AbstractThis paper presents the results related to the

interference reduction technique in multistage multiuser detector for

asynchronous DS-CDMA system. To meet the real-time
requirements for asynchronous multiuser detection, a bit streaming,
cascade architecture is used. An asynchronous multiuser detection
involves block-based computations and matrix inversions. The paper
covers iterative-based suboptimal schemes that have been studied to
decrease the computational complexity, eliminate the need for matrix
inversions, decreases the execution time, reduces the memory
requirements and uses joint estimation and detection process that
gives better performance than the independent parameter estimation
method. The stages of the iteration use cascaded and bits processed
in a streaming fashion. The simulation has been carried out for
asynchronous DS-CDMA system by varying one parameter, i.e.,
number of users. The simulation result exhibits that system gives
optimum bit error rate (BER) at 3
rd
stage for 15-users.
KeywordsMulti-user detection (MUD), multiple access
interference (MAI), near-far effect, decision feedback detector,
successive interference cancellation detector (SIC) and parallel
interference cancellation (PIC) detector.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE tremendous increase in demand for wireless services
has caused a search for techniques to improve the
capacity of current digital wireless communication. To bring
this vision for future, major improvements in the current state
of wireless technology are necessary. One type of wireless
technology which has become very popular over the last few
years is direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-
CDMA). Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is one of
the several methods of multiplexing wireless users [1]. In
CDMA, users are multiplexed by distinct codes rather than by
orthogonal frequency band as in frequency-division multiple
accesses (FDMA), or by orthogonal time slots as in time-
division multiple access (TDMA). In CDMA, all users can
transmit at the same time. Also, each user is allocated the
entire frequency spectrum for transmission; hence, CDMA is
also known as spread spectrum communications [2]. The DS-
CDMA multiplier multiplies each users signal by a distinct
code waveform as shown in Fig. 1.
Manuscript received on April 7, 2008.
Lokesh Tharani is Assistant Professor in Electronics & Communication
Engineering Department at the JaganNath Gupta Institute of Engineering and
Technology (JNIT), Sitapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India (phone: 009414238103;
fax: +91-0141-2771618; e-mail: tharani123@)gmail.com)
Dr. R.P.Yadav is Professor and Head of Electronics & Communication
Engineering Department at Malaviya National Institute of Technology
(MNIT), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India (e-mail: [email protected]).
Fig. 1 DS-CDMA Modulation with spreading gain N=7
In DS-CDMA system multiple access interference (MAI) is
the major factor limiting the performance and, hence, the
capacity of the system. The interference from other users is
known as multiple access interference (MAI). This
interference is the result of random time offsets between
signals, which makes it impossible to design the code
waveform to be completely orthogonal. While the MAI
caused by any one user is generally small, as the number of
interference or their power increases, MAI becomes
substantial. Therefore, analysis of the effect of MAI on the
system performance as well as ways to suppress MAI has
been the major focus of CDMA research. There are two basics
approaches to solve this problem. The first approach is based
on the concept of single user detection. In this approach, we
identify one of the users in the system as the desired user and
treat all signals from the other users as interference. The
receiver (for the desired user) detects only the desired user
signal. The second approach is called multi-user detection [3].
The code and timing (or amplitude & phase) information of
multiple users are jointly used to better detection of signal of
individual user is known as multiuser detection. The important
assumption is that the codes of the multiple users are known
to the receiver a priori. Theoretically, receivers based on
multi-user detection [4, 5] usually outperform, but are usually
more complex than receivers based on single-user detection.
The applicability of multi-user receivers depends on system
design issues, such as the security of joint detection, the
Interference Reduction Technique in Multistage
Multiuser Detector for DS-CDMA System
Lokesh Tharani, R.P.Yadav
T
Transmitted
Spreading
DS-CDMA
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3:12 2008
749
implementation complexity, and the availability of
information required performing multi-user detection. For
example, let us consider a typical wireless cellular system. It
would be difficult to employ multi-user receivers at the mobile
units for forward-link transmission because of the limitation
on the implementation complexity and the availability of
information about other users. However, multi-user detection
could be a viable choice in the base-station for reverse-link
transmission. Verdus seminal work published in 1986,
proposed and analyzed the optimal multi-user detector that
proved to be much complex for practical DS-CDMA systems.
Therefore, over the last two decades or so, research has
focused on finding suboptimal multi-user detector solutions
[6], which are more feasible to implement.
II. CONVENTIONAL DS- CDMADETECTOR
Now-a-days single user matched filter detection technique
is using in mobile communication. Although easy to
implement, the performance severely degrades when the
number of users goes up. The conventional detector [7]
consists of a matched filter bank (a series of transversal filters
in parallel), with one filter corresponding to each user as
shown in Fig. 2. The received signal is correlated with the
signature waveform of each user, and the output is used to
determine the bits transmitted by each user.
Fig. 2 The conventional DS-CDMA detector with a Matched Filter
Bank
This detector relies on the fact that the signature sequences
of any two users are close to orthogonal. It is to be noted that
the matched filter receiver is not optimal (in the sense of
maximizing the likelihood function) in the presence of MAI.
Assuming there are K directsequence users in an
asynchronous single path BPSK real channel, the base band
received signal can be expressed as
1
r (t) = A (t) g (t) d (t) + n (t)
K
k k k
k=
_
(1)
where A
k
(t), g
k
(t), and d
k
(t) are the amplitude, signature code
waveform and modulated data of the k th user respectively
and n(t) is additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), with a two
sided power spectral density of N
o
/2 W/Hz. The conventional
detector for received signal described in equation (1) is a bank
of K correlators as shown in Fig..2. This figure shows that
each code waveform is regenerated and correlated with the
received signal in a separate detector branch of the matched
filter detector. It is evident from this figure that the
conventional detector follows a single user strategy, whereby
each branch detects one user without regard to the existence of
other users. Thus there is no sharing of multi-user
information. The success of this detector depends on the
properties of the correlations between codes [8]. We require
the autocorrelation to be much larger than the cross-
correlation of different codes [9]. The correlation value is
defined as:
i, i
1
= g (t) g (t) dt
T
T
b
k k
b

)
(2)
Here, if i = k,
k,k
=1 , and if i k , 0
i,k
< 1 . The output of
the kth users correlator for a particular bit interval is
i, i i
1
1
y = r (t) g (t) dt
T
1
= A d + A d + n (t) g (t) dt
T
= A d + MAI + Z
T
b
k k
b
T
b k
k k k k
b
i
i k
k k k k
=
=

)
_
)
(3)
The correlation with the kth user itself gives rise to the
recovered data term; correlation with all the other users gives
rise to multiple access interference (MAI), and correlation
with the thermal noise gives the term z
k
.
III. CONCEPT OF MULTISTAGE PARALLEL INTERFERENCE
CANCELLATION
This Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) detector
estimates and subtracts out all of the MAI got each user in
parallel. The nth stage of this detector uses decisions of the
(n-1)th stage to cancel MAI present in the received signal.
Thus, maximization is over one bit a time, instead of over k
bits. The Fig.3 shows this concept.
Fig. 3 The concept of multistage detector
For the first stage we use either decorrelater [10] or
matched filter. So output of the first stage multistage detector
for two-user case is given here for example.
) 1 (
1
.
d = Sgn (r
1

12
r
2
) (4)
) 1 (
2
.
d = Sgn (r
2

21
r
1
) (5)
Stage
1
Stage
2
Stage
n
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3:12 2008
750
Here
12
and
21
is the cross correlations between users, r
1
and r
2
are received signals at input of first stage and d
1
& d
2
are output of stages of detectors. The outputs of the next
stages find as similar to previous equations.
) 2 (
1
.
d = Sgn (r
2

21
A
1
) 1 (
2
.
d ) (6)
) 2 (
2
.
d = Sgn (r
2

21
A
1
) 1 (
1
.
d ) (7)
n
th
stage
) (n
j d
.
= Sgn (r
j

K
j L=
_
A
K

Kj
) 1 (
.
n d K ) (8)
where j = 1,2, .., K, A
K
is the amplitude of received signal.
The n
th
stage of this detector user decision of the (n-1)
th
stage
to cancel MAI present in the received signal.
IV. MULTIUSER CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND DETECTION
The 3G wireless system such as third generation partnership
project (3GPP) or universal mobile telecommunication system
(UMTS) can provides variable data transmission rate such as
from 32 kbps to 2 mbps depending on the spreading factors
(N) which varies from 256 (vehicular traffic) to 4 (for indoor
environment) respectively. We have taken binary phase shift
keying (BPSK) modulation (1 bit/symbol) in own simulation,
so data rates varies in the range from 16 kbps to 1 mbps. The
base station receiver receives addition of the signal of all the
active users after they travel through different paths in the
channel [11]. The multipath is caused due to refection,
diffraction and scattering of the transmitted signal that arrives
at the receiver along with the line-of-sight component.
These channel paths induce different delays, alternative and
phase shifts to the signal and the mobility of the users causes
fading in the channel. Moreover, the signals from different
users also interfere with each other in addition to the additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) percent in the channel. The
channel estimation of multi user system refers to the joint
estimation of these unknown parameters for all users to
mitigate these undesirable effects and accurately detect the
received bits of different users. Multiuser detection is the
process of the detection of the received bits for all users
jointly by canceling the interference between the different
users. The performance of multiuser detection mainly depends
on the accuracy of the channel estimation [12]. For an
asynchronous system with binary phase shift keying
modulation, the channel estimate of the multipath signal can
be expressed as
i i i
r = A d + n (9)
in matrix form equation (9) can be written as
1, i-1
k, i-1
i 0 1 i
1, i
k, i
d
d
r [ A A ] + n
d
d
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

(10)
where r
i
is the received signal vector after chip matched
filtering, A is the effective spreading code matrix of
dimension Nx2K containing information about spreading
codes, attenuation and delay from various paths, d
i
e{-1,
+1}
2K
are the bits of K users to be detected and n
i
is the
AWGN. The bits d
i
, of the K
th
users to be detected lie between
the received signal r
i
and r
i-1
boundaries.
A. Matched Filter (MF) Detector
The bits d
i
, of the K users to be detected lie between the
received signal r
i
and r
i-1
boundaries. The matched filter
detector do a process of correlation of the input bits with
the received bits. Hence, the matched filter detector shows
as
i d
.
= Sgn (9 [A
1
H
r
i-1
+ A
0
H
r
i
] ) (11)
The multistage detector user this matched filter output to get
an initial estimate of the bits and then iteratively subtracted the
interference from all other users.
B. Multistage Detector
The multistage detector performs parallel interference
cancellation iteratively in stages [13]. Due to asynchronous
users the desired users bits suffers from interference caused
by the past or future overlapping symbols. Thats why the
multishot detection [14] is needed to cancel these
interferences. For multishot detection the described system in
equation (9) should be extended to include multiple bits. Let
us consider D bits at a time (i = 1,2D). So we form the
multishot received vector matrix r of dimension of ND. Where
A represent the new multishot channel matrix of dimension
NDXKD and A
0
& A
1
its odd and even columns.
1, 1
0 1
k, 1
0 1
i
1, D 1
0
k, D
d
A A 0 0
d
0 A A 0
r + n
d A
0 0 0 A
d
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(12)
The initial soft decision outputs y
(o)
and hard decision output
) (o
d
.
of the detector belongs to receive signal vector matrix of
dimension KD and obtained from matched filter using the
channel estimates as given in equations(13)-(16).
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3:12 2008
751
Fig. 4 The joint process of channel estimation and detection
y
(o)
= 9 [A
H
r] (13)
) (o
d
.
= Sgn [y
(o)
] (14)
y
(l)
= y
(o)
- 9 [A
H
A diag (A
H
A)]
.
d
(l-1)
(15)
) (l
d
.
= Sgn [y
(l)
] (16)
where y
(l)
and
) (l
d
.
are the soft and hard decision respectively
after each stage of the multistage detector and l is the number
of iteration (stages), l = 1,2 ., M were minimum number
of iteration chosen for simulation (typically 4).
C. Cascade Multistage Detection
The stages in the multistage detector [15, 16, 17] can be
efficiently cascading to avoid the edge computations and work
on bit streaming basis. The computations performed on the
intermediate bits in simulation reduced to
1 0
H
L A A
. .
(
= 9
(

(17)
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 ( )
H H H H
C A A A A diag A A A A
. . . . . . . .
(
= 9 + +
(

(18)
1
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
0

+
.

.
=
l
i
T
l
i
l
i
i
l
i
d L d C d L y y (19)
| |
) (
sgn
l
l
i y d =
.
(20)
where L e r
K
X
K
shows the left matrix stands for the partial
correlation between the past bit of the interfering user and the
desired user. C e r
K
X
K
shows the center matrix, stands for the
correlation of the current bits of interfering users and the
diagonal elements are made zeros since only the interference
from other user exists and R=L
T
shows the partial correlation
between the future bits of the interfering user and the desired
user. The lower indexes i represent time while the upper index
l, represent the iterations. The detection can now be cascading
as shown in Fig. 4. The first stage of initial estimate of the
received signal is done using a matched filter detector. This
only depends on the current and the past-received bits. The
successive stages of multistage detector [18, 19] need future
and past bits of all users to cancel the interference from
present bit. Hence, the first stage can cancel the interference
only after the bit 1 and 3 estimates of the matched filter are
available. The similar structure follows by other stages. The
detector takes the matched filter estimates Y
i
and hard
decision
i d
.
. The partial correlation matrixes L, C are also
estimated and subtracts from iteratively in stages from the
matched filter output. Each stage of the detector sends a
delayed matched filter estimate and the updated hard decision
to the next stage of the detector.
V. SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
The multistage multiuser detection for CDMA
communication described in section 4 was simulated in
MATLAB [20], particularly popular in wireless
communication. In simulation process, mainly one parameters
was varied, the number of users from 10 to 30 for multistage
detector. The parameters were used for simulation as follows.
TABLE I
SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR MULTISTAGE MULTIUSER DETECTOR
Parameter Value
Window length (L) 128
Spreading gain (N) 32
Signal to interference noise ratio
(SINR)
0 dB
Number of paths (P) 3
Signal to noise ratio (SNR) 3,5,7,8,9,10,12,14 & 16 dB
Number of users 10,15,20,25 & 30
Number of parallel interference
cancellation (PIC) stages
4
The performance criteria for evolution of multistage
multiuser detector [21, 22] is bit error rate (BER) has been
taken for this paper. The reduced bit error rate shows reduced
multistage multiuser detection
Matched
Filter
Stage
1 PIC
Stage
2 PIC
Stage
3 PIC
Correlation
matrix
(

=
. . .
1 0 A A A
L
R=L
T
r (data)
multiuser channel estimation
.
d
b
bit
C
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3:12 2008
752
multiple access interference, thus the capacity of the system
will increase.
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
Tables II-VI shown below the bit error rate for users 10, 15,
20, 25 and 30 respectively against different signal to noise
ratios (SNR) for 4-stage multiuser detector.
TABLE II
BER OF MULTISTAGE DETECTOR FOR 10 USERS
SNR
(dB)
Matched
Filter
(BER)
PIC
Stage-1
(BER)
PIC
Stage-2
(BER)
PIC
Stage-3
(BER)
PIC
Stage-4
(BER)
3 0.1485 0.1452 0.1429 0.1422 0.1525
5 0.1028 0.0926 0.0877 0.0891 0.0994
7 0.0674 0.0486 0.0453 0.0455 0.0563
8 0.0540 0.0336 0.0323 0.0323 0.0400
9 0.0439 0.0225 0.0206 0.0206 0.0280
10 0.0362 0.0143 0.0135 0.0135 0.0189
12 0.0243 0.0047 0.0036 0.0036 0.0092
14 0.0166 0.0011 0.0005 0.0005 0.0040
16 0.0126 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 0.0011
TABLE III
BER OF MULTISTAGE DETECTOR FOR 15 USERS
SNR
(dB)
Matched
Filter
(BER)
PIC
Stage-1
(BER)
PIC
Stage-2
(BER)
PIC
Stage-3
(BER)
PIC
Stage-4
(BER)
3 0.1303 0.1269 0.1195 0.1183 0.1323
5 0.0911 0.0759 0.0663 0.0661 0.0805
7 0.0669 0.0389 0.0327 0.0317 0.0442
8 0.0585 0.0232 0.0217 0.0199 0.0309
9 0.0524 0.0136 0.0133 0.0126 0.0231
10 0.0467 0.0127 0.0088 0.0081 0.0159
12 0.0407 0.0075 0.0044 0.0040 0.0093
14 0.0371 0.0044 0.0021 0.0019 0.0061
16 0.0347 0.0030 0.0013 0.0010 0.0045
TABLE IV
BER OF MULTISTAGE DETECTOR FOR 20 USERS
SNR
(dB)
Matched
Filter
(BER)
PIC
Stage-1
(BER)
PIC
Stage-2
(BER)
PIC
Stage-3
(BER)
PIC
Stage-4
(BER)
3 0.1580 0.1635 0.1462 0.1470 0.1658
5 0.1211 0.1069 0.0892 0.0891 0.1148
7 0.0912 0.1621 0.0489 0.0487 0.0721
8 0.0806 0.0471 0.0349 0.0344 0.0560
9 0.0721 0.0344 0.0226 0.0234 0.0440
10 0.0645 0.0246 0.0155 0.0154 0.0336
12 0.0505 0.0127 0.0067 0.0064 0.0200
14 0.0425 0.0080 0.0029 0.0024 0.0127
16 0.0381 0.0052 0.0014 0.0008 0.0092
TABLE V
BER OF MULTISTAGE DETECTOR FOR 25 USERS
SNR
(dB)
Matched
Filter
(BER)
PIC
Stage-1
(BER)
PIC
Stage-2
(BER)
PIC
Stage-3
(BER)
PIC
Stage-4
(BER)
3 0.1684 0.1885 0.1624 0.1657 0.1843
5 0.1325 0.1317 0.1117 0.1103 0.1314
7 0.1098 0.0884 0.0672 0.0690 0.0922
8 0.1011 0.0699 0.0510 0.0489 0.0718
9 0.0944 0.0571 0.0386 0.0351 0.0560
10 0.0889 0.0451 0.0286 0.0250 0.0482
12 0.0797 0.0304 0.0167 0.0126 0.0301
14 0.0736 0.0221 0.0103 0.0072 0.0162
16 0.0704 0.0181 0.0079 0.0052 0.0141
TABLE VI
BER OF MULTISTAGE DETECTOR FOR 30 USERS
SNR
(dB)
Matched
Filter
(BER)
PIC
Stage-1
(BER)
PIC
Stage-2
(BER)
PIC
Stage-3
(BER)
PIC
Stage-4
(BER)
3 0.1779 0.1975 0.1701 0.1725 0.2046
5 0.1460 0.1442 0.1219 0.1231 0.1514
7 0.1233 0.1032 0.0827 0.0814 0.1122
8 0.1135 0.0869 0.0689 0.0655 0.0968
9 0.1054 0.0735 0.0570 0.0557 0.0860
10 0.0980 0.0631 0.0478 0.0443 0.0732
12 0.0888 0.0476 0.0355 0.0322 0.0581
14 0.0826 0.0399 0.0285 0.0261 0.0502
16 0.0785 0.0352 0.0246 0.0223 0.0441
Now Fig. 5 (a)- (e) shown below plot the graph between bit
error rate and signal to noise ratio for users 10, 15, 20, 25 and
30 respectively for 4-stage multiuser detector.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
BER Vs SNR
SNR (in dB)
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e
MF
PIC-stage1
PIC-stage2
PIC-stage3
PIC-stage4
(a)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
BER Vs SNR
SNR (in dB)
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e
MF
PIC-stage1
PIC-stage2
PIC-stage3
PIC-stage4
(b)
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3:12 2008
753
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
BER Vs SNR
SNR (in dB)
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e
MF
PIC-stage1
PIC-stage2
PIC-stage3
PIC-stage4
(c)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Error rate vs SNR
SNR (in dB)
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e
MF
PIC-stage1
PIC-stage2
PIC-stage3
PIC-stage4
(d)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
BER Vs SNR
SNR (in dB)
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e
MF
PIC-stage1
PIC-stage2
PIC-stage3
PIC-stage4
(e)
Fig. 5 BER Vs SNR for Multistage Detector with (a) 10- users,
(b) 15- users, (c) 20- users, (d) 25- users and (e) 30- users
VII. CONCLUSION
Iterative technique has been used for the estimation of
channel parameters that reduces the complexity, eliminates the
matrix inversion process, decreases the execution time and
reduces the memory requirements. The paper deals with two
basic concepts, i.e., multistage detector and multiuser detector.
In multistage detector the number of stages increases, the
detection is more reliable and bit error rate (BER) also
decreases but after 3
rd
stage, there is increase in BER because
of increase in delay for computation and increases the multiple
access interference between users. The multiuser concept
gives mainly two advantages in comparison to single user
detector; it eliminates the near-far problem and also it reduces
the multiple access interference (MAI) so BER is reduced,
thus the capacity of the system will increased. Table III and
IV show that if the number of user increases from 15 to 20,
BER is increases because of more multiple access
interference. So it can be concluded that this 4-stage multiuser
detector gives better performance at 3
rd
stage for 15-users.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge the pioneer work done by Prof.
Joseph R. Cavallaro, Prof. Behnamm Aazhang and many
others researchers in this area.
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Lokesh Tharani has done BE (Honors) from Govt. Engineering College Kota
(Now RTU) in 1999 and completed M.Tech. (Honors) in Electronics &
Communication Engineering from Malaviya National Institute of Technology
(MNIT), Jaipur, August 2003. He is also pursuing his Ph.D. in CDMA
Technology from MNIT, Jaipur. He has a teaching experience of more than 8
years and has published several papers in national & international symposiums
and conferences. He is also author of book Wireless Communication .
Dr. R.P.Yadav received M. Tech. degree in Integrated Electronics and
Circuits in 1987 from Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT), Delhi and completed Ph.D. in Communication Engineering
from University of Rajasthan in 2001. He is active member of various
professional bodies like IEEE and IETE. He has published over 50 papers in
national & international journals and conferences. He actively involves in
research areas like MIMO, adhoc networking, multiuser detection, information
theory & coding and microstrip antennas.
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