100,
1011
1111,
1011
1000,
1110
1001,
1100
1000,
1010
1001,
1000
1000,
0110
1001,
0100
1000,
0010
1001,
0000
0000,
1000
0011,
1000
0100,
1000
0111,
1000
1000,
1000
1011,
1000
1100,
1000
1111,
1000
0110,
1111
0111,
1101
0110,
1011
0111,
1001
0110,
0111
0111,
0101
0110,
0011
0111,
0001
0000,
0111
0011,
0111
0100,
0111
0111,
0111
1000,
0111
1011,
0111
1100,
0111
1111,
0111
0100,
1110
0101,
1100
0100,
1010
0101,
1000
0100,
0110
0101,
0100
0100,
0010
0101,
0000
0000,
0100
0011,
0100
0100,
0100
0111,
0100
1000,
0100
1011,
0100
1100,
0100
1111,
0100
0010,
1111
0011,
1101
0010,
1011
0011,
1001
0010,
0111
0011,
0101
0010,
0011
0011,
0001
0000,
0011
0011,
0011
0100,
0011
0111,
0011
1000,
0011
1011,
0011
1100,
0011
1111,
0011
0000,
1110
0001,
1100
0000,
1010
0001,
1000
0000,
0110
0001,
0100
0000,
0010
0001,
0000
0000,
0000
0011,
0000
0100,
0000
0111,
0000
1000,
0000
1011,
0000
1100,
0000
1111,
0000
1110,
0001
1110,
0010
1110,
0101
1110,
0110
1110,
1001
1110,
1010
1110,
1101
1110,
1110
1101,
0001
1010,
0001
1001,
0001
0110,
0001
0101,
0001
0010,
0001
0001,
0001
0000,
0001
0001,
0011
0000,
0101
0001,
0111
0000,
1001
0001,
1011
0000,
1101
0001,
1111
1101,
0010
1010,
0010
1001,
0010
0110,
0010
0101,
0010
0010,
0010
0001,
0010
0010,
0000
0011,
0010
0010,
0100
0011,
0110
0010,
1000
0011,
1010
0010,
1100
0011,
1110
1101,
0101
1010,
0101
1001,
0101
0110,
0101
0101,
0101
0010,
0101
0001,
0101
1101,
0110
1010,
0110
1001,
0110
0110,
0110
0101,
0110
0010,
0110
0001,
0110
1101,
1001
1010,
1001
1001,
1001
0110,
1001
0101,
1001
0010,
1001
0001,
1001
1101,
1010
1010,
1010
1001,
1010
0110,
1010
0101,
1010
0010,
1010
0001,
1010
1101,
1101
1010,
1101
1001,
1101
0110,
1101
0101,
1101
0010,
1101
0001,
1101
1101,
1110
1010,
1110
1001,
1110
0110,
1110
0101,
1110
0010,
1110
0001,
1110
0100,
0001
0101,
0011
0100,
0101
0101,
0111
0100,
1001
0101,
1011
0100,
1101
0101,
1111
0110,
0000
0111,
0010
0110,
0100
0111,
0110
0110,
1000
0111,
1010
0110,
1100
0111,
1110
1000,
0001
1001,
0011
1000,
0101
1001,
0111
1000,
1001
1001,
1011
1000,
1101
1001,
1111
1010,
0000
1011,
0010
1010,
0100
1011,
0110
1010,
1000
1011,
1010
1010,
1100
1011,
1110
1100,
0001
1101,
0011
1100,
0101
1101,
0111
1100,
1001
1101,
1011
1100,
1101
1101,
1111
1110,
0000
1111,
0010
1110,
0100
1111,
0110
1110,
1000
1111,
1010
1110,
1100
1111,
1110
I
Q

C
7
C
6
C
5
C
4
C
3
C
2
C
1
C
0
Figure B.19/J.83 256-QAM constellation
FIGURE B.19/J.83...[D27] = 17.6
B.6 Modulation and demodulation
B.6.1 QAM characteristics
The cable transmission format is summarized in Table B.3 for 64-QAM and 256-QAM. Table B.4 contains a summary
of the pertinent characteristics of the variable interleaving modes.
Table B.3/J.83 Cable transmission format
Table B.4/J.83 Variable interleaving modes
B.6.2 QAM modulator RF output
The 64-QAM and 256-QAM modulator RF output specifications for a 75 cable impedance are shown in Table B.5.
Table B.5/J.83 QAM modulator RF output
Parameter 64-QAM format 256-QAM format
Modulation 64-QAM, rotationally invariant
coding
256-QAM, rotationally invariant
coding
Symbol size 3 bits for "I" and 3 bits for "Q"
dimensions
4 bits for "I" and 4 bits for "Q"
dimensions
Transmission band 54 to 860 MHz (Note) 54 to 860 MHz (Note)
Channel spacing 6 MHz (Note) 6 MHz (Note)
Symbol rate 5.056941 Msps t 5 ppm (Note) 5.360537 Msps t 5 ppm (Note)
Information bit rate 26.97035 Mbps t 5 ppm (Note) 38.81070 Mbps t 5 ppm (Note)
Frequency response Square root raised cosine filter
(Roll-off 0.18)
Square root raised cosine filter
(Roll-off 0.12)
FEC framing 42-bit sync trailer following 60 RS
blocks
(see B.5.3)
40-bit sync trailer following 88 RS
blocks
(see B.5.3)
QAM constellation
mapping
6 bits per symbol (see B.5.5) 8 bits per symbol (see B.5.5)
NOTE These values are specific to 6 MHz channel spacing. Additional sets of values for differing
channel spacing are under study.
Level 1 Level 2
QAM format 64-QAM (see Table B.3) 64- or 256-QAM
(see Table B.3)
Interleaving Fixed interleaving (see B.5.2)
I 128 J 1
Variable interleaving (see B.5.2)
I 128,64,32,16,8
J 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,16
Parameter Specification
Input power level range 9 to +16 dBmV
I/Q Phase offset < 1.0
I/Q Crosstalk 50 dB
I/Q Amplitude imbalance 0.05 dB max.
I/Q Timing skew < 3.0 nsec.
Annex C
Digital multi-programme System C
Recommendation J.83 (04/97)
C.1 Introduction
This Annex describes the framing structure, channel coding and modulation of digital multi-programme system for cable
distribution.
The system employs the transport multiplexing based on MPEG-2 (see Reference [2]), guaranteeing interoperability with
other media such as digital broadcasting, ISDN networks or packaged media. The framing structure and the channel
coding are the same as in Annex A. The modulation is 64-QAM, and the QAM symbol rate and the roll-off factor are
optimized for the 6 MHz channel plan.
The field experiment using a 64-QAM receiver with an equalizer was carried out in Japan. As the results of the
experiment, quasi-error-free operation was confirmed.
The system also allows for further evolution to higher order QAM constellations, and the appropriate modifications to its
channel coding and symbol mapping are currently under study.
C.2 Cable system concept
The cable system shall be defined as the functional block of equipment performing the adaptation of the baseband TV
signals to the cable channel characteristics.
In the cable head-end, the TV baseband signal may come from broadcasting, second distribution links, contribution links
and local programme sources.
The following process shall be applied as shown in Figure C.1: System configuration.
C.2.1 Baseband interfacing and sync
This unit shall adapt the data structure to the format of the signal source. The framing structure shall be in accordance
with MPEG-2 transport layer including sync bytes.
C.2.2 Sync 1 inversion and randomization
This unit shall invert the MPEG-2 Sync byte (Sync 1) every eight packets, according to the MPEG-2 framing structure,
and shall randomize the data stream for spectrum shaping purposes.
C.2.3 Reed-Solomon (RS) coder
This unit shall apply a shortened Reed-Solomon (RS) code to each randomized transport packet to generate an
error-protected packet. This code shall also be applied to the Sync byte itself.
C.2.4 Convolutional interleaver
This unit shall perform a depth I 12 convolutional interleaving of the error-protected packets. The periodicity of the
sync bytes shall remain unchanged.
C.2.5 Byte to m-tuple conversion
This unit shall perform a conversion of the bytes generated by the interleaver into QAM symbols.
C.2.6 Differential encoding
In order to get a rotation-invariant constellation, this unit shall apply a differential encoding of the two Most Significant
Bits (MSBs) of each symbol.
C.2.7 QAM modulation and physical interface
This unit performs a square-root raised cosine filtering of the I and Q signals prior to QAM modulation. This is followed
by interfacing the QAM modulated signal to the Radio Frequency (RF) cable channel.
3
6
R
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n

J
.
8
3

(
0
4
/
9
7
)
T0903070-95/d28
Baseband
I/F
Energy
dispersal
Error correction
Reed-Solomon
(204,188)
Interleaver
(12 bytes)
Waveform
shaping
( = 0.13)
64-QAM
modulation
Cable
channel
RF
64-QAM
demodulation
Waveform
shaping
( = 0.13)
de-interleaver
(12 bytes)
Error correction
Reed-Solomon
(204,188)
Energy
dispersal
removal
Baseband
I/F
Data
Clock
Data
Clock
(Cable head-end)
(Cable digital terminal)
Figure C.1/J.83 System configuration
F
I
G
U
R
E

C
.
1
/
J
.
8
3
.
.
.
[
D
.
2
8
]

=

3

C
M
C.2.8 Cable receiver
A System receiver shall perform the inverse signal processing, as described for the modulation process above, in order to
recover the baseband signal.
In addition, each cable receiver should install an equalizer to prevent increase of the bit-error caused by the reflection in
the cable system.
C.3 MPEG-2 transport layer
The transport layer for the digital multi-programme system is based on MPEG-2 (see Reference [2]). The transport
multiplexing is performed in Transport Stream-Packet having 188 bytes, in conformance with MPEG-2.
C.4 Framing structure
The framing organization shall be based on the MPEG-2 transport packet structure. The System framing structure is
shown in Figure C.2: Transmission signal configuration.
T0903080-95/d29
8 packets
Sync
byte
187 bytes
MPEG-2
TS packet
MPEG-2
transport stream
(sync inverted)
Sync 1 187 bytes Sync 2 187 bytes Sync 8 187 bytes Sync 1
(inverted)
(inverted)
1503 bytes
Pseudo-random signal from 1 + x
14

+ x
15

(initialization signal
100101010000000) is appended. (No sync byte dispersed)
Energy dispersal
(inverted) (inverted)
Sync 1
Randomized
187 bytes
Randomized
187 bytes
Randomized
187 bytes
Sync 1 Sync 2
Sync
byte
Randomized
187 bytes
RS
(204,188)
Sync
byte
203 bytes
Sync
byte
203 bytes
Sync 8
Error
correction
47
HEX
or B8
HEX
47
HEX
47
HEX
or B8
HEX
or B8
HEX
47
HEX
47
HEX
B8
HEX
B8
HEX
47
HEX
47
HEX
B8
HEX
B8
HEX
47
HEX
Interleaving: Convolutional interleaving (by byte unit).
No delay in sync byte.
Figure C.2/J.83 Transmission signal configuration
FIGURE C.2/J.83...[D.29] = 3 CM
C.5 Channel coding
To achieve the appropriate level of error protection required for cable transmission of digital data, a Forward Error
Correction (FEC) based on Reed-Solomon encoding shall be used. Protection against burst errors shall be achieved by
the use of interleaving.
C.5.1 Randomization
The System input stream shall be organized in fixed length packets (see Figure C.2), following the MPEG-2 transport
multiplexer. The total packet length of the MPEG-2 transport multiplex packet is 188 bytes. This includes one
sync-word byte.
In order to offer maximum compatibility with other media and to ensure adequate binary transitions for clock recovery,
the data at the output of the MPEG-2 transport multiplex shall be randomized in accordance with the configuration
shown in Figure C.3: Energy Dispersal Diagram.
The polynomial for the Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) generator shall be:
x
15
+ x
14
+ 1
Loading of the sequence "100101010000000" into the PRBS registers, as indicated in Figure C.3, shall be initiated at the
start of every eight transport packets. To provide an initialization signal for the descrambler, the MPEG-2 sync byte of
the first transport packet in a group of eight packets shall be bit wise inverted from 47
HEX
to B8
HEX
.
The first bit at the output of the PRBS generator shall be applied to the first bit of the first byte following the inverted
MPEG-2 sync byte (i.e. B8
HEX
). To aid other synchronization functions, during the MPEG-2 sync bytes of the
subsequent seven transport packets, the PRBS generation continues, but its output shall be disabled, leaving these bytes
unrandomized. The period of the PRBS sequence shall therefore be 1503 bytes.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T0904330-97/d30
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 ....
Initialization sequence
XOR
AND
Enable
Figure C.3/J.83 Scrambler/descrambler schematic diagram
Clear/randomized
data input
Randomized/
de-randomized
data output
XOR
Data input (MSB first): 1 0 1 | 1 1 0 0 0 x x x | x x x x x .... |
PRBS sequence: | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 1 1 .... |
FIGURE C.3/J.83...[D.30] = 3 CM
C.5.2 Reed-Solomon coding
The shortened Reed-Solomon (204, 188) code shall be used for the forward error correction. The Reed-Solomon coding
can be organized by appending "0" of 51 bytes before the input data byte and deleting it after the coding at the general
purpose of Reed-Solomon (255, 239) coding circuit.
Code Generator Polynomial:
g(x) (x +
0
) (x +
1
) (x +
2
) (x +
15
);
where:
02
HEX
Field Generator Polynomial:
p(x) x
8
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ 1
C.5.3 Convolutional interleaving
Following the scheme of Figure C.4, convolutional interleaving with depth I 12 shall be applied to the error-protected
packets.
The interleaver may be composed of I 12 branches, cyclically connected to the input byte-stream by the input
switch. Each branch shall be a First In First Out (FIFO) shift register, with depth (M
j
) cells (where M 17 N/I,
N 204 error-protected frame length, I 12 interleaving depth, j branch index). The cells of the FIFO shall
contain one byte, and the input and output switches shall be synchronized.
For synchronization purposes, the sync bytes and the inverted sync bytes shall be always routed in the branch 0 of the
interleaver (corresponding to a null delay).
NOTE The de-interleaver is similar, in principle, to the interleaver, but the branch indexes are reversed (i.e. j 0
corresponds to the largest delay). The de-interleaver synchronization can be carried out by routing the first recognized sync byte in the
"0" branch.
C.6 Modulation
C.6.1 Byte to symbol mapping
After convolutional interleaving, an exact mapping of bytes into symbols shall be performed. The mapping shall rely
upon the use of byte boundaries in the modulation system.
In each case, the MSB of symbol Z shall be taken from the MSB of byte V. Correspondingly, the next significant bit of
the symbol shall be taken from the next significant bit of the byte. For the case of 2
m
-QAM modulation, the process shall
map k bytes into n symbols, such that;
8 k n m
The process is illustrated for the case of 64-QAM (when m 6, k 3 and n 4) in Figure C.5.
C.6.2 Differential encoding
The two MSBs of each symbol shall then be differentially coded in order to obtain a /2 rotation-invariant QAM
constellation. The differential encoding of the two MSBs shall be given by the following expression:
I
k
(A
k
B
k
) (A
k
I
k 1
) + (A
k
B
k
) (A
k
Q
k 1
)
Q
k
(A
k
B
k
) (B
k
Q
k 1
) + (A
k
B
k
) (B
k
I
k 1
)
Figure C.6 gives an example of implementation of byte to symbol conversion.
C.6.3 64-QAM constellation
The system can be adapted to 6 MHz channel spacing. The byte to modulation scheme described in this subclause is
directly related to the byte to symbol mapping method given in C.6.1.
The modulation of the system shall be Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) with 64 points in the constellation
chart.
The System constellation chart for 64-QAM is given in Figure C.7.
17 1
0
1
2
3
11
11 = I 1
3
2
1
0 0
0
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
17 2
17 3
17 11
17 11
11 = I 1
T0903100-95/d31
17 1
17 2
17 3
L (= 17 11)
Figure C.4/J.83 Interleaving configuration
204 (12 17) bytes
12 bytes
12 17 3 1 bytes delay
MPEG sync byte
Interleaving depth
Synchronization
Required memory capacity
I (= 12)
Routing SW (Cycle I)
1/2 I L
I
1 byte per
each position
FIFO shift register
1 byte per
each position
Sync word route
Sync word route
Interleaver I = 12 De-interleaver I = 12
12 17 1 1
bytes delay
FIGURE C.4/J.83...[D.31] = 3 CM
T0903110-95/d32
From interleaver
output (bytes)
Byte V Byte V + 1 Byte V + 2
Symbol Z Symbol Z + 1 Symbol Z + 2 Symbol Z + 3
To differential
encoder
(6-bit symbols)
MSB LSB
NOTE 1 b
0
shall be understood as being the Least Significant Bit (LSB) of each byte or m-tuple.
NOTE 2 In this conversion, each byte results in more than one m-tuple, labelled Z, Z + 1, etc.,
with Z being transmitted before Z + 1.
Figure C.5/J.83 Byte to m-tuple conversion for 64-QAM
b
5
b
4
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
7
b
6
b
3
b
5
b
4
b
7
b
6
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
3
b
5
b
4
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
7
b
6
b
3
b
5
b
4
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
3
b
5
b
4
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
3
b
5
b
4
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
3
b
5
b
4
b
2
b
1
b
0
b
3
FIGURE C.5/J.83...[D.32] = 3 CM
I
Q
T0903120-95/d33
Q
k
I
k
A
k
= MSB
B
k
= b
4
b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3 Mapping
Differential
encoding
Figure C.6/J.83 Example of implementation of byte to symbol conversion
and the differential encoding of the two MSBs
FIGURE C.6/J.83...[D.33] = 3 CM
Q
T0903130-95/d34
Figure C.7/J.83 Constellation chart for 64-QAM
I
k
Q
k
b
3
b
2
b
1
b
0
I
k
Q
k
= 11
101001 101011
101000 101010 100010 100000 000000 000001 000101 000100
110100 110101 110001 110000 010000 010010 011010 011000
101100 101110 100110 100100 001000 001001 001101 001100
101101 101111 100111 100101 001011 001111 001010 001110
100011 000010 100001 000011 000111 000110
110110 110111 110011 110010 010001 010011 011011 011001
111110 111111 111011 111010 010101 010111 011111 011101
111100 111101 111001 111000 010100 010110 011110 011100
I
I
k
Q
k
= 01
I
k
Q
k
= 10 I
k
Q
k
= 00
FIGURE C.7/J.83...[D.34] = 3 CM
C.6.4 Roll-off factor
Prior to modulation, the I and Q signals shall be square-root raised cosine filtered. The roll-off factor shall be 0.13.
The square-root raised cosine filter shall have a theoretical function defined by the following formulae:
H(f) 1 for f f
N
(1 )
H(f)
]
1
1
1
2
+
1
2
sin
2f
N

]
1
1
f
N
f

1/2
for f
N
(1 ) f f
(1 + ),H(f) 0 for f > f

N
(1 + )
where:
f
N
=
1
2 T
s
=
R
s
2
is the Nyquist frequency and roll-off factor = 0.13.
NOTE Transmission filter characteristics are given in the following subclause. The roll-off factor applies under the
condition with adjacent channel signals interference (i.e. from TV signal, etc.) and with the specified baseband filter characteristics.
C.6.5 Baseband filter characteristics
The template given in Figure C.8 shall be used a minimum requirement for hardware implementation of the Nyquist
filter. This template takes into account not only the design limitations of the digital filter, but also the artifacts coming
from the analogue processing components of the system (e.g. D/A conversion, analogue filtering, etc.).
The value of in-band ripple r
m
in the pass-band up to (1 )f
N
shall be lower than 0.4 dB. The out-band rejection shall
be greater than 43 dB. The ripple r
N
at the Nyquist frequency f
N
shall be lower than 1.0 dB.
The filter shall be phase-linear with the group delay ripple 1.0 T
s
(ns) in the pass-band up to (1 )f
N
and 2.0 T
s
(ns) at f
N
,
where:
T
s

1
R
s
is the symbol period.
NOTE The values for in-band ripple and out-of-band rejection given in this Annex are subject to the operation condition
of the cable systems and may require further study
T0903140-95/d35
Frequency
Out-of-band rejection 43 dB
f
N
Nyquist frequency
In-band ripple r
m
0.4 dB
Figure C.8/J.83 Half-Nyquist baseband filter amplitude characteristics
f
N
1.13 f
N
0.87 f
N
f
0
r
m
r
N
H(f)
0 dB
FIGURE C.8/J.83...[D.35] = 3 CM
Annex D
Digital multi-programme System D
D.1 Introduction
This Annex derives from work done on digital television terrestrial broadcasting in North America; it describes the
framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital multi-programme television distribution by cable, based on
MPEG-2 transport multiplexing, and on 16-VSB (Vestigial SideBand) digital transmission.
D.2 Cable system concept
The 16-VSB system will support a nominal payload data rate of 38.78 Mbit/s in a 6 MHz channel
2
. A functional block
diagram of a representative 16-VSB cable transmitter is shown in Figure D.1. The input to the transmission subsystem
from the transport subsystem is equivalent to a nominal 38.78 Mbit/s serial data stream comprised of 188-byte
MPEG-compatible data packets, see Reference [2] (including a sync byte and 187 bytes of data)
2
.
2
Parameter value for 6 MHz channel bandwidth; value can be adjusted to match other channel bandwidths.
The incoming data is randomized and then processed for Forward Error Correction (FEC) in the form of
Reed-Solomon (RS) coding (20 RS parity bytes are added to each packet), and 1/12 data field interleaving. The
randomization and FEC processes are not applied to the sync byte of the transport packet, which is represented in
transmission by a Data Segment Sync signal as described below. Following randomization and forward error correction
processing, convolutional byte interleaving is performed and then the data packets are formatted into Data Frames for
transmission and Data Segment Sync and Data Field Sync are added.
T0903590-96/d36
MUX
Segment sync
Field sync
Mapper
188 byte
MPEG-2
packets
(Note 1)
Data
randomizer
Reed-
Solomon
encoder
Data
inter-
leaver
Pilot
insertion
VSB
modulator
RF
up-
converter
NOTE 1 Provided by terrestrial broadcasts, satellite, or local origination.
NOTE 2 Includes private cable [hotels, apartment buildings, condominiums, and schools, wired, and MMDS (Multichannel
Multipoint Distribution System) wireless microwave].
Figure D.1/J.83 16-VSB transmitter (cable or SMATV head-end Note 2)
FIGURE D.1/J.83...[D.36] = 3 CM
D.3 MPEG-2 transport layer
D.4 Framing structure
Figure D.2 shows how the data are organized for transmission. Each Data Frame consists of two Data Fields, each
containing 313 Data Segments. The first Data Segment of each Data Field is a unique synchronizing signal (Data Field
Sync) and includes the training sequence used by the equalizer in the receiver. The remaining 312 Data Segments each
carry the equivalent of two 188-byte transport packets plus its associated FEC overhead. The actual data in each Data
Segment comes from several transport packets because of the data interleaving. Each Data Segment consists of
832 symbols. The first 4 symbols are transmitted in binary form and provide segment synchronization. This Data
Segment Sync signal also represents the sync byte for each of the two 188-byte MPEG-compatible transport packets.
The remaining 828 symbols of each Data Segment carry data representing two groups of 187 data bytes each followed
by 20 Reed-Solomon bytes. These 828 symbols are transmitted as 16-level signals and therefore carry four bits per
symbol. Thus, 828 4 3312 bits of data are carried in each Data Segment, which exactly matches the requirement to
send two protected transport packets:
187 data bytes + 20 RS parity bytes 207 bytes
2 207 bytes 8 bits/byte 3312
The exact symbol rate is given by the equation below:
S
r
(MHz) 4.5/286 684 10.76 ... MHz
3
The 16-level symbols combined with the binary Data Segment Sync and Data Field Sync signals are used to modulate a
single carrier in suppressed-carrier mode. Before transmission, however, most of the lower sideband is removed. The
resulting spectrum is flat, except for the band edges where a nominal square-root raised-cosine response results in
620 kHz transition regions. The nominal VSB transmission spectrum is shown in Figure D.3
3
.
At the suppressed-carrier frequency, 310 kHz from the lower band edge, a small pilot is added to the signal.
The cable system may also carry standard television signals on other channels as shown in Figure D.3. The nominal
average VSB signal power is 6 dB below peak sync power of standard television signals carried in adjacent channels.
T0903600-96/d37
4
Field sync # 1
Field sync # 2
S
e
g
m
e
n
t
S
y
n
c
828 symbols
Data + FEC
Data + FEC
313
segments
313
segments
24.2
ms
24.2
ms
1 segment
= 77.3 s
Figure D.2/J.83 VSB data frame
FIGURE D.2/J.83...[D.37] = 3 CM
3
T0903610-96/d38
1.0
0.7
Pilot
0
5.38
0.31
NTSC
1.25 1.75
Frequencies in MHz
6.0
Suppressed
carrier
Visual
carrier
0.31
Chroma
carrier
Aural
carrier
Figure D.3/J.83 VSB and NTSC channel occupancy
FIGURE D.3/J.83...[D.38] = 3 CM
D.5 Channel coding
D.5.1 Data randomizer
A data randomizer is used on all input data to randomize the data payload (not including Data Field Sync or Data
Segment Sync, or RS parity bytes). The data randomizer XOR-s all the incoming data bytes with a 16-bit maximum
length PseudoRandom Binary Sequence (PRBS) which is initialized at the beginning of the Data Field. The PRBS is
generated in a 16-bit shift register that has 9 feedback taps. Eight of the shift register outputs are selected as the fixed
randomizing byte, where each bit from this byte is used to individually XOR the corresponding input data bit. The data
bits are XOR-ed MSB to MSB ... LSB to LSB.
The initialization (pre-load) to F180 hex (load to 1) occurs during the Data Segment Sync interval prior to the first Data
Segment.
The randomizer generator polynomial and initialization are shown in Figure D.4.
T0903620-96/d39
X X
x
D
0
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
D
5
D
6
D
7
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
x
8
x
9
x
10
x
11
x
12
x
13
x
14
x
15
x
16
x
16
x
15
x
14
x
13
x
9
x
8

The generator is shifted with the Byte Clock and one 8-bit Byte
of data is extracted per cycle
Generator polynominal G
(16)
= x
16
+ x
13
+ x
12
+ x
11
+ x
7
+ x
6
+ x
3
+ x + 1
The initialization (pre-load) occurs during the field sync interval
Initialization to F180 hex (Load to 1)
Figure D.4/J.83 Randomizer polynomial
FIGURE D.4/J.83...[D.39] = 3 CM
D.5.2 Reed-Solomon encoder
The RS code used in the VSB transmission subsystem is t 10 (207, 187) code. The RS data block size is 187 bytes,
with 20 RS parity bytes added for error correction. Two RS blocks of 207 bytes are transmitted per Data Segment.
The 20 RS parity bytes are sent at the end of each respective group of 187 bytes. The parity generator polynomial and
the primitive field generator polynomial are shown in Figure D.5.
i = 0
i = 2t 1
(x +
i
) = x
20
+ x
19
17
+ x
18
60
+ x
17
79
+ x
16
50
+ x
15
61
+ x
14
163
+
x
13
26
+ x
12
187
+ x
11
202
+ x
10
180
+ x
9
221
+ x
8
225
+ x
7
83
+
x
6
239
+ x
5
156
+ x
4
164
+ x
3
212
+ x
2
212
+ x
1
188
+
190
= x
20
+ 152 x
19
+ 185 x
18
+ 240

x
17
+ 5 x
16
+ 111 x
15
+ 99 x
14
+
6 x
13
+ 220 x
12
+ 112 x
11
+ 150 x
10
+ 69 x
9
+ 36 x
8
+ 187 x
7
+
22 x
6
+ 228 x
5
+ 198 x
4
+ 121 x
3
+ 121 x
2
+ 165 x
1
+ 174
T0903630-96/d40
. . . .
B
A
x
2
x
3
x
20
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
x
8
x
19
x
18
x
1

=

1
7
4

=

1
6
5

=

1
2
1

=

1
2
1

=

2
4
0

=

1
8
5

=

1
5
2
x
1
Mod(256) add two field elements (Bytes)
Mod(256) multiply a field element
with fixed element
Store one element (Byte)
Primitive field generator polynomial (Galois Field)
G (256) = x
8
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ 1
Each shift of the generator produces a field element
k = 187 Data Bytes
Connect A for first (k) bytes
Connect B for last (N k) bytes
N = 207
Encoded data
Gate
N k = 20
Parity bytes
Connect for first (k) bytes
Open for last (N k) bytes
Figure D.5/J.83 Parity generator polynomial for Reed-Solomon (207, 187) with t = 10
FIGURE D.5/J.83...[D.40] = 3 CM
D.5.3 Interleaving
The interleaver employed in the VSB transmission system is a 26 data segment (intersegment) convolutional byte
interleaver. Interleaving is provided to a depth of about 1/12 of a data field (2 ms deep). Only data bytes are interleaved.
The interleaver is synchronized to the first data byte of the data field. The convolutional interleaver is shown in
Figure D.6.
.

.

.

.
T0903640-96/d41
1
2
3
51
(B=)52
2M
(B 2)M
(B 1)M
M = 4, B = 52, N = 208, RS Block = 207, B M = N
From To mapper
M(= 4 Bytes)
Reed-Solomon
encoder
Figure D.6/J.83 Convolutional interleaver
FIGURE D.6/J.83...[D.41] = 3 CM
D.5.4 Data segment sync
The multi-level data is passed through a multiplexer that inserts the various synchronization signals (Data Segment Sync
and Data Field Sync).
A two-level (binary) 4-symbol Data Segment Sync is inserted into the 16-level digital data stream at the beginning of
each Data Segment. (The MPEG sync byte is replaced by Data Segment Sync.) The Data Segment Sync embedded in
random data is shown in Figure D.7.
A complete segment consists of 832 symbols: 4 symbols for Data Segment Sync, and 828 data plus parity symbols. The
Data Segment Sync is binary (2-level). The same sync pattern occurs regularly at 77.3 s intervals, and is the only signal
repeating at this rate. Unlike the data, the four symbols for Data Segment Sync are not Reed-Solomon encoded, nor are
they interleaved. The Data Segment Sync pattern is a 1001 pattern, as shown in Figure D.7.
D.5.5 Data field sync
The data are not only divided into Data Segments, but also into Data Fields, each consisting of 313 segments. Each Data
Field (24.2 ms) starts with one complete Data Segment of Data Field Sync, as shown in Figure D.8. Each symbol
represents one bit of data (2-level). The 832 symbols in this segment are defined below. See Figure D.8.
D.5.5.1 Sync
This corresponds to Data Segment Sync and is defined as 1001.
D.5.5.2 PN511
This pseudo-random sequence is defined as x
9

+ x
7

+

x
6

+

x
4

+

x
3

+ x + 1 with a pre-load value of 010000000.
The generator for the PN511 sequence is shown in Figure D.9.
D.5.5.3 PN63
This pseudo-random sequence is repeated three times. It is defined as x
6

+ x + 1 with a pre-load value of 100111. The
middle PN63 is inverted on every other Data Field Sync.
The generator for the PN63 sequence is shown in Figure D.9.
+15
+13
+11
+9
+7
+5
+3
+1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
T0903660-96/d42
Data + FEC
Data
segment
SYNC
Data
segment
SYNC
4
symbols Levels before
pilot addition
(Pilot = 2.5)
4
symbols
828
symbols
Data segment
832 symbols
Figure D.7/J.83 16-VSB data segment
FIGURE D.7/J.83...[D.42] = 3 CM
+15
+13
+11
+9
+7
+5
+3
+1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
T0903670-96/d43
832 symbols
Sync
PN511 PN63 PN63 PN63 Reserved VSB
mode
Levels before
pilot addition
(Pilot = 2.5)
4
symbols
511
symbols
63
sym-
bols
63
sym-
bols
63
sym-
bols
24
sym-
bols
104
symbols
Figure D.8/J.83 16-VSB data field sync
FIGURE D.8/J.83...[D.43] = 3 CM
T0903680-96/d44
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1
XOR
Output
Output
Shift
Shift
63PN sequence, x
6
+ x + 1
Pre-load 100111
511PN sequence,
x
9
+ x
7
+ x
6
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x + 1
Pre-load 010000000
XOR XOR XOR XOR XOR
Figure D.9/J.83 Field sync PN sequence generators
FIGURE D.9/J.83...[D.44] = 3 CM
D.5.5.4 VSB mode
These 24 bits determine the VSB mode for the data in the frame. The first two bytes are reserved. The suggested fill
pattern is 0000111100001111. The next byte is defined as:
P A B C P A B C
where P is the even parity bit, the MSB of the byte, and A, B, C are the actual mode bits.
P A B C
0 0 0 0 2 VSB
1 0 0 1 4 VSB
1 0 1 0 8 VSB
0 0 1 1 Reserved
1 1 0 0 16-VSB Cable
0 1 0 1 8-VSB Terrestrial (Note) (trellis coded)
0 1 1 0 Reserved
1 1 1 1 Reserved
NOTE In the 8-VSB terrestrial mode, the preceding bits are defined as:
0 0 0 0 P A B C P A B C 1 1 1 1
D.5.5.5 Reserved
The last 104 bits is reserved space. It is suggested that this be filled with a continuation of the PN63 sequence.
All sequences are pre-loaded before the beginning of the Data Field Sync.
Like the Data Segment Sync, the Data Field Sync is not Reed-Solomon encoded, nor is it interleaved.
D.6 Modulation
D.6.1 Bit-to-symbol mapping
Figure D.10 shows the mapping of the outputs of the interleaver to the nominal signal levels of (t 1, t 3, t 5, t 7,
t 9, t 11, t 13, t 15). As shown in Figures D.7 and D.8, the nominal levels of Data Segment Sync and Data Field Sync
are 9 and +9.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
T0903650-96/d45
+15
+13
+11
+9
+7
+5
+3
+1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
x
a1
x
b1
x
c1
x
d1
x
a2
x
b2
x
c2
x
d2
x
a
x
b
x
c
x
d
x
a
x
b
x
c
x
d
MSB
2nd Nibble
1st Nibble
LSB
Byte to
symbol
conversion
From
byte
interleaver
To MUX
Figure D.10/J.83 16-VSB mapper
FIGURE D.10/J.83...[D.45] = 3 CM
D.6.2 Pilot addition
A small in-phase pilot is added to the data signal. The frequency of the pilot is the same as the suppressed-carrier
frequency as shown in Figure D.3. This may be generated in the following manner. A small (digital) DC level (2.5)
is added to every symbol (data and syncs) of the digital baseband data plus sync signal (t 1, t 3, t 5, t 7, t 9, t 11,
t 13, t 15). The power of the pilot is 11.3 dB below the average data signal power.
D.6.3 16-VSB modulation method
The VSB modulator receives the 10.76 Msymbols/s, 16-level composite data signal (pilot and syncs added). The digital
multi-programme system performance is based on a linear-phase raised-cosine Nyquist filter response in the
concatenated transmitter and receiver, as shown in Figure D.11
4
. The system filter response is essentially flat across the
entire band, except for the transition regions at each end of the band. Nominally, the roll-off in the transmitter has the
response of a linear-phase square-root raised-cosine filter. Tolerances, both in-band and out-of-band, are under study.
T0903690-96/d46
R = 0.1152
d = 0.31 MHz
5.38 MHz
6 MHz
d d
d
d
1.0
0.5
0
Figure D.11/J.83 Nominal VSB system channel response
(linear-phase raised-cosine Nyquist filter)
FIGURE D.11/J.83...[D.46] = 3 CM
4
D.6.4 Up-conversion
The modulation process is usually accomplished at an IF frequency. The modulated IF is then up-converted to the final
frequency carried by the cable system.
D.7 16-VSB cable receiver
The 16-VSB cable receiver is shown in Figure D.12. All of the inverse functions of the transmitter are performed in the
receiver: down conversion (tuner), detection, sync and timing recovery, de-interleaving, Reed-Solomon forward error
correction, and data de-randomization.
In addition, an equalizer removes intersymbol interference making use of the data field sync as a training reference
signal, and a phase tracker reduces the effect of phase-noise of the local oscillator of the tuner. Following the phase
tracker is the slicer to recover the data from the multi-level symbols.
The demodulating carrier is recovered from the pilot and the sync and clock are recovered from the segment sync.
The receiver may be fed with cable mode signals from the cable distribution system or, if the receiver is a terrestrial
broadcast receiver, may also be fed from 8-VSB trellis-coded terrestrial broadcasts, or from private cable sources
(SMATV or MMDS, or other).
T0903700-96/d47
Tuner Equalizer Slicer
Data out
I I I
Sync & timing
IF filter
&
syn-
chronous
detector
Phase
tracker
Reed-
Solomon
Forward
Error
Corrector
Data
de-
randomizer
Data
de-
interleaver
Figure D.12/J.83 16-VSB receiver
FIGURE D.12/J.83...[D.47] = 3 CM
D.8 Other VSB modes
D.8.1 Introduction
Subclause D.5.5.4 above identified the VSB mode bits in the VSB data field sync interval for VSB modes 2-VSB,
4-VSB, 8-VSB, 16-VSB, and 8-VSB (trellis coded). This entire Annex up to this point has described the 16-VSB mode
processes including the 188-byte MPEG input packets, data frame structure, data randomizer, Reed-Solomon Forward
Error Correction (FEC), byte interleaving, mapper, data segment sync, data field sync, VSB modulation, and the
16-VSB receiver.
D.8.2 Overview of VSB modes
The group of VSB modes form a family with a high degree of commonality of processes. Each mode of the family uses
the same symbol rate synchronizing, spectrum shaping, and channel bandwidth. The difference between the modes is
due to the variation of bits per symbol and the consequent payload data rate that can be accommodated. Table D.1 shows
the relationships.
Table D.1/J.83 VSB mode comparison table
Each of the VSB modes are treated in the following subclauses.
D.8.3 MPEG-2 transport layer
As in D.3 above, the transport layer provides 188-byte packets.
D.8.4 Framing structure
Figure D.2 shows the data symbols, data segments, and data field organization which is common to all VSB modes.
Table D.2 shows the relationship between Reed-Solomon FEC protected MPEG-2 packets and data segments and
VSB modes.
Table D.2/J.83 Comparison table of data frame MPEG packet-VSB mode
D.8.5 Channel coding
D.8.5.1 Data randomizer
Data randomizing for 2-VSB, 4-VSB, 8-VSB and 8-VSB (trellis) is accomplished as in D.5.1.
D.8.5.2 Reed-Solomon encoder
The RS FEC process for 2-VSB, 4-VSB, 8-VSB, and 8-VSB (trellis coded) is as described in D.5.2.
D.8.5.3 Interleaving
Interleaving for 2-VSB, 4-VSB, 8-VSB, and 8-VSB (trellis coded) is as described in D.5.3. Because bit rates are
different for the various VSB modes, the performance with noise bursts varies as shown in Table D.1.
D.8.5.4 Data segment sync
The data segment sync is common to all VSB modes. The particulars of the data segment sync are described in D.5.4.
However, the embedding of the sync in the multi-level symbol data varies. This is shown for 2-VSB, 4-VSB, 8-VSB
and 8-VSB (trellis coded) in Figures D.13, D.14, D.15, and D.16 respectively.
VSB mode Transport data rate Noise burst tolerance C/N threshold
2-VSB 9.7 Mbit/s 387 sec 10 dB
8-VSB (Trellis) 19.39 Mbit/s 193 sec 15 dB
VSB mode Bits/symbol Bits/segment
FEC protected MPEG
packets/segment
2 1 828 1/2
4 2 1656 1
8 3 2484 1 1/2
16 4 3312 2
8T 2 1656 1
+1
1
T0903710-96/d48
Data
segment
SYNC
Data + FEC
Data
segment
SYNC
4
symbols
4
symbols
Levels before
pilot addition
(Pilot = 0.3125)
828 symbols
Data segment
832 symbols
FIGURE D.13/J.83...[D.48] = 3 CM
+3
3
T0903730-96/d49
+1
1
Data
segment
SYNC
Data + FEC
Data
segment
SYNC
4
symbols
4
symbols
Levels before
pilot addition
(Pilot = 0.625)
Data segment
832 symbols
828 symbols
FIGURE D.14/J.83...[D.49] = 3 CM
+7
+5
+3
+1
1
3
5
7
T0903720-96/d50
Data
segment
SYNC Data + FEC
Data
segment
SYNC
4
symbols
4
symbols
Levels before
pilot addition
(Pilot = 1.25)
Data segment
832 symbols
828 symbols
FIGURE D.15/J.83...[D.50] = 3 CM
+7
+5
+3
+1
1
3
5
7
T0903740-96/d51
Data
segment
SYNC
Data + FEC
Data
segment
SYNC
4
symbols
4
symbols
Levels before
pilot addition
(Pilot = 1.25)
Data segment
832 symbols
828 symbols
Figure D.16/J.83 8-VSB data segment (trellis coded)
FIGURE D.16/J.83...[D.51] = 3 CM
D.8.5.5 Data field sync
The data field sync is common to all VSB modes. The particulars of the data field sync are described in D.5.5 data field
sync. However, as in the case of the segment sync embedding of the data field sync in the multi-level symbol data varies.
This is shown for 2-VSB, 4-VSB, 8-VSB, and 8-VSB (trellis coded) in Figures D.17, D.18, D.19, and D.20,
respectively.
+1
1
T0903750-96/d52
832 symbols
Sync
PN63 PN63 PN63
VSB
mode Reserved
Levels before
pilot addition
(Pilot = 0.3125)
4
symbols
511
symbols
104
symbols
63
sym-
bols
63
sym-
bols
63
sym-
bols
24
sym-
bols
PN511
FIGURE D.17/J.83...[D.52] = 3 CM
+3
3
T0903760-96/d53
+1
1
832 symbols
Sync
PN63 PN63 PN63
VSB
mode
Reserved
Levels before
pilot addition
(Pilot = 0.625)
4
symbols
511
symbols
104
symbols
63
sym-
bols
63
sym-
bols
63
sym-
bols
24
sym-
bols
PN511
FIGURE D.18/J.83...[D.53] = 3 CM
+7
+5
+3
+1
1
3
5
7
T0903770-96/d54
832 symbols
Sync
PN63 PN63 PN63
VSB
mode
Reserved
Levels before
pilot addition
(Pilot = 1.25)
4
symbols
511
symbols
104
symbols
63
sym-
bols
63
sym-
bols
63
sym-
bols
24
sym-
bols
PN511
FIGURE D.19/J.83...[D.54] = 3 CM
+7
+5
+3
+1
1
3
5
7
T0903780-96/d55
Levels before
pilot addition
(Pilot = 1.25)
4 symbols 511 symbols
63
sym-
bols
63
sym-
bols
63
sym-
bols
24
sym-
bols
104
symbols
12
sym-
bols
a)
Sync
PN511 PN63 PN63 PN63 VSB
mode
Reserved
832 symbols
a)
For trellis coded 8-VSB, the last 12 symbols of the previous segment are duplicated in the last 12 reserved symbols of the
field sync.
Pre-code
Figure D.20/J.83 8-VSB (trellis coded) data field sync
FIGURE D.20/J.83...[D.55] = 3 CM
D.8.6 Modulation
D.8.6.1 Bit to symbol mapping
The bit to symbol mapping for 2-VSB, 4-VSB, 8-VSB, and 8-VSB (trellis coded) is shown in Figures D.21, D.22, D.23,
and D.24, respectively. The data symbol levels are t 1 for 2-VSB, t 1, t 3 for 4-VSB, and t 1, t 3, t 5, t 7 for 8-VSB
and 8-VSB (trellis coded)
5
.
1 +1
1
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
T0903790-96/d56
0
0
x
a1
x
a2
x
a3
x
a4
x
a5
x
a6
x
a7
x
a8
x
a
x
a
MSB
Byte to
symbol
conversion
1st bit
8th bit
From byte
interleaver
Mapper
To MUX
LSB
FIGURE D.21/J.83...[D.56] = 3 CM
1
1
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
T0903800-96/d57
+3
+1
0
0 1 1
0 0 3
x
a1
x
b1
x
a2
x
b2
x
a3
x
b3
x
a4
x
b4
x
a
x
b
x
a
x
b
Byte to symbol
conversion
From byte
interleaver
1st dibit
4th dibit
Mapper
To MUX
MSB
LSB
FIGURE D.22/J.83...[D.57] = 3 CM
5
The 8-VSB (trellis coded) mode is described in detail in [1] of the Bibliography in Appendix I.
1
1
1
1
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
T0903810-96/d58
1
0
1 0 1
1 0 0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
+7
+5
0
+3
+1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0 0 1
0 0 0
1
3
5
7
x
a1
x
b1
x
c1
x
a2
x
b2
x
c2
x
a3
x
b3
x
c3
x
a4
x
b4
x
c4
x
a5
x
b5
x
c5
x
a6
x
b6
x
c6
x
a7
x
b7
x
c7
x
a8
x
b8
x
c8
x
a
x
b
x
c
x
a
x
b
x
c
Byte to symbol
conversion
MSB
1st tribit
2nd tribit
From byte
interleaver
Mapper
To MUX
LSB
8th tribit
FIGURE D.23/J.83...[D.58] = 3 CM
1
1
1
1
T0903820-96/d59
Z
2
Z
2
1
0
1 0 1
1 0 0
Z
1
Z
1
+7
+5
0
+3
+1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0 0 1
0 0 0
1
3
5
7
Z
0
Z
0
Z
2
Z
1
Z
0
+
D
D + D
Z
2
Z
1
Z
0
x
2
x
0
x
2
x
1
MSB
LSB
Byte to dibit
converter
# 1
Trellis
encoder and
pre-coder
# 1
From
byte
interleaver
Mapper
To MUX
(D = 12 symbols delay)
"
# 2
"
# 2
"
# 12
"
# 12
Figure D.24/J.83 8-VSB (pre-coder, trellis encoder) mapper
rate = 2/3
FIGURE D.24/J.83...[D.59] = 3 CM
D.8.6.2 Pilot addition
The pilot addition may be done in the same manner as in D.6.2 by adding a small DC level to the baseband symbols
(data and sync). The value of the DC level is 0.3125 for 2-VSB, 0.625 for 4-VSB, 1.25 for 8-VSB and 8-VSB (trellis
coded).
This is shown in Figures D.13, D.14, D.15 and D.16 for 2-VSB, 4-VSB, 8-VSB, and 8-VSB (trellis coded), respectively.
D.8.6.3 VSB modulation method
The modulation method for all VSB systems is accomplished in the same manner as in D.6.3. The overall channel
frequency response is shaped as in Figure D.11.
D.8.6.4 Up-conversion
The modulation method is usually accomplished at an IF frequency. The modulated IF is then up-converted to the final
channel frequency of the RF transmission system.
D.8.7 VSB receiver
The VSB receiver has all the inverse functions of the transmitter. The VSB mode of transmission is indicated to the
receiver in the manner described in D.5.5.4. The receiver functions are then adjusted to accommodate to the various
required data slice levels and to the differing incoming bit rates
6
.
Appendix I
Bibliography
[1] Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC): Digital television standard, Washington D.C.,
September 1995.
[2] Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC): Guide to the use of the ATSC digital standard,
Washington D.C., October 1995.
6
The 8-VSB (trellis coded) receiving process is described in detail in [2] of the Bibliography in Appendix I.
ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS SERIES
Series A Organization of the work of the ITU-T
Series B Means of expression: definitions, symbols, classification
Series C General telecommunication statistics
Series D General tariff principles
Series E Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors
Series F Non-telephone telecommunication services
Series G Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks
Series H Audiovisual and multimedia systems
Series I Integrated services digital network
Series J Transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals
Series K Protection against interference
Series L Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside
plant
Series M Maintenance: international transmission systems, telephone circuits, telegraphy,
facsimile and leased circuits
Series N Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits
Series O Specifications of measuring equipment
Series P Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks
Series Q Switching and signalling
Series R Telegraph transmission
Series S Telegraph services terminal equipment
Series T Terminals for telematic services
Series U Telegraph switching
Series V Data communication over the telephone network
Series X Data networks and open system communication
Series Z Programming languages

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