As 1733-1976 Methods For The Determination of Grain Size in Metals
As 1733-1976 Methods For The Determination of Grain Size in Metals
As 1733-1976 Methods For The Determination of Grain Size in Metals
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AS 1733—1976
Australian Standard
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PREFACE
This standard was prepared by the Association’s based on ASTM E112, Estimating the Average Grain
Committee on Metallography as a revision of Size of Metals, was limited to the ‘comparison
AS G13 — 1968, which it accordingly supersedes. method’ for determining grain size, this standard
The standard has been sectionalized for ease of permits the use of the planimetric and intercept
reference; general requirements are given in methods for the calculation of the grain size.
Section 2, Section 3 covers the austenite grain size in
steels, and Section 4 covers the measurement of grain Section 4 is intended to cover all types of metals and
size of metals which consist essentially of a single alloys for which grain size measurements are
phase. normally required to be known.
Section 3, on the determination of the austenite grain For the assistance of committees drafting steel
size in steels, is primarily based on ISO/R 643, specifications, detailed guidance is given in
Micrographic Determination of the Austenite Grain Appendix A. A short list of etchants is included in
Size of Steels. The committee also considered Appendix B. The list is not comprehensive and is not
BS 4490: 1969 The Determination of the Austenite intended to be restrictive. Grain size charts have been
Grain Size of Steel. Whereas ASG13, which was included in an appendix for ready reference.
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CONTENTS
Page Page
SECTION 1. SCOPE AND APPLICATION
3.2 Micrographic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Test Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
SECTION 4. DETERMINATION OF G RAIN SIZE IN
SECTION 2. G ENERAL PROCEDURES FOR METHODS OF
METALS AND ALLOYS
GRAIN SIZE DETERMINATION
4.1 Scope of Section . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 9
2.1 Scope of Section . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3
4.2 Limitations and Procedures . . . . .. .. 9
2.2 Grain Size Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4.3 Micrographic Methods . . . . . . . .. .. 9
2.3 Estimation of Grain Size . . .. . . . . . . 3
4.4 Test Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 9
2.4 Comparison Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.5 Planimetric Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.6 Intercept Method . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 4
APPENDICES
SECTION 3. DETERMINATION OF A USTENITE G RAIN
A Explanatory Notes on Specifying Aus-
SIZE IN S TEELS
tenite Grain Size Limits for Steel . . 10
B Etching Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Scope of Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
C Standard Grain Size Charts . . . . . . . 11
3 AS 1733—1976
Australian Standard
for
METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GRAIN SIZE IN METALS
1.1 SCOPE. This standard describes methods for the (a) Section 2 covers the general procedures for
determination of the grain size in metals and alloys. determining grain size.
(b) Section 3 covers procedures for determining the
prior austenite grain size in transformed steels.
(c) Section 4 covers procedures for determining the
1.2 APPLICATION. The standard is divided into grain size of metals and alloys which consist
sections covering various applications as follows: principally of a single phase.
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2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION. This Section outlines 2.3.2 Accuracy of Equipment. The actual
the basis for estimating the grain size by the com- magnification used shall be verified to within an
parison method and the calculation of the grain size accuracy of 1 percent by direct comparison with an
number by the intercept and planimetric methods. engraved micrometer. All distance measuring
2.2 GRAIN SIZE NUMBER. The standard grain equipment used in the determinations shall be
size numbers given in Table 1 are based on the accurate to ±1 percent.
following formula:
m = 8 × 2G 2.4 COMPARISON METHOD.
where m = number of grains per square 2.4.1 Method. The test piece shall be examined at an
millimetre appropriate magnification and the grain size
and G = grain size number. determined by direct comparison with the standard
grain size chart (see Appendix C) the appearance of
NOTE: The ASTM index (N) deri ved fr om formula N = which most closely resembles that of the test piece.
G + 0.0456 gives a grain size slightly larger than that defi ned by
this standard. The dif ference is not more than 0.5 unit , and the The estimated grain size shall be reported to the
esti mati on of grain size cannot generally be closer than 0.5 unit nearest unit listed in Table 1.
under the most favourable cir cumstances. For these reasons NOTE: The standard grain size chart s cover three categori es of
ASTM chart s may be used for the determination of grain size microstr ucture as foll ows:
number.
Plate 1 — Untwinned grains, hat etch, 100×
2.3 ESTIMATION OF GRAIN SIZE. Plate 2 — Twinned grains, flat etch, 100×
Plate 3 — Heavil y twinned grains, contr ast etch, 75×.
2.3.1 General. It is important to recognize that the
estimation of grain size is not precise. The metal Where grain sizes significantly different from the
structure is an aggregate of three-dimensional grains average are observed, the range shall be reported and
of varying sizes and shapes. Even if these grains were also an indication of the distribution within the range.
identical in size and shape, the grain cross-sections Grain size of a given test piece shall be determined
produced by a random plane (surface of observation) on a minimum of three representative fields.
through such a structure would have a distribution of
areas varying from a maximum value to zero 2.4.2 Alternative Magnification. Where the grains
depending upon where the plane cuts each grain. are of a size outside the range covered by the
Clearly no two fields of observation can be exactly standard charts, alternative magnifications that are
the same. usually simple multiples of the standard 100
diameters may be employed. (See Table 2.) A
In each of the three methods for determination of the correction factor shall then be added to the apparent
grain size number good judgement on the part of the grain size observed.
metallographer is necessary to select the
magnification to be used, the proper size of the area, The correction factor Q to be added to the apparent
the proper number of grains (normally not less than grain size number viewed at magnification M to give
50 per given area), and the number and location in the standard grain size number shall be determined
the test piece of representative sections and fields. from the following formula:
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