Antenna Theory Andrew

Antenna Theory
Basic Principles For Daily Applications
Base Station Antenna Systems March 2009
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope
Base Station Antenna Technology Evolution

Antenna Core Technology
Omni Vertical Directional Polarization DualPol MIMO DualPol Dual Band RET Capacity Improvement Interference Reduction with Frequency MIMO MIMO
Low Application
Digital Beam Former SDMA Capacity
SmartBeam Capacity Load Balance MIMO
Air Interfaces
AMPS GSM CDMA W-CDMA WiMAX TD-SCDMA LTE
Dominate Application
Significant Application
Dipole
F0 (MHz) 30 (Meters) 10.0 3.75 1.87 1.07 0.65 0.38 0.31 0.18 0.15 (Inches) 393.6 147.6 73.8 42.2 25.7 14.8 12.3 6.95 5.9
80 160 280 460 800
F0
960 1700 2000
3D View Antenna Pattern
Source: COMSEARCH
Understanding The Mysterious dB

dBd dBi dB dBm Signal strength relative to a dipole in empty space Signal strength relative to an isotropic radiator Difference between two signal strengths Absolute signal strength relative to 1 milliwatt 1 mWatt = 0 dBm Note: The 1 Watt = 30 dBm Logarithmic Scale 20 Watts = 43 dBm 10 * log10 (Power Ratio) Signal strength relative to a signal of known strength, in this case: the carrier signal Example: 150 dBc = 150 dB below carrier signal If two carriers are 20 Watt each = 43 dBm 150 dBc = 107 dBm or ~0.02 pWatt or ~1 microvolt
dBc
Effect Of VSWR
Good VSWR is only one component of an efficient antenna.
VSWR 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 2.00 Return Loss (dB) 26.4 20.8 17.7 15.6 14.0 9.5 Transmission Loss (dB) 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.51 Power Power Reflected (%) Trans. (%) 0.0 0.2 0.8 1.7 2.8 4.0 11.1 100.0 99.8 99.2 98.3 97.2 96.0 88.9
Shaping Antenna Patterns
Vertical arrangement of properly phased dipoles allows control of radiation patterns at the horizon as well as above and below the horizon. The more dipoles that are stacked vertically, the flatter the vertical pattern is and the higher the antenna coverage or gain is in the general direction of the horizon.
Shaping Antenna Patterns (Continued)

Aperture of Dipoles Vertical Pattern Horizontal Pattern
Stacking 4 dipoles vertically in
Single Dipole
line changes the pattern shape (squashes the doughnut) and increases the gain over single dipole. vertical pattern measures the gain. lower section, are secondary minor lobes.
The peak of the horizontal or
The little lobes, illustrated in the

4 Dipoles Vertically Stacked
General Stacking Rule
Collinear elements (in-line vertically). Optimum spacing (for non-electrical tilt) is approximately 0.9. Doubling the number of elements increases gain by 3 dB, and reduces vertical beamwidth by half.
Gain
What is it?
Antenna gain is a comparison of the power/field characteristics of a device under test (DUT) to a specified gain standard.
Why is it useful?
Gain can be associated with coverage distance and/or obstacle penetration (buildings, foliage, etc).
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing. The reference gain standard must always be specified.
What is Andrew standard?

Andrew conforms to the industry standard of +/1 dB accuracy.
Gain References (dBd And dBi)
An isotropic antenna is a single point in space radiating in a perfect sphere (not physically possible). A dipole antenna is one radiating element (physically possible). A gain antenna is two or more radiating elements phased together.
Isotropic Pattern Dipole Pattern
Isotropic (dBi) Dipole (dBd) Gain

dBi dBd
3 (dBd) = 5.14 (dBi) 0 (dBd) = 2.14 (dBi)
10
Principles Of Antenna Gain

Omni Antenna, Side View
-3 dB
Directional Antennas, Top View 0 dBd
0 dBd
60
-3 dB
+3 dBd
30
-3 dB
+3 dBd
180
-3 dB
+6 dBd
15
-3 dB
+6 dBd
90
-3 dB
7.5
+9 dBd
-3 dB
+9 dBd
45
-3 dB
11
Theoretical Gain Of Antennas (dBd)

3 dB Horizontal Aperture (Influenced by Grounded Back Plate) 360 180 120 105 # of Radiators Vertically Spaced (0.9) 1 2 3 4 6 8 0 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 3 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 4 7 8.5 10 11.5 13 5 8 9.5 11 90 6 9 60 8 11 45 9 12 33 10.5 13.6 15.1 16.6 18.1 19.6 Typical Length of Antenna (ft.) 800/900 MHz PCS 1 2 3 4 6 8 DCS Vertical 1800/1900 Beamwidth 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 60 30 20 15 10 7.5
10.5 12.5 13.5 12 14 15
12.5 13.5 15.5 16.5 14 15 17 18
Could be horizontal radiator pairs for narrow horizontal apertures.
12
Antenna Gain
Gain (dBi) = Directivity (dBi) Losses (dB) Losses: Conductor Dielectric Impedance Polarization
Measure using Gain by Comparison
13
Antenna Polarization
Vertical polarization Traditional land mobile use Omni antennas Requires spatial separation for diversity Still recommended in rural, low multipath environments Polarization diversity Slant 45 (+ and ) is now popular Requires only a single antenna for diversity Lower zoning impact Best performance in high and medium multipath environments
Measured data will be presented in the Systems Section
14
Various Radiator Designs

Elements
Dipole
1800/1900/UMTS Directed Dipole
DualPol (XPol) Directed Dipole
Patch
800/900 MHz Directed Dipole
MAR Microstrip Annular Ring
15
Dipoles
Single Dipole
Crossed Dipole
16
Feed Harness Construction

ASP705
(Old Style)
ASP705K
LBX-6513DS
Series Feed
Center Feed (Hybrid)
Corporate Feed
17
Feed Harness Construction (Continued)

Series Feed Advantages Center Feed (Hybrid) Corporate Feed Frequency independent main beam direction More beam shaping ability, sidelobe suppression
Minimum feed losses Simple feed system
Frequency
independent main lobe direction Reasonably simple feed system
Disadvantages
+2 +1 0 +1 +2 450 455
BEAMTILT
Not as versatile as
ASP-705 465 470 MHz
460
corporate (less bandwidth, less beam shaping)
Complex feed
system
18
Feed Networks
Coaxial cable
Best isolation Constant impedance Constant phase
Microstripline, corporate feeds

Dielectric substrate Air substrate
19
Microstrip Feed Lines
Dielectric substrate
Uses printed circuit technology Power limitations Dielectric substrate causes loss (~1.0 dB/m at 2 GHz)
Air substrate
Metal strip spaced above a groundplane Minimal solder or welded joints Laser cut or punched Air substrate cause minimal loss (~0.1 dB/m at 2 GHz)
20
Air Microstrip Network
21
LBX-3316-VTM Using Hybrid Cable/Air Stripline
22
LBX-3319-VTM Using Hybrid Cable/Air Stripline
23
DB812 Omni Antenna

Vertical Pattern
24
932DG65T2E-M
Pattern Simulation
25
Key Antenna Pattern Objectives

For sector antenna, the key pattern objective is to focus as much energy as possible into a desired sector with a desired radius while minimizing unwanted interference to/from all other sectors. This requires:
Optimized pattern shaping Pattern consistency over the rated frequency band Pattern consistency for polarization diversity models Downtilt consistency
26
Main Lobe
What is it?
The main lobe is the radiation pattern lobe that contains the majority portion of radiated energy.
35 Total 35 Total Main Lobe Main Lobe
Why is it useful?
Shaping of the pattern allows the contained coverage necessary for interference-limited system designs.
How is it measured?
The main lobe is characterized using a number of the measurements which will follow.

Andrew conforms to the industry standard.
27
Half-Power Beamwidth
Horizontal And Vertical
What is it?
The angular span between the half-power (-3 dB) points measured on the cut of the antennas main lobe radiation pattern.
1/2 Power 1/2 Power Beamwidth Beamwidth

30 30
Why is it useful?
It allows system designers to choose the optimum characteristics for coverage vs. interference requirements.
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing.

28
Front-To-Back Ratio
What is it?
The ratio in dB of the maximum directivity of an antenna to its directivity in a specified rearward direction. Note that on a dual-polarized antenna, it is the sum of co-pol and cross-pol patterns.
Why is it useful?
It characterizes unwanted interference on the backside of the main lobe. The larger the number, the better!
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing. F/B Ratio @ 180 degrees F/B Ratio @ 180 degrees 0 dB 25 dB = 25 dB 0 dB 25 dB = 25 dB
Each data sheet shows specific performance. In general, traditional dipole and patch elements will yield 2328 dB while the Directed Dipole style elements will yield 3540 dB.
29
Sidelobe Level
What is it?
Sidelobe level is a measure of a particular sidelobe or angular group of sidelobes with respect to the main lobe.
Why is it useful?
Sidelobe level or pattern shaping allows the minor lobe energy to be tailored to the antennas intended use. See Null Fill and Upper Sidelobe Suppression.
Sidelobe Level Sidelobe Level (20 dB) (20 dB)
How is it measured?
It is always measured with respect to the main lobe in dB.

30
Null Filling
What is it?
Null filling is an array optimization technique that reduces the null between the lower lobes in the elevation plane.
Why is it useful?
For arrays with a narrow vertical beamwidth (less than 12), null filling significantly improves signal intensity in all coverage targets below the horizon.
How is it measured?
Null fill is easiest explained as the relative dB difference between the peak of the main beam and the depth of the 1st lower null.

Most Andrew arrays will have null fill of 2030 dB without optimization. To qualify as null fill, we expect no less than 15 and typically 1012 dB!
31
Null Filling
Important For Antennas With Narrow Elevation Beamwidths
Null Filled to 16 dB Below Peak Received Level (dBm)

0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Transmit Power = 1 W Base Station Antenna Height = 40 m Base Station Antenna Gain = 16 dBd Elevation Beamwidth = 6.5
Distance (km)
32
Upper Sidelobe Suppression

What is it?
Upper sidelobe suppression (USLS) is an array optimization technique that reduces the undesirable sidelobes above the main lobe.
First Upper Sidelobe Suppression
Why is it useful?
For arrays with a narrow vertical beamwidth (less than 12), USLS can significantly reduce interference due to multi-path or when the antenna is mechanically downtilted.
How is it measured?
USLS is the relative dB difference between the peak of the main beam peak of the first upper sidelobe.

Most of Andrews arrays will have USLS of >15 dB without optimization. The goal of all new designs is to suppress the first upper sidelobe to unity gain or lower.
33
Orthogonality
What is it?
The ability of an antenna to discriminate between two waves whose polarization difference is 90 degrees.
Why is it useful?
Orthogonal arrays within a single antenna allow for polarization diversity. (As opposed to spacial diversity.) Decorrelation between the Green and Blue Lines = 0, XPol = dB = 5, XPol = 21 dB =10, XPol = 15 dB =15, XPol = 11 dB =20, XPol = 9 dB =45, XPol = 3 dB = 50, XPol = 2.3 dB =60, XPol = 1.2 dB =70, XPol = 0.54 dB =80, XPol = 0.13 dB =90, XPol = 0 dB XPol = 20 log ( sin ())
How is it measured?
The difference between the co-polar pattern and the cross-polar pattern, usually measured in the boresite (the direction of the main signal).

34
Cross-Pol Ratio (CPR)

What is it?
CPR is a comparison of the co-pol vs. cross-pol pattern performance of a dual-polarized antenna generally over the sector of interest (alternatively over the 3 dB beamwidth).
120
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
Why is it useful?
It is a measure of the ability of a cross-pol array to distinguish between orthogonal waves. The better the CPR, the better the performance of polarization diversity.
Typical
Co-Polarization
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing and compares the two plots in dB over the specified angular range. Note: in the rear hemisphere, cross-pol becomes co-pol and vice versa.
120
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
Cross-Polarization (Source @ 90)
Directed Dipole

For traditional dipoles, the minimum is 10 dB; however, for the Directed Dipole style elements, it increases to 15 dB min.
35
Horizontal Beam Tracking

What is it?
It refers to the beam tracking between the two beams of a +/45 polarization diversity antenna over a specified angular range.
120 120
Why is it useful?
For optimum diversity performance, the beams should track as closely as possible. 45 Array +45 Array
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing and compares the two plots in dB over the specified angular range.

The Andrew beam tracking standard is +/1 dB over the 3 dB horizontal beamwidth.
36
Beam Squint
What is it?
The amount of pointing error of a given beam referenced to mechanical boresite.
Horizontal Boresite Squint Squint 3 dB /2 +3 dB
Why is it useful?
The beam squint can affect the sector coverage if it is not at mechanical boresite. It can also affect the performance of the polarization diversity style antennas if the two arrays do not have similar patterns.
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing.

For the horizontal beam, squint shall be less than 10% of the 3 dB beamwidth. For the vertical beam, squint shall be less than 15% of the 3 dB beamwidth or 1 degree, whichever is greatest.
37
Sector Power Ratio (SPR)

120 120 What is it?
SPR is a ratio expressed in percentage of the power outside the desired sector to the power inside the desired sector created by an antennas pattern.
Why is it useful?
It is a percentage that allows comparison of various antennas. The better the SPR, the better the interference performance of the system.
How is it measured?
It is mathematically derived from the measured range data.
Desired
300
Undesired
Undesired

Andrew Directed Dipole style antennas have SPRs typically less than 2 percent.
SPR (%) =
60 60
P P
X 100
Desired
300
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AntennaBased System Improvements

Key Antenna Parameters To Examine Closely
932LG Directed Dipole
7 dB
Standard 85 Panel Antenna Roll off at -/+ 60 -10 dB points Horizontal Ant/Ant Isolation Next Sector Ant/Ant Isolation Cone of Silence
6 dB
74 74
83 83
16 dB
12 dB
35 dB
18 dB
120 Cone of Great Silence with >40 dB Front-to-Back Ratio
60 Area of Poor Silence with >27 dB Front-to-Back Ratio

39
Key Antenna Pattern Objectives

Azimuth Beam
n n rba al rba Subu r U Ru
Beam tracking vs. frequency

Limited to sub-bands on broadband models
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 2
1 1 3 2 1 3 3 2 3
Ratings: 1 = Always important 2 = Sometimes important 3 = Seldom important
Squint Roll-off past the 3 dB points Front-to-back ratio Cross-pol beam tracking Beam tracking vs. frequency Upper sidelobe suppression Lower null fill Cross-pol beam tracking
Elevation Beam
40
Key Antenna Pattern Objectives (Continued)

Downtilt
n n rba al rba Subu r U Ru
Electrical vs. mechanical tilt Absolute tilt Electrical tilt vs. frequency Effective gain on the horizon Close to the theoretical value
(directivity minus losses)
1 2 1 1 2
1 2 2 2 1
3 3 3 3 1
Ratings: 1 = Always important 2 = Sometimes important 3 = Seldom important
Gain
Note: Pattern shaping reduces gain.
41
Advanced Antenna Technology

Adaptive Array (AA)
Planar array External digital signal processing (DSP) controls the antenna pattern A unique beam tracks each mobile Adaptive nulling of interfering signals Increased signal to interference ratio performance benefits
4, 6, and 8 column vertical pol designs for WiMAX and TD-SCDMA* Often calibration ports are used
* Time Division Spatial Code Division Multiple Access
42

MIMO Systems
2 x 2 MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) External DSP extracts signal from interference Capacity gains due to multiple antennas
A DualPol RET for 2x2 MIMO, two separated for 4x4 MIMO Spatial multiplexing works best in a multi-path environment Space Time Block Coding is a diversity MIMO mode
43

SmartBeam Antenna Family
Most flexible and efficient antenna system in the industry Solution for the traffic peaks instead of raising the bar everywhere Full 3-way remote optimization options
- RET Remote Electrical Tilt (e.g. 010) - RAS Remote Azimuth Steering (+/ 30) - RAB Remote Azimuth Beamwidth (from 35 to 105)
Redirect and widen the beam based on traffic requirements Balance the traffic per area with the capacity per sector Best utilization of radio capacity per sector Convenient and low-cost optimization from a remote office Quick and immediate execution Scheduled and executed several times a day (e.g. business and residential plan)
44

SmartBeam 3-Way Model Azimuth patterns measured at 17102180 MHz with no radome.
35
65
90
105
45

SmartBeam 3-Way Model Elevation patterns measured at 17102180 MHz with no radome.
35
65
90
105
46
System Issues
Choosing sector antennas Narrow beam antenna applications Polarizationvertical vs. slant 45 Downtiltelectrical vs. mechanical RET optimization Passive intermodulation (PIM) Return loss through coax Antenna isolation Pattern distortion
47
Choosing Sector Antennas

For 3 sector cell sites, what performance differences can be expected from the use of antennas with different horizontal apertures? Criteria
Area of service indifference between adjacent sectors

(ping-pong area)
For comparison, use 6 dB differentials Antenna gain and overall sector coverage comparisons
48
3 x 120 Antennas
120 Horizontal Overlay Pattern
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35
Examples
VPol Low Band DB874H120 DB878H120
49
-40
3 dB
49
3 x 90 Antennas
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30
Examples
XPol VPol Low Band DB854DG90 DB842H90 DB856DG90 DB844H90 DB858DG90 DB848H90 LBX-9012 LBV-9012 LBX-9013 High Band DB932DG90 DB950G85 HBX-9016 UMWD-09014B UMWD-09016 UMW-9015
44
-35 -40
5 dB
50
3 x 65 Antennas
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30
Examples
XPol VPol Low Band CTSDG-06513 DB844H65 CTSDG-06515 DB848H65 CTSDG-06516 LBV-6513 DB854DG65 DB856DG65 DB858DG65 LBX-6513 LBX-6516 High Band UMWD-06513 UMWD-06516 UMWD-06517 HBX-6516 HBX-6517 PCS-06509 HBV-6516 HBV-6517
19
-35 -40
10 dB
51
Special Narrow Beam Applications
4-Sector Site (45)
Road
6-Sector Site (33)
Repeater Narrow Donor, Wide Coverage Antennas Rural Roadway

52
Test Drive Route
35
HA RR YH
ST EM
IN E
S
M O C
KI
BI
N LA
M O
183
FR
OW
AIR PO RT F
IN
AD
RE GA LR
RW Y.
CELL SITE
TO O
TR
T EE
N
53
Polarization Diversity Tests
DB854HV90 DB854DD90
1 Test A
DRIVE TESTS
2
0/90 (H/V)
.
Test B
+45/-45 (Slant 45)
A B
HANDHELD MOBILE
1A 1B
2A 2B
54
Slant 45 / Hand-Held In Car

Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45/45
-40 Test Set-Up and Uplink Signal Strength Measurements
DB833
A
TEST 1A
DB833
B
DB854DD90
E
9dB
Green Black 11dB
9dB Blue
Signal Strength (dBm)
-50
Red
-60
7.5 ft.
-70
-80 moving away from tower -90 moving crossface Uplink Signal Strength
Vert Left Vert Right Slant Div Slant Div
moving towards tower
-100
55
Slant 45 / Hand-Held In Car

Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45/45
Difference Between Strongest Uplink Signals
16 12 8 4 0 -4 -8 Difference Between Polarization Diversity and Space Diversity Average Difference
TEST 1A
Signal Strength (dB)
Slant 45 Improvement
56
Slant 45 / Mobile With Glass Mount

Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45/-45
-40
TEST 1B
DB833
B
Test Set-Up and Uplink Signal Strength Measurements

DB833
A
DB854DD90
E
9dB
Green Black
9dB Blue
Signal Strength (dBm)
-50
Red 11dB 7.5 ft.
-60 moving away from tower
-70
moving towards tower
-80
-90
moving crossface Uplink Signal Strength Vert Left Vert Right Slant Div Slant Div
57
Slant 45 / Mobile With Glass Mount

Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45/-45
Difference Between Strongest Uplink Signals
16
TEST 1B
Signal Strength (dB)
12 8 4 0 -4 -8
Slant 45 Degradation
Difference Between Polarization Diversity and Space Diversity Average Difference

58
Rysavy Research
59
Future Technology Focus

Figure 16 shows that
HSDPA,1xEV-DO, and 802.16e are all within 2-3 dB of the Shannon bound, indicating that from a link layer perspective, there is not much room for improvement. that the focus of future technology enhancements should be on improving system performance aspects that improve and maximize the experienced SNRs in the system instead of investigating new air interfaces that attempt to improve the link layer performance.
This figure demonstrates
Peter Rysavy of Rysavy Research, Data Capabilities: GPRS to HSDPA and Beyond, 3G Americas, September 2005
60
The Impact
Lower Co-Channel Interference/Better Capacity And Quality
In a three sector site, traditional antennas produce a high degree of imperfect power control or sector overlap. Imperfect sectorization presents opportunities for: Traditional Flat Panels 65 90
Increased softer hand-offs Interfering signals Dropped calls Reduced capacity Andrew Directed Dipole 65 90
The rapid roll-off of the lower lobes of the Andrew Directed Dipole antennas create larger, better defined cones of silence behind the array.
Much smaller softer hand-off area Dramatic call quality improvement 5%10% capacity enhancement
61
120 Sector Overlay Issues

On the Capacity and Outage Probability of a CDMA Heirarchial Mobile System with Perfect/Imperfect Power Control and Sectorization By: Jie ZHOU et, al IEICE TRANS FUNDAMENTALS, VOL.E82-A, NO.7 JULY 1999 . . . From the numerical results, the user capacities are dramatically decreased as the imperfect power control increases and the overlap between the sectors (imperfect sectorization) increases . . . Effect of Soft and Softer Handoffs on CDMA System Capacity By: Chin-Chun Lee et, al IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 47, NO. 3, AUGUST 1998
15 Percentage of capacity loss 10 5 0
15 10 5 0 Overlapping angle in degree
Qualitatively, excessive overlay also reduces capacity of TDMA and GSM systems.
62
Hard, Soft, and Softer Handoffs Hard Handoff

- Used in time division multiplex systems - Switches from one frequency to another - Often results in a ping-pong switching effect
Soft Handoff
- Used in code division multiplex systems - Incorporates a rake receiver to combine signals from multiple cells - Smoother communication without the clicks typical in hard handoffs
Softer Handoff
- Similar to soft handoff except combines signals from multiple adjacent sectors
63
Soft and Softer Handoff Examples

Softer Handoff
Two-Way Soft Handoff Three-Way Soft Handoff
64
Beam Downtilt
In urban areas, service and frequency utilization are frequently improved by directing maximum radiation power at an area below the horizon. This technique . . .
Improves coverage of open areas close to the base station. Allows more effective penetration of nearby buildings, particular high-traffic lower levels and garages. Permits the use of adjacent frequencies in the same general region.
65
Electrical/Mechanical Downtilt
Mechanical downtilt lowers main beam, raises back lobe. Electrical downtilt lowers main beam and lowers back lobe. A combination of equal electrical and mechanical downtilts lowers main beam and brings back lobe onto the horizon!
66
Electrical/Mechanical Downtilt (Continued)
Mechanical
Electrical
67
DB5083 Downtilt Mounting Kit

DB5083 downtilt mounting kit is constructed of heavy duty galvanized steel, designed for pipe mounting 12 to 20 wide panel antennas.
Correct bracket calibration

assumes a plumb mounting pipe!
Check antenna with a digital level.

68
Mechanical Downtilt
Pattern AnalogyRotating A Disk
Mechanical tilt causes . . .
Beam peak to tilt below horizon Back lobe to tilt above horizon At 90, no tilt
69
Mechanical Downtilt Coverage

110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330
Elevation Pattern
Azimuth Pattern
Mechanical Tilt 0 4 6 8 10
70
0 Mechanical Downtilt
Quiz What is the vertical beamwidth of a 4-element array?
85
71
93
72
123
73
Horizontal 3 dB Bandwidth Undefined
74
Managing Beam Tilt

For the radiation pattern to show maximum gain in the direction of the horizon, each stacked dipole must be fed from the signal source in phase. Feeding vertically arranged dipoles out of phase will generate patterns that look up or look down. The degree of beam tilt is a function of the phase shift of one dipole relative to the adjacent dipole.
Generating Beam Tilt

Dipoles Fed In Phase
Energy in Exciter Phase Exciter
Wa v e Fron t
Dipoles Fed Out of Phase
75
Electrical Downtilt
Pattern AnalogyForming A Cone Out Of A Disk
Electrical tilt causes . . .
Beam peak to tilt below horizon Back lobe to tilt below horizon At 90, tilt below horizon All the pattern tilts
Cone of the Beam Peak Pattern
76
Electrical Downtilt Coverage

110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330 320 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 350 340 330 320
Elevation Pattern Electrical Tilt
Azimuth Pattern 0 4 6 8 10
77
Mechanical Vs. Electrical Downtilt

340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 350 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Mechanical
Electrical
78
Remote Electrical Downtilt (RET)

Optimization
ATM200-002
RET Device (Actuator)
Local PC
ATC200-LITE-USB
Portable Controller
Local PC
ANMS
Remote Locations Network Server
ATC300-1000
Rack Mount Controller
79
Intermod Interference
Where?
F1 Tx F1 Rx F3
Receiver-Produced
F3 Tx F1 Rx F3
Transmitter-Produced
F2
F2
Tx F2
Tx F2
F1 Tx1 F2 Tx2 F3
Elsewhere
Rx F3 Tx1 Tx2
F1 F2 C O M B DUP Rx3
F3
RF Path-Produced
80
High Band
Product Frequencies, Two-Signal IM
FIM = nF1 mF2 Example: F1 = 1945 MHz; F2 = 1930 MHz
n
1 2 1 2 3 2
m
1 1 2 2 2 3
Product Order
Second Third Third Fourth Fifth Fifth
Product Formulae
1F1 + 1F2 1F1 1F2 2F1 + 1F2 *2F1 1F2 2F2 + 1F1 *2F2 1F1 2F1 + 2F2 2F1 2F2 3F1 + 2F2 *3F1 2F2 3F2 + 2F1 *3F2 2F1
Product Frequencies (MHz)

3875 15 5820 1960 5805 1915 7750 30 9695 1975 9680 1900
*Odd-order difference products fall in-band.

81
Two-Signal IM
Odd-Order Difference Products
Example: F1 = 1945 MHz; F2 = 1930 MHz F = F1 - F2 = 15 F2 1930 F dBc 2F2 F1 1915 2F 5th 3rd F F2 F1 F 3rd 2F1 F2 1960 F1 1945
3F2 2F1 1900
dBm 2F
3F1 2F2 1975 5th
Third Order: F1 + F; F2 - F Fifth Order: F1 + 2F; F2 - 2F Seventh Order: F1 + 3F; F2 - 3F Higher than the highest lower than the lowest none in-between
82
PCS A Band Intermodulation

11th 1855 9th 1870 7th 1885 5th 1900 3rd 1915 1930 1945
Channel Bandwidth Block (MHz) Frequencies C 30 18951910, 19751990 C1 15 1902.51910, 1982.51990 C2 15 18951902.5, 19751982.5 C3 10 18951900, 19751980 C4 10 19001905, 19801985 C5 10 19051910, 19851990
FCC Broadband PCS Band Plan

Note: Some of the original C block licenses (originally 30 MHz each) were split into multiple licenses (C-1 and C-2: 15 MHz; C-3, C-4, and C-5: 10 MHz).
83
PCS A & F Band Intermodulation

3rd 1895 1935 1975
Channel Bandwidth Block (MHz) Frequencies C 30 18951910, 19751990 C1 15 1902.51910, 1982.51990 C2 15 18951902.5, 1975-1982.5 C3 10 18951900, 19751980 C4 10 19001905, 19801985 C5 10 19051910, 19851990
FCC Broadband PCS Band Plan

Note: Some of the original C block licenses (originally 30 MHz each) were split into multiple licenses (C-1 and C-2: 15 MHz; C-3, C-4, and C-5: 10 MHz).
84
Causes Of IMD Ferromagnetic materials in the current path:

- Steel - Nickel plating or underplating
Current disruption:
- Loosely contacting surfaces - Non-conductive oxide layers between contact surfaces
85
System VSWR Calculator

System VSWR Calculator
Version 9.0 Frequency (MHz): Component Used?
No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes
850.00 Return Loss (dB) 13.98 32.26 20.83 27.32 23.13 27.32 29.42 27.32 23.13 27.32 29.42 27.32 20.83 28.30
CommScope
18-Mar-09 Cable Type / Component Loss (dB)

VXL7-50 LDF4-50A 2
System Component Antenna or Load Jumper Tower Mounted Amp Jumper Top Diplexer or Bias Tee Jumper Main Feed Line Jumper Bias Tee Jumper Surge Suppressor Jumper Bottom Diplexer or Duplexer Jumper Legacy Jumper / TL Cables
1/2 inch Superflexible Copper 1/2 inch Foam Copper 1/2 inch Superflexible Aluminum 1/2 inch Foam Alum inum
Max. VSWR 1.50 1.05 1.20 1.09 1.15 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.15 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.20 1.08
Andrew
Cable Length (m) 1.83 1.83 1.83 200.00 30.48 11.00 1.83 1.83 27.30
Cable Length (ft) 6.00 6.00 6.00 656.17 100.00 36.09 6.00 6.00 89.57
Ins Loss w/2 Conn (dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
0.20 2 0.20 2.00 8 4 0.10 2.00 0.10 3.00 0.10 FSJ4-50B 1.00
% of Est. Reflections at System input Reflection 87.2% 0.1003 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 0.0% 0.0000 12.8% 0.0385
100.0%
FSJ4-50B LDF4-50A
Estimated Conn Loss ( 2per cable) CR 540 SFX 500 FXL 540
CommScope
0.028 0.1074 1.24 19.4 0.1387 1.32 17.2 3.00

Feet to meters converter
Typical System Reflection: Typical System VSWR: Typical System Return Loss (dB): Worst System Reflection: Worst System VSWR: Worst System Return Loss (dB): Total Insertion Loss (dB):
Return Loss to VSWR converter
Legacy Transmission Lines

7/8 inch Copper 1 1/4 inch Copper 1 5/8 inch Copper 7/8 inch Very Flexible Copper 1 1/4 inch Very Flexible Copper 1 5/8 inch Very Flexible Copper 7/8 inch Virtual Air Copper
Yes
Andrew
1 5/8 inch Virtual Air Copper 7/8 inch Aluminum 1 1/4 inch Aluminum 1 5/8 inch Aluminum
LDF5-50A LDF6-50 LDF7-50A VXL5-50 VXL6-50 VXL7-50 AVA5-50 AVA7-50 AL5-50 AL7-50
CR 1070 CR 1480 CR 1873
FXL 780 FXL 1480 FXL 1873
Return Loss (dB) 17.00
VSWR 1.33
Feet 100.00
meters 30.48
No
86
Possible Cascaded VSWR Results

Possible results (at a given frequency) when Antenna and TMA are interconnected with different electrical length jumpers.
If: L = 1.5:1 (14 dB RL Antenna) S = 1.2:1 (20.8 dB RL TMA)
Then: X (max) = 1.8:1 (10.9 dB RL) S (min) = 1.25:1 (19.1 dB RL)
Worst case seldom happens in real life, but be aware that it is possible!
From http://www.home.agilent.com/agilent/editorial.jspx?cc=US&lc=eng&ckey=895674&nid=-35131.0.00&id=895674
87
Recommended Antenna/TMA Qualification Test

Antenna
50 ohm load
6 foot LDF4-50A Adapter or jumper to bypass TMA
6 foot LDF4-50A
TMA
TMA
12 foot LDF4-50A
12 foot LDF4-50A
Transmission Line
Transmission Line
20 foot FSJ4-50
20 foot FSJ4-50
Antenna Return Loss Diagram
TMA Return Loss Diagram
88
Attenuation Provided By Vertical Separation Of Dipole Antennas

70
60
50
Isolation in dB
40
Hz 0M 0 20
z MH 0 85
H 0M 45
H 0M 16
z MH 5
z MH 0
30
20
10
1 (.) 03 (30.48)
2 (0.61)
3 (0.91)
5 (1.52)
10 (3.05)
20 (.) 61
30 (9.14)
50 (15.24)
100
Antenna Spacing in Feet (Meters)
The values indicated by these curves are approximate because of coupling which exists between the antenna and transmission line. Curves are based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. The curves will also provide acceptable results for gain type antennas. If values (1) the spacing is measured between the physical center of the tower antennas and it (2) one antenna is mounted directly above the other, with no horizontal offset collinear). No correction factor is required for the antenna gains.
89
Attenuation Provided By Horizontal Separation Of Dipole Antennas

80
70
Hz 0M 200
Isolation in dB
60
M 850
Hz
Hz
M 450
50
M 150
40
Hz
30
Hz 70 M Hz 50 M z H 30 M
20
10 (3.05) (304.8)
20 (.) 61
30 (9.14)
50 (15.24)
100 (30.48)
200 (60.96)
300 (91.44)
500 (152.4)
1000
Antenna Spacing in Feet (Meters)
Curves are based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. The curves will also provide acceptable results for gain type antennas if (1) the indicated isolation is reduced by the sum of the antenna gains and (2) the spacing between the gain antennas is at least 50 ft. (15.24 m) (approximately the far field).
90
Pattern Distortions
Conductive (metallic) obstruction in the path of transmit and/or receive antennas may distort antenna radiation patterns in a way that causes systems coverage problems and degradation of communications services. A few basic precautions will prevent pattern distortions.
Additional information on metal obstructions can also be found online at: www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html
91
Pattern Distortions
Side Of Building Mounting
Building
92
90 Horizontal Pattern
Obstruction @ 10 dB Point
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60
880 MHz
0
3'
10 dB Point
Antenna
Building Corner
93
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60
880 MHz
0
' 3
6 dB Point
Antenna
Building Corner
94
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60
880 MHz
3 dB Point
' 3
Building Corner
Antenna
95
0.51 Diameter Obstacle @ 0
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60
880 MHz
0 12
Antenna
96
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60
880 MHz
45 8 Antenna
97
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 90 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60
880 MHz
60
100 110 120 130
6 Antenna
Additional information on metal obstructions can also be found online at www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html.

98
340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 350 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 90 100 110 120 130 0 80 10 20 30 40 50 60
880 MHz
80 Antenna
Additional information on metal obstructions can also be found online at www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html.

99
General Rule
Area That Needs To Be Free Of Obstructions (> 0.51)
Maximum Gain
> 12 WL
3 dB Point (45)
8 W L
6 dB Point (60)
>
W >6
WL
> 3 WL
10 dB Point (80 90)
Antenna 90 horizontal (3 dB) beamwidth

100
Pattern Distortions
d D d = D x tan tan 1 = 0.01745 for 0 < < 10 : tan = x tan 1 tan = Note: tan 10 = 0.1763 10 x 0.01745 = 0.1745
101
Gain Points Of A Typical Main Lobe

Relative to Maximum Gain
Vertical Beam Width= 2 x (3 dB point)
3 dB point below boresite. 6 dB point 1.35 x below boresite. 10 dB point 1.7x below boresite.
102
Changes In Antenna Performance In The Presence Of:

Non-Conductive Obstructions
Fiberglass Panel
90 PCS Antenna
Dim A
103
Performance Of 90 PCS Antenna Behind Camouflage (" Fiberglass)

120 110 100 90 80
1/4 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/2 2 FIBERGLASS PANEL
Horizontal Aperture
DIM A
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Distance of Camouflage (Inches) (Dim. A)

104
Performance Of 90 PCS Antenna Behind Camouflage (" Fiberglass)

1.7 1.6 1.5
DIM A
VSWR (Worst Case)
FIBERGLASS PANEL
1.4 1.3 1.2

0 1
1/4 1/2 1 1-1/2 2
10
11
12
Distance of Camouflage (Inches) (Dim. A)

W/Plain Faade W/Ribbed Faade Without Facade
105
Distance From Fiberglass

0 330 30
90
60 300
0 330 30
102
60
300
270
-55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20
90
270
-55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20
90
240
120
240
120
210
150 0 330 30
210
150
180
180
No Fiberglass
300
68
60
3" to Fiberglass
270
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
90
240
120
210
150
180
1.5" to Fiberglass
106
Distance From Fiberglass

0 330 30
77
60 300
0 330 30
112
60
300
270
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
90
270
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
90
240
120
240
120
210
150
210
150
180
180 0 330 30
4" to Fiberglass
300
108
60
6" to Fiberglass
270
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15
90
240
120
210
150
180
9" to Fiberglass
107

Antenna Theory Andrew

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Antenna Theory

Basic Principles For Daily Applications

Base Station Antenna Systems March 2009

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Base Station Antenna Technology Evolution

Digital Beam Former SDMA Capacity

SmartBeam Capacity Load Balance MIMO

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

80 160 280 460 800

960 1700 2000

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

3D View Antenna Pattern

Understanding The Mysterious dB

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Shaping Antenna Patterns

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Shaping Antenna Patterns (Continued)

Stacking 4 dipoles vertically in

The peak of the horizontal or

The little lobes, illustrated in the

General Stacking Rule

What is Andrew standard?

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Gain References (dBd And dBi)

Isotropic Pattern Dipole Pattern

Isotropic (dBi) Dipole (dBd) Gain

3 (dBd) = 5.14 (dBi) 0 (dBd) = 2.14 (dBi)

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Principles Of Antenna Gain

Directional Antennas, Top View 0 dBd

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Theoretical Gain Of Antennas (dBd)

10.5 12.5 13.5 12 14 15

12.5 13.5 15.5 16.5 14 15 17 18

Could be horizontal radiator pairs for narrow horizontal apertures.

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Measure using Gain by Comparison

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Various Radiator Designs

1800/1900/UMTS Directed Dipole

DualPol (XPol) Directed Dipole

800/900 MHz Directed Dipole

MAR Microstrip Annular Ring

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Feed Harness Construction

Center Feed (Hybrid)

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Feed Harness Construction (Continued)

Minimum feed losses Simple feed system

independent main lobe direction Reasonably simple feed system

corporate (less bandwidth, less beam shaping)

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Microstripline, corporate feeds

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Microstrip Feed Lines

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope

Air Microstrip Network

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL CommScope