Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical Week #1
SQL (Structured Query Language) SQL (Structured Query Language) is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems (RDBMS), database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management.SQL is a standard supported by all the popular relational database management systems in the market place Data Definition Language (DDL) commands in RDBMS. It is used to communicate with database. DDL is used to: Create an object Alter the structure of an object To drop the object created. The commands used are: Create Alter Drop Truncate CREATE TABLE It is used to create a table Syntax: Create table tablename (column_name1 data_ type constraints, column_name2 data_ type constraints ) Example: 1. CREATE TABLE Emp ( EmpNo number(5), EName VarChar(15), Job Char(10) CONSTRAINT Unik1 UNIQUE, DeptNo number(3) CONSTRAINT FKey2 REFERENCES DEPT(DeptNo)); 2. Create table prog20 (pname varchar2(20) not null, doj date not null,dob date not null, sex varchar(1) not null, prof1 varchar(20),prof2 varchar(20),salary number(7,2) not null); Task 1: Create a table called Employee with the following structure. Field Data Type EMPNO NUMBER(6) ENAME VARCHAR2(20) JOB VARCHAR2(10) MGR NUMBER(4) DEPTNO NUMBER(3)

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SAL NUMBER(7,2) Allow NULL for all columns except ename and job. Task 1: Create a table called Deptt with the following structure. Field Data Type DEPTNO NUMBER(6) DNAME VARCHAR2(20) LOC VARCHAR(10) Make DEPTNO as Primary Key

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical Week #2
ALTER TABLE Alter command is used to: 1. Add a new column. 3. Modify the existing column definition. 3. To include or drop integrity constraint. Syntax: alter table tablename add/modify (attribute datatype(size)); Example: 1. Alter table emp add (phone_no char (20)); 2. Alter table emp modify(phone_no number (10)); 3. ALTER TABLE EMP ADD CONSTRAINT Pkey1 PRIMARY KEY (EmpNo); DROP TABLE It will delete the table structure provided the table should be empty. Example: drop table prog20; Here prog20 is table name TRUNCATE TABLE If there is no further use of records stored in a table and the structure has to be retained then the records alone can be deleted. Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>; Example: Truncate table customer; DESC This is used to view the structure of the table. Example: desc emp; Name Null? Type EmpNo EName Job DeptNo PHONE_NO NOT NULL NOT NULL NOT NULL number(5) VarChar(15) Char(10) number(3) number (10)

Department of Computer Science

Task 1: Add a column commission to the Employee table Commission numeric null allowed. Task 2: Modify the column width of the job field of Employee table Task 3: Add columns DOB to the Employee table.

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical Week #3
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT An integrity constraint is a mechanism used by oracle to prevent invalid data entry into the table. It has enforcing the rules for the columns in a table. Example: 1. Alter table emp add (phone_no char (20)); 2. Alter table emp modify(phone_no number (10)); 3. ALTER TABLE EMP ADD CONSTRAINT Pkey1 PRIMARY KEY (EmpNo); Not Null constraint: Example: Create table cust(custid number(6) not null, name char(10)); Alter table cust modify (name not null); Check Constraint: Example: Create table student (regno number (6), mark number (3) constraint b check (mark >=0 and mark <=100)); Alter table student add constraint b2 check (length(regno<=4)); Unique key constraint: Example: Create table cust(custid number(6) constraint uni unique, name char(10)); Alter table cust add(constraint c unique(custid));
Task 1:

Add constraints to the Employee table to check the empno value while entering (i.e) empno > 100 Task 2: Add constraint unique to table employee.

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical Week #4
PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT: A primary key avoids duplication of rows and does not allow null values.can be defined on one or more columns in a table and is used to uniquely identify each row in a table. These values should never be changed and should never be null. A table should have only one primary key. If a primary key constraint is assigned to more than one column or combination of column is said to be composite primary key, which can Contain 16 columns. Example: Create table stud(regno number(6) constraint primary key, name char(20)); Referential Integrity: Foreign key: A column or combination of column included in the definition of referential integrity, which would refer to a referenced key. Task 1: Create The Following Table]Drop if Exist]. SALESMEN Table Structure: Field Type Constraint SID VARCHAR2 (5) P.K. SNAME VARCHAR2 (20) Not Null CITY VARCHAR2 (15) Not Null SALARY NUMBER (5, 2) PRODUCT VARCHAR2 (20) TGTTOGET NUMBER (5,2) COMM NUMBER (5,2) CID NUMBER(5) F.K ** APPLY foreign key and primary key

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical Week #5

Lab Task:
Implement Data Definition Language (DDL) commands in RDBMS. It is used to communicate with database. DDL is used to: Create an object Alter the structure of an object To drop the object created. The commands used are: Create Alter Drop Truncate Also the Integrity Constraints we have studied implement them.

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical week #6
Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands: DML commands are the most frequently used SQL commands and is used to query and manipulate the existing database objects. Some of the commands are Insert Select Update Delete

Insert Command:
Inserting a single row into a table: Syntax: insert into <table name> values (value list) Example: insert into s values(s3,sup3,blore,10) Inserting more than one record using a single insert commands: Syntax: insert into <table name> values (&col1, &col2, .) Example: Insert into stud values(&reg, &name, &percentage); Skipping the fields while inserting: Insert into <tablename(coln names to which datas to b inserted)> values (list of values); Other way is to give null while passing the values.

Update Command
It is used to alter the column values in a table. A single column may be updated or more than one column could be updated. Syntax: update tablename set field=values where condition; Example:Update emp set sal = 10000 where empno=135;

Delete command
After inserting row in a table we can also delete them if required. The delete command consists of a from clause followed by an optional where clause. Syntax: Delete from table where conditions; Example:delete from emp where empno=135;

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Tasks:
Insert the following records into dept table.

DNAME

DEPTNO

DLOC

10 20 30 40 50

MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT MAINTAINANCE TRANSPORT SALES HEAD

MAIN BLOCK MANUFACTURING UNIT MAIN BLOCK ADMIN BLOCK OFFICE

Update the emp table to set the default commission of all employees to Rs 1000/who are working as managers. Delete only those who are working as supervisors. Delete the rows whose empno is 7599.

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical week #7
Select Commands
It is used to retrieve information from the table. it is generally referred to as querying the table. We can either display all columns in a table or only specify column from the table. Syntax: Select * from table name; // This query selects all rows from the table. Example; Select * from IT; The retrieval of specific columns from a table: It retrieves the specified columns from the table Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name; Example: Select empno, empname from emp; Elimination of duplicates from the select clause: It prevents retriving the duplicated values .Distinct keyword is to be used. Syntax: Select DISTINCT col1, col2 from table name; Example: Select DISTINCT job from emp; Select command with where clause: To select specific rows from a table we include where clause in the select command. It can appear only after the from clause. Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name where condition; Example: Select empno, empname from emp where sal>4000; Select command with order by clause: Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name where condition order by colmnname; Example: Select empno, empname from emp order by empno;

Task:
List the records in the emp table orderby salary in ascending order. Display only those employees whose deptno is 30. Display deptno from the table employee avoiding the duplicated values.

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List the records in sorted order of their employees. List the employee names whose commission is null.

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical week #8
Built in Functions:
Date Function They operate on date values and produce outputs, which also belong to date data type except for months, between, date function returns a number. 1. Add_month This function returns a date after adding a specified date with specified number of months. Syntax: Add_months(d,n); where d-date n-number of months Example: Select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual; 2. last_day It displays the last date of that month. Syntax: last_day (d); where d-date Example: Select last_day (1-jun-2009) from dual; 3.Months_between It gives the difference in number of months between d1 & d2. Syntax: month_between (d1,d2); where d1 & d2 dates Example: Select month_between (1-jun-2009,1-aug-2009) from dual; 4. next_day It returns a day followed the specified date. Syntax: next_day (d,day); Example: Select next_day (sysdate,wednesday) from dual

Task:
Display the month name of date 14-jul-11 in full. Display the Dob of all employees in the format dd-mm-yy. Display the date two months after the Dob of employees. Display the date 60 days before current date.

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical week #9
Numerical Functions

Command Abs(n) Ceil(n) Exp(n) Floor(n) Power(m,n) Mod(m,n) Round(m,n) Trunc(m,n) Sqrt(m,n)

Query

Output Select abs(-15) from dual; Select ceil(55.67) from dual; Select exp(4) from dual; Select floor(100.2) from dual; Select power(4,2) from dual; Select mod(10,3) from dual; Select round(100.256,2) from dual; Select trunc(100.256,2) from dual; Select sqrt(16) from dual; 15 56 54.59 100 16 1 100.26 100.23 4

Task:
Implement All above Mention Functions

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical week #10
Group Functions A group function returns a result based on group of rows. 1. avg Example: select avg (total) from student; 2.max Example: select max (percentagel) from student; 2.min Example: select min (marksl) from student; 4. sum Example: select sum(price) from product; Count Function In order to count the number of rows, count function is used. 1. count(*) It counts all, inclusive of duplicates and nulls. Example: select count(*) from student; 2. count(col_name) It avoids null value. Example: select count(total) from order; 3.count(distinct col_name) It avoids the repeated and null values. Example: select count(distinct ordid) from order;

Task:

Count the total records in the emp table. Calculate the total and average salary amount of the emptable. Determine the max and min salary and rename the column as max_salary and min_salary. Display total salary spent for employees List all employee names , salary and 15% rise in salary.

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical week #11
Like Operator:
The LIKE operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column.

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE pattern

Example:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE 's%'

Task:
List all employees which starts with either B or C. select the persons living in a city that contains the pattern "tav" from the "Persons" table. Find out the Client who Stays in a city whose second letter is a. Display the employee names whose name contains up to 5 characters. List out the employee names whose names starts with s and ends with h.

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical week #12
Nested Queries:
Nesting of queries one within another is known as a nested queries.

Subqueries:
The query within another is known as a subquery. A statement containing subquery is called parent statement. The rows returned by subquery are used by the parent statement. Example: select ename, eno, address where salary >(select salary from employee where ename =jones); Subqueries that return several values Subqueries can also return more than one value.such results should be made use along with the operators in and any. Example: select ename, eno, from employee where salary <any (select salary from employee where deptno =10);

Task:
Issue a query to display information about employees who earn more than any employee in dept 30. Display the employees who have the same job as jones and whose salary >= fords. Write a query to display the name and job of all employees in dept 20 who have a job that someone in the Management dept as well.

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical week #13
Relating Data through Join Concept (JOINS) The purpose of a join concept is to combine data spread across tables. A join is actually performed by the where clause which combines specified rows of tables. Syntax; select columns from table1, table2 where logical expression; Simple Join It is the most common type of join. It retrieves the rows from 2 tables having a common column and is further classified into a) Equi-join A join, which is based on equalities, is called equi-join. Example: select * from item, cust where item.id=cust.id; b) Non Equi-join It specifies the relationship between columns belonging to different tables by making use of relational operators other than=. Example: select * from item, cust where item.id<cust.id; Outer Join It extends the result of a simple join. An outer join returns all the rows returned by simple join as well as those rows from one table that do not match any row from the table. The symbol(+) reprsents outer join. Example: select ename, job, dname from emp, dept where emp.deptno (+) = dept.deptno;

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Task:
Select all employees from maintainance and development dept.

Display all employee names and salary whose salary is greater than
minimum salary of the company and job title starts with M.
Issue a query to find all the employees who work in the same job as jones. Issue a query to display information about employees who earn more than any employee in dept 30. Display the employees who have the same job as jones and whose salary >= fords. Write a query to display the name and job of all employees in dept 20 who have a job that someone in the Management dept as well. Issue a query to list all the employees who salary is > the average salary of their own dept. Write a query to list the employees having the same job as employees located in mainblock.(use multiple subquery)

Department of Computer Science

Database System
Lab Practical week 14
Views: A view is the tailored presentation of data contained in one or more table and can also be said as restricted view to the data in the tables. A view is a virtual table or a stored query which takes the output of a query and treats it as a table. The table upon which a view is created is called as base table. A view is a logical table based on a table or another view. A view contains no data of its own but is like a window through which data from tables can be viewed or changed. The tables on which a view is based are called base tables. The view is stored as a SELECT statement in the data dictionary.

Advantages of a view:
a. Additional level of table security. b. Hides data complexity. c. Simplifies the usage by combinig multiple tables into a single table. d. Provides datas in different perspective.

Syntax:
Create [or replace ] view <view name> [column alis names] as <query> [with <options> conditions]; Example: Create or replace view empview as select * from emp; Types of view: Horizontal enforced by where cause Vertical enforced by selecting the required columns Task: The organization wants to display only the details of the employees those who are managers.( horizontal portioning) The organization wants to display only the details like empno,empname,deptno,deptname of the employees .(vertical portioning)

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The organization wants to display only the details like
empno,empname,deptno,deptname of the all the employees except the HOD and CEO.

Prepared by Muhammad Saqib CUSIT