Aqwa Fer

AQWA-FER
MANUAL
Release 12.0 April 2009

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AQWA FER User Manual Contents

Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates Page 4 of 128
CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 8
1.1 PROGRAM INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 8
1.2 MANUAL INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 2 - PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................... 9
2.1 PROGRAM CAPABILITY .......................................................................................................... 9
2.2 THE COMPUTER PROGRAM .................................................................................................. 10
3.1 HYDROSTATIC LOADING ...................................................................................................... 11
3.2 MORISON FORCES AND WAVE LOADING ......................................................................... 11
3.3 DIFFRACTION/RADIATION WAVE FORCES ...................................................................... 13
3.4 MEAN WAVE DRIFT FORCES ................................................................................................ 13
3.5 SLOWLY VARYING WAVE DRIFT FORCES ....................................................................... 13
3.6 INTERACTIVE FLUID LOADING ........................................................................................... 13
3.7 STRUCTURAL ARTICULATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS .................................................... 13
3.8 WIND AND CURRENT LOADING .......................................................................................... 13
3.10 MOORING LINES .................................................................................................................... 15
3.10.1 Tension and Stiffness for Mooring Lines with No Mass .................................................... 15
3.10.2 Tension and Stiffness for Catenaries .................................................................................. 17
3.10.3 Translation of the Mooring Line Force and Stiffness Matrix ............................................. 18
3.10.4 Stiffness Matrix for a Mooring Line Joining Two Structures ............................................ 19
3.11 WAVE SPECTRA .................................................................................................................... 20
3.12 STABILITY ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 20
3.13 FREQUENCY DOMAIN SOLUTION ..................................................................................... 21
3.13.1 Wave Frequency Motions ................................................................................................... 21
3.13.2 Drift Frequency Motions .................................................................................................... 23
3.13.3 Integration of Response Spectra ......................................................................................... 26
3.14 TIME HISTORY SOLUTION IN IRREGULAR WAVES ...................................................... 27
3.15 TIME HISTORY SOLUTION IN REGULAR WAVES (AQWA-NAUT ONLY) ................. 27
3.16 LIMITATIONS OF THEORETICAL APPLICATIONS ......................................................... 28
CHAPTER 4 - MODELLING TECHNIQUES .................................................................................... 29
4.1 TYPES OF MODEL AND ANALYSIS ..................................................................................... 30
4.2 MODELLING REQUIREMENTS FOR AQWA-FER............................................................... 32
4.2.1 Following an AQWA-LINE Run .......................................................................................... 32
4.2.2 When run AQWA-FER without a preceding AQWA-LINE run ......................................... 34
4.2.3 Following an AQWA-LINE run with modifications to AQWA-LINE data ........................ 35
4.3 DEFINITION OF AXES, CONVENTIONS AND STRUCTURE POSITIONS ....................... 36

4.4 STRUCTURE GEOMETRY AND MASS DISTRIBUTION .................................................... 38
4.4.1 Coordinates ........................................................................................................................... 38
4.4.2 Elements and Element Properties ......................................................................................... 38
4.5 MORISON ELEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 39
4.6 STATIC ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................................... 40
4.6.1 Global Environmental Parameters ........................................................................................ 40
4.7 LINEAR STIFFNESS ................................................................................................................. 41
4.7.1 Hydrostatic Stiffness ............................................................................................................. 41
4.7.2 Additional Linear Stiffness ................................................................................................... 41
4.8 WAVE FREQUENCIES AND DIRECTIONS .......................................................................... 42
4.9 WAVE LOADING COEFFICIENTS ......................................................................................... 43
4.10 WIND AND CURRENT LOADING COEFFICIENTS ........................................................... 45
4.11 THRUSTER FORCES .............................................................................................................. 46
4.12 CONSTRAINTS ON STRUCTURE MOTIONS ..................................................................... 46
4.13 STRUCTURAL ARTICULATIONS ........................................................................................ 46
4.14 WAVE SPECTRA, WIND AND CURRENT SPECIFICATION ............................................ 46
4.15 MOORING LINES .................................................................................................................... 47
4.15.1 Linear/Non-Linear Elastic Hawsers ................................................................................ 47
4.15.2 Constant Tension Winch Line ......................................................................................... 47
4.15.3 Constant Force Line ..................................................................................................... 47
4.15.4 Composite Catenary Line ................................................................................................ 48
4.16 ITERATION PARAMETERS FOR SOLUTION OF EQUILIBRIUM (AQWA-LIBRIUM
ONLY) ............................................................................................................................................... 48
4.17 TIME HISTORY INTEGRATION IN IRREGULAR WAVES (AQWA-DRIFT ONLY) ..... 48
4.18 TIME HISTORY INTEGRATION IN REGULAR WAVES (AQWA-NAUT ONLY) .......... 48
4.19 SPECIFICATION OF OUTPUT REQUIREMENTS ............................................................... 48
CHAPTER 5 - ANALYSIS PROCEDURE .......................................................................................... 49
5.1 TYPES OF ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 50
5.2 RESTART STAGES ................................................................................................................... 51
5.3 STAGES OF ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER 6 - DATA REQUIREMENT AND PREPARATION ....................................................... 53
6.0 ADMINISTRATION CONTROL - DECK 0 - PRELIMINARY DECK ................................... 54
6.1 STAGE 1 - DECKS 1 TO 5 GEOMETRIC DEFINITION AND STATIC ENVIRONMENT . 55
6.1.1 Description Summary of Physical Parameters Input ............................................................ 55
6.1.2 Description of General Format ............................................................................................. 55
6.1.3 Data Input Summary for Decks 1 to 5 .................................................................................. 56
6.2 STAGE 2 - DECKS 6 TO 8 - THE DIFFRACTION/RADIATION ANALYSIS PARAMETERS
........................................................................................................................................................... 57

6.2.1 Description Summary of Physical Parameters Input ............................................................ 57
6.2.2 Description of General Format ............................................................................................. 58
6.2.3 Total Data Input Summary for Decks 6 to 8 ......................................................................... 58
6.2.4 Input for AQWA-FER Using the Results of a Previous AQWA-LINE Run ....................... 59
6.2.5 Input for AQWA-FER With Results from a Source Other than AQWA-LINE ................... 59
6.2.6 Input for AQWA-FER with Results from a Previous AQWA-LINE Run and a Source Other
than AQWA-LINE ......................................................................................................................... 61
6.3 STAGE 3 - NO INPUT DATA - DIFFRACTION/RADIATION ANALYSIS ......................... 61
6.4 STAGE 4 - DECKS 9 to 18 - INPUT OF THE ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENT ....................... 62
6.4.1 Description of Parameters Input ........................................................................................... 62
6.4.2 AQWA-FER data input summary for Decks 9 to 18 ............................................................ 64
6.5 STAGE 5 - NO INPUT DATA - MOTION ANALYSIS ........................................................... 64
CHAPTER 7 - DESCRIPTION OF OUTPUT ..................................................................................... 65
7.1 STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION OF BODY CHARACTERISTICS ........................................ 66
7.1.1 Coordinates and Mass Distribution Elements ....................................................................... 66
7.2 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................................... 70
7.3 DESCRIPTION OF FLUID LOADINGS ................................................................................... 72
7.3.2 Added Mass and Wave Damping ......................................................................................... 72
7.3.3 Oscillatory Wave Excitation Forces ..................................................................................... 73
7.3.4 Mean Wave Drift Forces....................................................................................................... 75
7.4 FREE FLOATING NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND RESPONSE AMPLITUDE
OPERATORS .................................................................................................................................... 76
7.4.1 Natural Frequencies/Periods ................................................................................................. 76
7.4 BODY RESPONSE AMPLITUDE OPERATORS AND NATURAL FREQUENCIES .......... 77
7.4.2 Response Amplitude Operators ............................................................................................ 77
7.5 COUPLED NATURAL FREQUENCIES FOR THE MOORED STRUCTURE ...................... 79
7.5.1 Undamped Natural Frequencies............................................................................................ 79
7.5.2 Damped Natural Frequencies................................................................................................ 81
7.6 PARAMETERS AT THE SPECTRUM INTEGRATION POINTS .......................................... 83
7.6.1 Force Spectral Density Matrix .............................................................................................. 83
7.6.2 The Transfer or Receptance Matrix ...................................................................................... 85
7.6.3 The RAOs at Spectrum Integration Points ........................................................................... 85
7.6.4 The Response Spectral Density ............................................................................................ 85
7.7 SIGNIFICANT MOTIONS AND TENSIONS ........................................................................... 87
7.7.1 Significant Motions of the Centre of Gravity ....................................................................... 87
7.7.2 Significant Motions of Specified Points ............................................................................... 88
7.7.3 Significant Tensions in Mooring Lines ................................................................................ 89
CHAPTER 8 -EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM USE ................................................................................. 90

8.1 BOX STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 91
8.1.1 General Discussion ............................................................................................................... 91
8.1.2 Problem Definition ............................................................................................................... 92
8.1.3 Natural Frequencies .............................................................................................................. 94
8.1.4 Drift Frequency Added Mass and Damping ......................................................................... 96
8.1.5 Hull and Superstructure Loading Coefficients ..................................................................... 96
8.1.6 Sea Spectra, Current and Wind ............................................................................................. 97
8.1.7 Specification of the Mooring Lines ...................................................................................... 97
8.1.8 Equilibrium Position for Analysis ........................................................................................ 98
8.1.9 Input Preparation For Data Run ............................................................................................ 98
8.1.10 Information Supplied by Data Run ................................................................................... 102
8.1.11 The Motion Analysis Run ................................................................................................. 113
8.1.12 Output from the Motion Analysis Run ............................................................................. 114
CHAPTER 9 - RUNNING THE PROGRAM .................................................................................... 121
9.1 Running AQWA-FER on the PC .............................................................................................. 121
9.1.1 File Naming Convention for AQWA Files ......................................................................... 121
9.1.2 AQWA File Organisation ................................................................................................... 122
9.1.3 Program Size Requirements................................................................................................ 122
9.1.4 Running the Programs ........................................................................................................ 123
APPENDIX A - AQWA-FER PROGRAM OPTIONS LIST............................................................. 125
APPENDIX B - REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 128
AQWA FER User Manual Introduction

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROGRAM INTRODUCTION
The determination of the motions of moored floating structures in response to environmental forces (i.e.
wind, waves and current) and structure control mechanisms (e.g. bow thrusters) is a complex procedure. It
can be achieved using a time domain simulation program (e.g. AQWA-DRIFT) which takes into account
system non-linearities, such as mooring line non-linearities, and position dependent environmental loads, as
well as any motion control mechanisms. However, time-domain programs are slow to run, and the large
number of possible combinations of environmental conditions (e.g. wind/current strength and direction,
type of wave spectrum and wave direction) can make a systematic parametric study prohibitively
time-consuming.
The requirement is therefore a simple and fast program that can indicate the structure's response in a number
of different environmental states for a number of different mooring configurations. AQWA-FER
(Frequency-domain Evaluation of Response) is a program which fulfils this requirement.
1.2 MANUAL INTRODUCTION
The AQWA-FER Manual describes the various uses of the program together with the method of operation.
The theory and bounds of application are outlined for the analytical procedures employed within the various
parts of AQWA-FER. When using AQWA-FER, the user must model the structure and its environment.
The method of data preparation and modelling is fully described and reference is made to the AQWA
Reference Manual. The Reference Manual contains a complete guide to the format used for input of data
into the AQWA Suite. It is necessary that the AQWA-FER User Manual and AQWA Reference Manual be
available when running the program AQWA-FER.
AQWA FER User Manual Theoretical Formulation

CHAPTER 2 - PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
2.1 PROGRAM CAPABILITY
AQWA-FER is a post-processor within the AQWA suite which can also be used as a stand-alone program if
the input data is available from other sources. AQWA-FER uses spectral techniques and evaluates the
significant response of up to fifty floating structures coupled by mooring lines in irregular seas.
Since AQWA-FER is a frequency domain program, it does not include system non-linearities in its analysis.
However, the program can include both first order (wave frequency) forces and second order (drift
frequency) forces. On selection of appropriate analysis options at run time, (see Section 4.0 of the AQWA
Reference Manual) the significant motions of any point on any structure may be calculated along with the
significant differential motion between any two points within the floating system. The calculation of
significant differential motion automatically allows the calculation of the significant tensions in any
mooring line be it between two floating structures or between a floating structure and a fixed point.
AQWA-FER may also be used for the much simpler task of calculating the Response Amplitude Operators
of a moored or free-floating structure, providing the hydrodynamic data from AQWA-LINE or another
linear radiation/ diffraction computer program is available.
Program limitations of AQWA-FER for the analysis of a floating system are as follows:
(a) Significant response of the centre of gravity for each structure up to a maximum of 50 structures.
(b) Significant response of specified positions on any structure or differential motion between any two
positions within the floating system, up to a maximum of 35 positions or pairs of positions.
(c) Significant tensions in mooring lines up to a total of 100 mooring lines in 25 different combinations.


2.2 THE COMPUTER PROGRAM
The program AQWA-FER may be used on its own or as an integral part of the AQWA Suite of rigid body
response programs. When AQWA-LINE has been run, a HYDRODYNAMIC DATABASE is
automatically created, which contains full details of the fluid loading acting on the body. Another backing
file called the RESTART FILE is also created and contains all modelling information relating to the body or
bodies being analysed. These two files may be used with subsequent AQWA-FER runs or with other
AQWA programs. The concept of using specific backing files for storage of information has two great
advantages which are:

Ease of communication between AQWA programs, so that different types of analyses can be
done with the same model of the body or bodies, e.g. AQWA-LINE regular wave results can be
input to AQWA-FER for irregular spectral wave analysis.
Efficiency when using any of the AQWA programs. The Restart facility allows the user to
progress gradually through the solution of the problem and an error made at one stage of the
analysis does not necessarily mean that all the previous work has been wasted.

The programs within the AQWA SUITE are as follows:
AQWA-LIBRIUM Used to find the equilibrium characteristics of a moored or freely floating body or
bodies. Steady state environmental loads may also be considered to act on the body
(e.g. wind, wave drift and current).
AQWA-LINE Used to calculate the wave loading and response of bodies when exposed to a
regular harmonic wave environment. The first order wave forces and second order
mean wave drift forces are calculated in the frequency domain.
AQWA-FER Used to analyse the coupled or uncoupled responses of floating bodies while
operating in irregular waves. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain.
AQWA-NAUT Used to simulate the real-time motion of a floating body or bodies while operating
in regular or irregular waves. Non-linear Froude-Krylov and hydrostatic forces are
estimated under instantaneous incident wave surface. Wind and current loads may
also be considered. If more than one body is being studied, coupling effects between
bodies may be considered.
AQWA-DRIFT Used to simulate the real-time motion of a floating body or bodies while operating
in irregular waves. Wave frequency motions and low period oscillatory drift
motions may be considered. Wind and current loading may also be applied to the
body. If more than one body is being studied, coupling effects between bodies may
be considered.

CHAPTER 3 - THEORETICAL FORMULATION
Although it is beyond the scope of this manual to present the full theoretical formulation of the frequency
domain solution of floating structures, all theory related to the calculations within AQWA-FER is
presented. This may produce duplication where the calculations are performed by other programs in the
suite. Other theoretical considerations, indirectly related, are included to preserve subject integrity. These
are indicated accordingly.
Where calculations of forces and coefficients for input parameters are calculated only by other programs in
the AQWA suite, the theory may be found in the appropriate sections of the respective manuals (the section
numbers below correspond to those in the other manuals as a convenient cross reference). Users without the
other programs in the AQWA suite must consult the literature of the source used to obtain these parameters.
3.1 HYDROSTATIC LOADING
The hydrostatic loading may be found by integrating the still water hydrostatic pressure over the wetted
surface area of the structure. The theory may be found in the AQWA-LINE and AQWA-LIBRIUM
manuals, the calculations being performed in the corresponding programs (see also Section 4.5 on linear
stiffness).
3.2 MORISON FORCES AND WAVE LOADING
These forces are only determined for tubular members of a structure. The full Morison equation for the fluid
forces acting on a unit length of such a structural member is
s m f m s f s f d
u C A u AC u u u u C D F d ) 1 ( ) (
2
1
+ =
(3.2.1)
( Drag Force ) (Wave force) ( Inertia Force )
where
C
d
= drag coefficient
D = characteristic drag diameter
u
f
= fluid velocity in the transverse direction of tube
u
s
= structure velocity in the transverse direction of tube
C
m
The force arising from components of velocity in line with the tube axis is assumed to be zero and forces
= inertia coefficient
A = area of cross section
= fluid density
Note that drag forces are ignored in AQWA-FER.
Full account is taken of fluid velocity variation over the tube length.

acting on the tube end discs are ignored.
Forces and Moments are calculated with respect to the local tube axis system as shown in Figure 3.1, then
transformed to the global axis system.
In general a partially submerged tube which is arbitrarily inclined may have a section which is either
completely submerged, partially submerged, or completely out of the water. Each tube element is classified
as above and the forces and moments for each section are summed to obtain the total fluid load.


3.3 DIFFRACTION/RADIATION WAVE FORCES
The diffraction/radiation wave forces in the AQWA suite are based on the classical Green's function
technique and details of the theory may be found in Section 3.3 of the AQWA-LINE manual.
3.4 MEAN WAVE DRIFT FORCES
The mean wave drift forces, which are calculated by AQWA-LINE, are used in the form of steady drift
coefficients to calculate drift forces (see AQWA-LINE User Manual).
3.5 SLOWLY VARYING WAVE DRIFT FORCES
When a body is positioned in a regular wave train, it will experience a mean wave drift force which is time
invariant. If the wave environment is composed of more than one wave train, then the total wave drift force
acting on the body is characterised by a mean component and a slowly TIME VARYING wave drift force.
The details of these slowly varying drift forces are contained within the AQWA-DRIFT User Manual
(Section 3.5).
3.6 INTERACTIVE FLUID LOADING
Fluid interactive loading between bodies is usually referred to in the context of Radiation/Diffraction
Theory (Section 3.3). We are concerned with the influence of one body's flow field on another's. Obviously,
the importance of interaction will depend on both body separation distances and the relative sizes of the
bodies. AQWA will calculate hydrodynamic interaction between up to 20 bodies.
3.7 STRUCTURAL ARTICULATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS
These facilities are now available in AQWA-FER (see AQWA Reference Manual, Section 4.12).
3.8 WIND AND CURRENT LOADING
Although steady forces of wind or current in linear equations of motion have no effect on the frequency
domain solution, any non-linear stiffness (e.g. catenaries) will change with the equilibrium position
calculated by AQWA-LIBRIUM. This in turn will affect the frequency domain solution of motions and
mooring tension. (For more details see AQWA-LIBRIUM manual). The additional effects of wind and
current stiffness (i.e. rate of change of wind/current force with yaw), linearized wind drag damping, are also
calculated by AQWA-FER.
3.9 THRUSTER FORCES
Thruster forces (if present) only affect the frequency domain solution through a change in non-linear
stiffness due to change in the equilibrium position, which is calculated by AQWA-LIBRIUM (see

AQWA-LIBRIUM manual).

3.10 MOORING LINES
The effect of mooring lines is to contribute to the external forces and stiffness matrix of a structure. This in
turn will affect the static equilibrium position and its stability in this position (AQWA-LIBRIUM) and
solution of the equations of motion (AQWA-FER/DRIFT/NAUT). The user should note that only the
external forces and not the stiffness matrix are used within the time-history solution of the equations of
motion (AQWA-DRIFT/AQWA-NAUT).
3.10.1 Tension and Stiffness for Mooring Lines with No Mass
The tension in a mooring line whose mass is considered negligible, and thus has no transverse deflection
may be expressed in terms of a series of coefficients a
0
, a
1
, a
2
etc and its extension (e) from an unstretched
length. The force exerted on a structure by the mooring line (P) may therefore be written:
... e a e a e a ) e ( P + + + =
3
3
2
2 1
(3.10.1)

Notice that the constant term may be produced when the unstretched length is continually reset to the actual
length (i.e. e = 0). The direction of this force will be given by the vector joining the two attachment points of
the mooring line.
The elastic stiffness in the direction of the force is given by:
... 3 2 ) ( ) (
2
3 2 1
+ + + = = e a e a a e P e S
(3.10.2)

If this elastic stiffness for a given extension is S, and the tension is P, then the 3x3 stiffness matrix (K),
relating the force to the translational displacements at the attachment point of the structure, may be
expressed as
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= + =
3
2
1
3 2 1
) , , ( , ) (
l
l
l
l l l
L
P
L
S
N N I N K
(3.10.3)

where
) , , (
3 2 1
l l l
= unit vector joining the attachment points of the cable
I = 3
*
3 unit matrix
L = stretched length of the mooring line

Note that K and the direction vector of the force, P, must be defined in the same axis system. If the axis
system chosen has the X axis coincident with the direction of P, then the stiffness matrix will be diagonal
with S as the value of the leading diagonal term corresponding to the coincident axis and the other two
leading diagonal terms equal to P/L, e.g. for the X axis coincident

(
(
(
(
=
L
P
L
P
S
0 0
0 0
0 0
K

(3.10.4)

If a constant tension device (e.g. a winch) is used at an attachment point then the elastic stiffness S becomes
zero.
Note also that the P/L terms in the equation tend to zero as the mooring line increases in length. This means
that if a mechanism is used at the attachment point to give a constant direction of the force, P, this has the
effect of an infinitely long mooring line, i.e. P/L is zero.
The stiffness matrix, K, for each mooring line is defined at the attachment point on the structure and must be
translated to a common reference point, i.e. the centre of gravity in the AQWA suite. This, as formulated in
Section 3.10.3 as the transformation procedure, is applied to any local stiffness matrix and force applied at a
point on a structure.


3.10.2 Tension and Stiffness for Catenaries
Catenaries in AQWA are considered to be uniform with significant mass. As the solution of the catenary
equations is well documented (see Reference 1 and 2 in Appendix B) a summary of the solution used in
AQWA is presented. The equations are expressed in an axis system whose local X axis is the projection of
the vector joining the attachment points on the sea bed and whose Z axis is vertical. For catenaries which
have zero slope at the contact/attachment point on the sea bed, we have the following:
,
,
, ) ( sinh
,
2
) 1 (
2 2
1
2
V H T
wL V
AE
HL
H
wL
w
H
X
AE
AE
wZ
AE
T
AE H
+ =
=
+ =
+ =
(3.10.5)

where

L = unstretched suspended length;
w = submerged weight per unit length;
AE = stiffness per length;
X = horizontal distance between fairlead point on the structure and contact point on seabed;
Z = vertical distance between fairlead point on the structure and contact point on seabed;
H = horizontal tension;
V = vertical tension force at the fairlead point;
T = total tension force at the fairlead point;

A non-linear composite mooring line, in terms of one or more elastic catenaries, can be defined in
AQWA, with intermediate buoys or clump weights between catenaries.

A numerical approach is used to calculate the stiffness matrix of composite mooring line


3.10.3 Translation of the Mooring Line Force and Stiffness Matrix
The formulation of a vector translation may be applied directly to a force and displacement in order to
translate the stiffness matrix, K, from the point of definition to the centre of gravity. It should be noted
however that if the stiffness matrix is defined in a fixed axis system, which does not rotate with the
structure, an additional stiffness term is required. This relates the change of moment created by a constant
force applied at a point when the structure is rotated.
The full 6x6 stiffness matrix (K
g
| || |
(
+
(
=
t
a m
a t
a
g
T P
T I K
T
I
K
0
0 0
) for each mooring line, relating displacements of the centre of gravity to
the change in forces and moments acting on that structure at the centre of gravity, is therefore given by

(3.10.6)
where

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
0
0
0
, 0
0
x y
x z
y z
m a
P P
P P
P P
x y
x z
y z
P T
x, y, z = Coordinates of the attachment point on the structure relative to the centre of gravity.
Px,Py,Pz = The x,y and z components of the tension in the mooring line at the attachment point on the
structure.

N.B. The term P
m

T
a
t
is not symmetric. In general, only a structure in static equilibrium will have a
symmetric stiffness matrix, where T
a
t
is the transpose matrix of T
a
.
However this also means that if the
mooring forces are in equilibrium with all other conservative forces then the total stiffness matrix will be
symmetric.
The force at the centre of gravity ( F
g
) in terms of the forces at the attachment point (F
a

a
| | | |
a t
a
g
F F
(
=
T
I
) is given by
(3.10.7)


3.10.4 Stiffness Matrix for a Mooring Line Joining Two Structures
When two structures are attached by a mooring line, this results in a fully-coupled stiffness matrix, where
the displacement of one structure results in a force on the other. This stiffness matrix may be obtained
simply by considering that the displacement of the attachment point on one structure is equivalent to a
negative displacement of the attachment point on the other structure. Using the definitions in the previous
section, the 12x12 stiffness matrix K
G
| || |
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
=
t
b
n
t
a m
b a
t
b
t
a
g
T P
T P
T I T I K
T
I
T
I
K
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
is given by

(3.10.8)

where

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
0
0
0
, 0
0
x y
x z
y z
n b
P P
P P
P P
x y
x z
y z
P T

x, y ,z = Coordinates of the attachment point on the second structure relative to its centre of
gravity.
Px,Py,Pz = X,Y and Z components of the tension in the mooring line at the attachment point
on the second structure.

3.11 WAVE SPECTRA
The method of wave modelling for irregular seas is achieved within the AQWA suite by the specification of
wave spectra. For further details the user is referred to Appendix E of the AQWA Reference Manual.
3.12 STABILITY ANALYSIS
See AQWA-LIBRIUM manual.

3.13 FREQUENCY DOMAIN SOLUTION
3.13.1 Wave Frequency Motions
AQWA-FER has been written to calculate the significant wave-frequency motions, in all degrees of
freedom, of moored floating structures, together with the significant tensions in any mooring lines in the
floating system. The program employs spectral techniques to perform a linear analysis in the frequency
domain. AQWA-FER solves the following equation, for a range of frequencies and directions
F X ) s ( X ) s ( X ) a ( X ) s ( = + + + K C M M

(3.13.1)

where
M(s) = Structural mass matrix
M(a) = Hydrodynamic added mass matrix
C(s) = System linear damping matrix
K(s) = Total system stiffness matrix
F = External wave forces on the system (assumed harmonic)
X = Response motions (or RAOs)
Writing X(t) = X
0
e
it
and F(t) = F
0
e
it
, where is the frequency of wave forcing, then the solution of
equation (3.13.1) will have the form:
X
0
= H F
0
1 2
+ = ] i ) s ( [ C M K H
(3.13.2)
where
(3.13.3)

H is termed the transfer function or 'modal receptance' which relates input forces to output response. (Note
M is the sum of structural and added mass).
In spectral form, this may be written:

( ) | |
=
r
r
F
r
F ir
i
x
i
x
) ( S . H mod ) ( S
2
(3.13.4)


where
) ( S
i
x
i
x
= the spectral density of the response
ir
H

) ( S
r
F
r
F

= the receptance of the structural system, i.e. the response in freedom i to a harmonic
force in freedom r
= the spectrum of input forces in freedom r
Note: AQWA-FER does not deal with cross-spectral densities. All coupling is through the stiffness
matrix. Since significant motion is proportional to the square of the amplitude, the equation takes
the relatively simple form of Equation (3.13.4), which represents a direct super-position of the
effects due to each individual force.
Equation (3.13.4) gives the spectrum of response in each degree of freedom. From this we can calculate the
amplitude of significant response using:
A X
sig
2 = (3.13.5)
where
A = the area under the response curve
To calculate significant tensions in mooring lines, the same equations apply but with different transfer
functions, which relate mooring tensions to external forces.
AQWA-FER calculates the RAOs at a point of the structure using the RAOs at the structure's centre of
gravity and the vector from the centre of gravity to the position of interest. The RAOs of a point P, Xp, may
then be found using the following relationship:
g p
X X T = (3.13.6)
where
X
g
= the RAOs at the centre of gravity
T = the translation matrix between the centre of gravity and the point P.

Once the RAOs at the required point are known, the calculation of the significant motion at the point
follows from Equation (3.13.5) as before. Since AQWA-FER calculates the significant motions of up to
fifty structures in any position with the phase reference point for the RAOs at the centre of gravity (as
output), there is a phase difference due to each structure's position within the wave which is automatically
included in the analysis.
This is achieved within AQWA-FER by including this phase difference in each structure's RAOs. The phase
is retained until the RAOs are squared to calculate the spectrum of response.
As well as finding the significant response at any specified point on any structure, AQWA-FER will also
calculate the relative motion between two positions within the floating system. If a difference between two
points is specified, AQWA-FER calculates the RAOs taking into account the phase difference between
wave forces due to the position of each structure's centre of gravity in the wave.
3.13.2 Drift Frequency Motions
The theory above describes the first order or wave frequency calculations, where the frequency of structural
response is the same as the forcing frequency, and the response of a structure to a pair of waves of different
frequency is simply the sum of the response to each individual wave. The calculation of structural response
to second order wave forcing (drift forces) is more complex. The theory of second order wave loading is
explained in detail in the literature. A condensed version of the theory is as follows:
Given two waves, one of frequency
i
and one of frequency
j
the second order low frequency wave
forcing acts at a frequency (
i
-
j
( ) | |
=
i i
d S Spectrum
).
A wave spectrum can be represented by a finite sum of regular waves of different frequencies each with
their own wave height. This means that the low frequency drift forces due to such a wave spectrum may be
calculated by taking each pair of waves in the wave spectrum in turn and calculating the drift force due to
them. If the wave height of an irregular wave train is represented by a finite sum of regular waves, then the
wave spectrum, S(), can be thought of as being the sum of small energy packets centred about the
frequencies of the component regular waves in the wave height representation, i.e.

where
d
i
= the frequency difference between two neighbouring spectral lines
S(
i
) = the value of the wave spectrum at frequency
i


Using this representation of the wave spectrum, it can be shown that the drift force at frequency u=
i
-
j
0 u
(
) in a wave spectrum S(), can be written:

) u ( , E ) , ( D d ) ( S d ) ( S ) t , u ( F
i j ij j i ij j j
i
i i
+ = =

2 2 2 (3.13.7)

where
S(
i
)d
i
= energy packet in the wave spectrum centred about
i

D
ij
= drift force in a pair of unit amplitude waves of frequency
i
and
j

E
ij
]
j i
x )
j
k
i
k ( t u [ i
e
+
=
k
i
, k
j
= wave numbers corresponding to frequencies
i
and
j i
,
j

d ) u , ( D ) u ( S ) ( S ) u ( S
u d
+ + =
2
8
= phases of the two waves

Again it can be shown that the spectrum of drift forces may be written:

(3.13.8)

where
S
d
(u) = the value of the drift force spectrum at frequency u
S(), S(+u) = the values of the wave spectrum at frequencies , (
i
+ u)
D
u
d ) ( D ) ( S F
d
= 2
= the modulus of the drift force coefficient D described above evaluated at
frequency u.

A similar expression can be derived for the steady drift force which is:

(3.13.9)

Relating the motions of the centre of gravity to the forces acting at the centre of gravity (see
Equation 3.13.2), we have

j ij
j
i
F H X

=

(3.13.10)
where
X
i

= the motion at the centre of gravity in the i th degree of freedom
H
ij

= the transfer function between a force in the j th degree of freedom and motion in the i th
degree of freedom
F
j

From Equations (3.13.8) and (3.13.10) the spectrum of second order motions can be written:
= a force in the j th degree of freedom

( ) ( ) ( )

(
(
+ = d D H u S S u S
j
j ij
i
x
2
8 (3.13.11)

Similarly, since the motion of any point P, Xp, on a rigid structure can be related to the motion of the
structure's centre of gravity by Xp = T
*
Xg (see Equation3.13.6), it follows that the spectrum of motions
of any point on a structure may be written:

( ) ( ) ( )

(
(
+ = d D H T u S S u S
k j
k jk ij
pi
x
2
8 (3.13.12)

The values of D
k
may be obtained from model tests or AQWA-LINE full QTF calculation. But it is usual
that D
k

| | ) u ( D ) ( D ) u ( D
k k k
+ + =
2
1
is simply expressed by the Newmans approximation, such as:
(3.13.13)

Once the spectra of responses have been calculated, it is a simple matter to calculate the significant motion
by using the expression shown earlier (Equation 3.13.5) i.e.

A X
sig
2 =

where
A = the area under the response spectrum

3.13.3 Integration of Response Spectra
The integration of the response spectra is achieved by a 3-point Gauss-quadrature algorithm using selected
frequency intervals based on the natural frequencies of the equations of motion and the peak of the
spectrum. The program automatically selects more integration points around the natural frequency of the
system where the damping is small.
In order to restrict the number of intervals for integration to a reasonable number, a minimum critical
damping is assumed (see Section 3.16).
In general, the user need not be concerned with the details of the integration, but the user must ensure that
the damping given is physically realistic.

3.14 TIME HISTORY SOLUTION IN IRREGULAR WAVES
See AQWA-DRIFT or AQWA-NAUT manual.
3.15 TIME HISTORY SOLUTION IN REGULAR WAVES (AQWA-NAUT ONLY)
See AQWA-NAUT manual

3.16 LIMITATIONS OF THEORETICAL APPLICATIONS
There are two limitations on the theory and its implementation in AQWA-FER:
1 The critical damping percentage (see Equation 3.12.8 of AQWA-LIBRIUM Manual) for the
equations of motions at natural frequencies is greater than 0.5 per cent.
2 The peaks of the wave forcing spectrum, both at wave and drift frequency, are not narrower than that
of the transfer function of a single degree of freedom system with 10 per cent critical damping.

Although the program will not generally fail if these conditions are violated, inaccuracies in the integration
of the response spectrum may result in approximate values for the significant motions and tensions.
AQWA FER User Manual Modelling Techniques

CHAPTER 4 - MODELLING TECHNIQUES
This chapter relates the theory in the previous chapter to the general form of the input data required for the
AQWA suite. The sections are closely associated with the sections in the AQWA Reference Manual. All
modelling techniques related to the calculations within AQWA-FER are presented. This may produce
duplication where the calculations are performed by other programs in the suite. Other modelling
techniques which are indirectly related are included to preserve subject integrity. These are indicated
accordingly.
Where modelling techniques are only associated with other programs in the AQWA suite, the information
may be found in the appropriate sections of the respective manuals (the section numbers below correspond
to those in the other manuals as a convenient cross reference).
Users formulating data from sources other than programs in the AQWA suite must consult the literature of
the source used to obtain these data.

4.1 TYPES OF MODEL AND ANALYSIS
A floating structure requires different modelling depending on the type of problem that the user wishes to
solve. An approximate model may be acceptable in one type of analysis or even omitted altogether in
another, (e.g. the hydrodynamic model used in AQWA-LINE is not used by AQWA-FER).
In general, there are only two differences in the models required for each program.
1 The first is in the description of the structure geometry (the mass distribution model is common),
which is achieved by describing one or more tubes and pressure plates. In total, the elements describe
the whole structure and thus define the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic model.
2 The second is in the description of the environment. Mooring lines, wind, current and irregular and
regular waves are not accepted by all programs.

AQWA-FER does not require a hydrostatic or hydrodynamic model. Instead, the hydrostatic stiffness
matrix and hydrodynamic loading coefficients, which are the RESULTS of previous calculations on these
models, are used. For example, when AQWA-LINE has been run, all these parameters are transferred
automatically to AQWA-FER from backing files. If AQWA-LINE has not been run previously, the
hydrostatic stiffness matrix and wave loading coefficients are required as input data.
For the benefit of those users modelling a structure for more than one program, the differences in the
hydrostatic and hydrodynamic models, which are associated with the structure geometry, may be
summarised in the form of simple restrictions i.e.
Hydrostatic Model - Panels and Tubes. No restrictions.
(AQWA-LINE/LIBRIUM/NAUT)
Hydrodynamic Model - Diffracting panels and Tubes. Restricted in
(AQWA-LINE) geometry and proximity to each other and
boundaries.
Hydrodynamic Model - Panels and Tubes. Restricted only
(AQWA-NAUT) in size in comparison to the wavelength.

In practice, this means that there is a hydrodynamic model for AQWA-LINE to which other elements are
added for AQWA-LIBRIUM/NAUT. If the user wishes, a more approximate model may be defined with
fewer elements to minimise computer costs when restrictions allow.

N.B. When the user has run AQWA-LINE, the structures and their mass, inertia, hydrostatic, and
hydrodynamic properties (excepting wind and current loading, Section 4.10) are contained within a
backing file which may be read in automatically by AQWA-FER. Although the hydrostatic and
hydrodynamic properties may subsequently be modified, the number of structures and their

associated mass and inertia cannot be changed by AQWA-FER.

4.2 MODELLING REQUIREMENTS FOR AQWA-FER
4.2.1 Following an AQWA-LINE Run
As the normal mode of analysis is to run AQWA-LINE and then run AQWA-FER, this section appears
before that describing the modelling when AQWA-FER is not used as a post-processor to AQWA-LINE.
Solution of the significant motions and tensions in mooring lines requires the solution of equation (3.13.1).
Expanding the damping and stiffness terms, we have:
| | | | | | ) t ( F X ) d ( ) m ( ) h ( X ) w ( ) h ( X ) a ( ) s ( = + + + + + + K K K C C M M

(4.2.1)

Summarising Section 3.13, the solution of equation (4.2.1) for a harmonic forcing function F(t), together
with the calculation of the spectral ordinates for a range of frequencies, will define the response spectrum.
The response spectrum may then be integrated to find the significant motions. The tension spectrum is
calculated from the motion response spectrum and linear stiffness. The tension spectrum is then integrated
to find the significant tensions.
In terms of the equation (4.2.1), parameters which are transferred automatically through a backing file from
AQWA-LINE are:
K(h) = Hydrostatic or linear stiffness matrix
F(t) = External harmonic forces on the system
The system damping matrix C(s) and system stiffness matrix K(s) in equation (3.13.1) are defined as:
C(s) = C(h) + C(w) (4.2.2)
K(s) = K(h) + K(m) + K(d)+K(a) (4.2.3)
where
C(h) = Hydrodynamic damping matrix
C(w) = Damping due to wind
K(m) = Stiffness due to mooring lines
K(d) = Hydrodynamic stiffness due to waves, wind and current
K(a) = Stiffness due to articulations

1. For Wave Frequency Motions
For wave frequency motions, the hydrodynamic damping matrix C(h) equals to the radiation damping
matrix C(r) plus additional damping that may be added by the user.The added mass is that calculated by
AQWA-LINE plus additional added mass that may be added by the user. The terms in (4.2.1) which are
required to be calculated are:
C(w) Damping due to wind. If small compared with the radiation damping C(r), this term can
be ignored. This is often the case at wave frequency but not normally at drift frequency
K(m) Stiffness due to mooring lines
K(d) Hydrodynamic stiffness due to waves, wind and current. These terms which contribute
stiffness only to the horizontal freedoms (surge, sway and yaw) can usually be ignored at
wave frequency as the response is dominated by the mass inertia forces. However they
are very important at drift frequency
K(a) Stiffness due to articulations. It is calculated at the equilibrium positions of the
structures. *.EQP file should be read in by using RDEP card, which consists of positions
of structures and articulation reaction forces at the equilibrium positions.
Modelling requirements for wave frequency motion are therefore:
A Wind and current loading coefficients
B Wave spectrum, wind and current
C Mooring lines
D* Equilibrium position for each spectrum and mooring line combination
*
E Hydrodynamic added mass and damping matrices for low frequency motion
Note that both C and D are required in order to calculate K(m), as K(m) is a function of the structure
displacement, particularly if the mooring lines are non-linear (see also 4.2.3).
2. For Drift Frequency Motions
At drift frequency, the added mass matrix M(a) and hydrodynamic damping matrix C(h) are NOT the same
as the radiation damping and added mass calculated by AQWA-LINE. Therefore, the terms in (4.2.1) which
are required to be calculated are:
M(a) Hydrodynamic added mass for low frequency motion
C(h) Hydrodynamic damping for low frequency motion
Modelling requirements for drift frequency motion are therefore:
A,B,C,D as in 1. above, and optionally

4.2.2 When run AQWA-FER without a preceding AQWA-LINE run
If AQWA-FER is run as an independent program, those parameters normally calculated by AQWA-LINE
may be input directly, as AQWA-FER does not assume implicitly that a backing file is available containing
these parameters.
The input requirement is therefore those parameters normally calculated by AQWA-LINE (as listed in the
previous section) viz.
C(r) = Radiation damping matrix
K(h) = Hydrostatic or linear stiffness matrix
F(t) = External harmonic forces on the system
Additional requirements are then the same as if AQWA-LINE had been run previously (see previous
section).

4.2.3 Following an AQWA-LINE run with modifications to AQWA-LINE data
The new user is advised to ignore this section
When AQWA-FER is run as a post-processor to AQWA-LINE, any of the parameters calculated by
AQWA-LINE may be appended to, modified or overwritten to comply with new model specification
WITHOUT recourse to a full rerun of AQWA-LINE.
Additions to data from a previous AQWA-LINE run may be required when using the information from
more than one AQWA-LINE run, in order to define the various wave loading coefficients (e.g. added mass,
damping, diffraction forces) at all frequencies relating to the integration of the response spectrum. This is
achieved simply by concatenating the required AQWA-LINE data into a single file.
The input requirements when using data from several AQWA-LINE runs are the same as those using one
data set with the additional information of how to concatenate the files.
It is intended that modifications of the model and/or the wave loading coefficients do not invalidate the
calculations performed by AQWA-LINE. It is of fundamental importance to recognise that a change of
model specification may invalidate some or all of these calculations. Other changes may mean that the
results are only approximate and others may have no effect at all on the validity of the AQWA-LINE results.
Use of AQWA-FER in this mode clearly requires a complete understanding of the analysis process and the
manner in which the programs achieve this process. This facility should therefore NOT be used without this
knowledge.

4.3 DEFINITION OF AXES, CONVENTIONS AND STRUCTURE POSITIONS
Full details may be found in the AQWA Reference Manual.
Two sets of axes are used in AQWA-FER and these are shown in Figure 4.1 They are the FRA (Fixed
Reference Axes) and the LSA (Local System Axes). Full details of the axes systems used in the AQWA
suite are given in the AQWA Reference Manual. In AQWA-LINE, structure motions and fluid forces are
with respect to the centre of gravity of the particular structure (see Section 3.3 and Figure 4.1).
The AQWA suite employs a single common sign convention with the axes defined as in the AQWA
Reference Manual.
Translations of a structure in the X, Y and Z direction are termed SURGE, SWAY and HEAVE, and are
positive in the positive direction of their respective associated axes. The rotational freedoms are termed
ROLL, PITCH and YAW, and are positive in a clockwise direction when looking along the coordinate axes
from the origin.
The direction of wave or wave spectrum propagation is defined relative to the positive X-axis of the FRA
(Fixed Reference Axes), and is positive in an anticlockwise direction when seen from above,
e.g. the heading angle is zero when the propagation is along the positive X-axis, and 90 degrees when along
the positive Y-axis of the FRA.
The position of each body is defined by the coordinates of its centre of gravity with respect to the FRA. The
orientation of the body is defined by three successive rotations about the OX, OY and OZ axes in the FRA,
in that specific order. Within the program, the orientation is defined by the direction cosines of the LSA
(local axis system) with respect to the FRA.


Figure 4.1 - FRA and LSA


4.4 STRUCTURE GEOMETRY AND MASS DISTRIBUTION
When AQWA-FER is used following an AQWA-LINE run (the normal mode of analysis procedure) the
structure geometry and mass distribution are transferred automatically from the backing files produced by
AQWA-LINE. This section therefore describes the modelling of the structure geometry and mass
distribution when AQWA-FER is used independently (see the AQWA-LINE and AQWA-LIBRIUM
manuals when this is not the case).
Note that a hydrostatic or hydrodynamic model is not required, (see Section 4.2.1). Only the hydrostatic
stiffness matrix (see Section 4.7) and hydrodynamic loading coefficients are necessary (see Section 4.9).
4.4.1 Coordinates
Any point on the structure is modelled by referring to the X,Y and Z coordinates of a point in the FRA. This
point is termed a NODE. The model of structure geometry and mass distribution consists of a specification
of one or more elements (see also Sections 4.1, 4.4.2) whose position is that of a node. Each node has a
NODE NUMBER, which is chosen by the user to be associated with each coordinate point. Nodes do not
contribute themselves to the model but may be thought of as a table of numbers and associated coordinate
points which other parts of the model refer to.
Although several coordinates must be defined if several elements are used to define the geometry/mass
distribution, normally a single point mass is used which means that only a single node is defined at the
centre of gravity of the structure.
Note that nodes are also used to define the position of other points not necessarily on the structure, e.g. the
attachment points of each end of a mooring line.
4.4.2 Elements and Element Properties
As stated in the previous section, the structural geometry and mass distribution of the model for
AQWA-FER used independently from AQWA-LINE is achieved by specifying one or more elements,
which in total describe the whole structure. The only elements required are POINT MASS elements. A point
mass has a position, a value of mass (e.g. 12 tonnes) and mass inertia. These in turn are defined by the
specification of:

- A node number
- A material number
- A geometric group number

The node number (described in the previous section) and the material and geometric group numbers are
numbers which refer to a table of values of coordinates, masses and structural inertias respectively. Once
defined in the table, the numbers may be referred to by any number of elements.
4.5 MORISON ELEMENTS
AQWA-FER is a linear program and so the non-linear forces (i.e. drag) on Morison elements are not
included.

4.6 STATIC ENVIRONMENT
4.6.1 Global Environmental Parameters
The global or static environmental parameters are those which often remain constant or static throughout an
analysis and comprise the following:

Acceleration due to Gravity: Used in the calculation of all forces and various
dimensionless variables throughout the program suite.
Density of Water: Used in the calculation of fluid forces and various
dimensionless variables throughout the program suite.
Water Depth: Used to calculate wave properties and clearance from the
sea bed

4.7 LINEAR STIFFNESS
4.7.1 Hydrostatic Stiffness
The hydrostatic stiffness matrix is calculated in AQWA-LINE and transferred automatically via backing
file to the other programs in the suite when they are used as post-processors to AQWA-LINE. More details
may be found in the AQWA-LINE manual in the corresponding section.
When AQWA-FER is used independently, the linear hydrostatic stiffness matrix is required as input data.
Note that although this matrix is termed 'linear hydrostatic', a matrix may be input which includes other
linear stiffness terms. However, the user is advised to consider other linear stiffness terms as
ADDITIONAL stiffness. These can be modelled separately as described in the following section.
4.7.2 Additional Linear Stiffness
The additional linear stiffness is so called to distinguish between the linear hydrostatic stiffness calculated
by AQWA-LINE (or from any other source) and linear stiffness terms from any other mechanism. As this
stiffness matrix is transferred automatically from backing file when AQWA-FER is used as a
post-processor, the following notes refer to AQWA-FER when used as an independent program.
Although all terms in the additional linear stiffness can be included in the hydrostatic stiffness matrix, the
user is advised to model the two separately. The most common reasons for an additional stiffness model are:
- modelling facilities for a particular mechanism are not available in the AQWA suite
- the hydrostatic stiffness matrix is incomplete
- the user wishes to investigate the sensitivity of the analysis to changes in the linear stiffness matrix
N.B. This facility does not REPLACE, but complements, the stiffness due to mooring lines (if present), as
AQWA-FER includes the mooring line stiffness in its calculations of the total system stiffness matrix.
In practice, only in unusual applications will the user find it necessary to consider the modelling of
additional linear stiffness.

4.8 WAVE FREQUENCIES AND DIRECTIONS
The wave frequencies and directions are those at which the wave loading, current and wind coefficients are
defined and, as they are transferred automatically from backing file when AQWA-FER is used as a
post-processor, the following notes refer to AQWA-FER when used as an independent program.
These coefficients, which are required as input data (further details may be found in the following sections)
are dependent on frequency and/or direction. A range of frequencies and directions is therefore required as
input data, which are those at which these coefficients are defined.
There are only two criteria for the values of the frequencies and directions which may be summarised as
follows:
1 The extreme values must be chosen to adequately define the coefficients at those frequencies where
wave energy in the spectra chosen (see Section 4.14) is significant and at all possible directions of the
subsequent response analysis. If geometric symmetry has been specified (see Section 4.3.3 of the
AQWA Reference Manual) only those directions for the defined quadrants are required.
2 Sufficient values are used to adequately describe the variation of these coefficients over the required
frequency and direction range.

Clearly, if either of these criteria is violated, approximate results will be obtained. Where possible the
program will indicate this accordingly. However, this should not be relied on, as anticipation of the
intentions of the user is not usually possible.

4.9 WAVE LOADING COEFFICIENTS
The wave loading coefficients are calculated by AQWA-LINE and transferred automatically from backing
file when AQWA-FER is used as a post-processor. Thus, the following notes refer to AQWA-FER when
used as an independent program.
The terms in the equation of motion which must be modelled (see Section 4.2 and equations 4.2.1/2/3) are:
C(h) = Hydrodynamic damping matrix
F(t) = External simple harmonic forces on the system
The external forces may be written as three components i.e.
F(t) = F(d) + F(k) + F(2)
where
F(d) = Diffraction forces
F(k) = Froude Krylov forces
F(2) = Second order wave drift forces
The wave frequency added mass and radiation damping are frequency dependent and the external forces
vary with both frequency and direction (see previous section for details of the frequencies and directions).
The solution of the significant motions (and hence tension) involves the integration of the response spectra
over a frequency range from zero to infinity. The wave loading model must therefore represent these wave
loading parameters for frequencies ZERO TO INFINITY. In practice this means:
For wave frequency motion - The added mass and damping matrices are required for the range of
frequencies and the diffraction and Froude Krylov forces are required at the same range of
frequencies and for the range of directions.
For drift frequency motion - A single added mass and damping matrix are required which
approximate to the values of added mass and damping for low frequency motions which normally
include those at drift frequency. The drift forces are calculated by AQWA-FER from the drift
coefficients, which are defined for the range of frequencies and directions.

The user is advised always to include the low frequency added mass and damping matrices, even if wave
frequency motions only are expected. If drift frequency added mass and damping are not defined, the
program will assume default values of zero, which may give rise to very small values on interpolation at the
lower frequencies. If any damping values are below a prescribed limit, AQWA-FER will reset these where
necessary to continue the analysis with the appropriate warning messages.
If they are unknown, then the added mass values corresponding to those at the lowest frequency known
should be used. The damping matrix, however, cannot be approximated in this way, as the hydrodynamic
mechanism which produces the damping at low frequency is due NOT ONLY to radiation damping but also
to a more complex mechanism, which may depend on several parameters, including the wave spectra.

4.10 WIND AND CURRENT LOADING COEFFICIENTS
The wind and current loading coefficients are required to model the forces and moments on the structure
due to wind and current. These forces are proportional to the square of the velocity and produce terms for
steady forces, stiffness and damping.
In time history simulation (AQWA-DRIFT/NAUT) all these terms are included together by converting the
effects of stiffness and damping through the displacement and velocity respectively to give a total force
acting on the structure at any time during the simulation.
In the calculation of equilibrium position and stability analysis (by AQWA-LIBRIUM) the effect of the
steady forces is to change the equilibrium position, which in turn may change the stiffness of any non-linear
mechanism present (e.g. catenaries, hydrostatic stiffness). The effect of wind and current stiffness (i.e. rate
of change of wind and current force with yaw) will directly affect both the equilibrium position and
stability. The wind and current damping has no effect on the static stability calculations.
In AQWA-FER the change in non-linear stiffness through the change in position must be considered if these
changes are significant. The stiffness of the wind and current is calculated by AQWA-FER automatically.
Note that this stiffness may be neglected for wave frequency motions but this may give poor results for drift
frequency motions.
This stiffness K(a), may be approximated by:

where
K(a12) = the stiffness at a yaw angle of a12
a12 = (a1+a2)/2
a1 = angle in radians/sec
a2 = angle in radians/sec
F(wc1) = Wind/current force at a1
F(wc2) = Wind/current force at a2
a1-a2 = A 'small' angle. The expression becomes exact as the angle approaches zero
The effect of wind and current damping on the wave frequency motions is usually small (compared with the
radiation damping) but may have a very significant effect on the drift motions.

4.11 THRUSTER FORCES
Thruster forces only affect the frequency domain solution through the change in equilibrium position which,
in turn, may change the stiffness of any non-linear mechanism present. The thruster stiffness (i.e. change in
thruster force with position) is neglected. This is usually a good approximation for wave frequency motions
but if calculations show that this is not a valid approximation for drift frequency motion, the user may model
this as an additional stiffness (Section 4.7.2) (see also AQWA-DRIFT/ LIBRIUM/NAUT manuals).
4.12 CONSTRAINTS ON STRUCTURE MOTIONS
It is quite common in the analysis of floating systems to have one or more singular degrees of freedom
causing failure in the solution of the equations. For the majority of floating systems, the program checks and
removes these degrees of freedom such that the global stiffness matrix, K, becomes non-singular, and the
displacements in the singular coordinates are zero. However, for more complicated systems the user can
constrain directly specific degrees of freedom. This is achieved by assigning the relevant d.o.f. to a zero
displacement.
4.13 STRUCTURAL ARTICULATIONS
AQWA also allows structures to be connected by articulated joints. These constraints do not permit
relative translation of the two structures but allow relative rotational movement in a number of ways
that can be defined by the user. See the Aqwa Reference Manual for full details.
4.14 WAVE SPECTRA, WIND AND CURRENT SPECIFICATION
The user may specify one or more spectra, wind and current speed and their associated directions. For the
majority of applications, specification is straight forward and no knowledge of the way in which the spectra
are used in each program is required. The two rules for specification of the spectra are:
1 The value of the spectral ordinate at the beginning and end of the frequency range should
be small. If the values are not small only part of the spectrum has effectively been
specified.
2 The frequency defining the lower range of the spectrum must be smaller than the
lowest frequency specified in Deck 6 as the frequency at the lower end of the range is
used as an upper limit to the drift motions and a lower limit to the wave frequency
motions.


4.15 MOORING LINES
4.15.1 Linear/Non-Linear Elastic Hawsers
Mooring line properties are determined by their unstretched lengths, end nodes on respective bodies and
their load/extension characteristics. For linear mooring lines, the line stiffness (load per unit extension) is
required. For non-linear mooring lines the program permits up to a fifth order polynomial in displacement to
approximate the elastic property of the load/extension curve (see also equation 4.15.1 in the AQWA
Reference Manual).
(4.15.1)
where
P = the line tension
E = the extension
a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
4.15.2 Constant Tension Winch Line
= the coefficients
The use of a higher order polynomial than necessary could lead to erroneous negative stiffness while a
lower order fit could be perfectly adequate. It is always useful to check the polynomial fit prior to its use as
input data. Note that the second coefficient is usually a good approximation to the linear stiffness for small
extensions.
The winch line is characterised by its constant tension, attachment points and an 'unstretched length'. The
attachment points are specified by nodes and determine the direction of the constant tension. The
'unstretched length' allows the line to go slack when the distance between the end points is less than it. If the
user requires constant tension at all times, a zero unstretched length may be input.
4.15.3 Constant Force Line
The program allows the user to input a force of constant magnitude and direction. The direction of the force
is specified by any node on the body and a second node chosen such that the force vector is directed from
node 1 to node 2. Once the direction is defined, the program maintains the magnitude and direction despite
movement of the body. This facility can be used to input environmental forces where details of the forces
(e.g. wind coefficients) are not available.

4.15.4 Composite Catenary Line
The catenary model admits inelastic, heavy catenary lines. Current drag on the line itself is only included in
an analysis including cable dynamics. The line is specified by the end nodes, length, weight in air per unit
length and equivalent cross sectional area. The equivalent cross sectional area is numerically equal to the
volume of water displaced by a unit length of the chain.
The user may specify maximum tension in the line and possible highest and lowest vertical relative
positions between two attachment pointsThe program evaluates the line tension and stiffness. The program
allows the line to lift off the sea bed (i.e. the tangent to the line at the anchor has non-zero slope) up to the
point where the line tension exceeds a user specified or default maximum.
AQWA admits catenary mooring lines between a body and the sea-bed or between two bodies. The sea-bed
may slope except when cable dynamics are included.
(4.15.2)
4.16 ITERATION PARAMETERS FOR SOLUTION OF EQUILIBRIUM (AQWA-LIBRIUM
ONLY)
These are not applicable to AQWA-FER (see AQWA-LIBRIUM manual).
4.17 TIME HISTORY INTEGRATION IN IRREGULAR WAVES (AQWA-DRIFT ONLY)
This is not applicable to AQWA-FER (see AQWA-DRIFT manual).
4.18 TIME HISTORY INTEGRATION IN REGULAR WAVES (AQWA-NAUT ONLY)
This is not applicable to AQWA-FER (see AQWA-NAUT manual).
4.19 SPECIFICATION OF OUTPUT REQUIREMENTS
See options list in Appendix A.
Care must be exercised in
the description of the
catenary line such that the
line is not lying
horizontally and
AQWAFER User Manual 02 Analysis Procedure

CHAPTER 5 - ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
This chapter assumes that the user is familiar with the physics of the analysis and how one is expected to
model the structure in its environment. It also deals with the methodology associated with running the
program and links the modelling requirements of the previous chapter with the stages of analysis necessary
to solve a given type of problem.
This involves classification of the types of problem and details of the required program runs. The stages
within each program run are identified together with the options used.

5.1 TYPES OF ANALYSIS
The types of problem shown below can be solved by an AQWA-FER analysis and are the same whether
AQWA-FER is used independently or as a post-processor to AQWA-LINE.

a. Calculation of wave frequency RAOs for uncoupled moored structures.
b. Calculation of natural frequencies for the moored system of structures for various configurations.
c. Calculation of wave frequency RAOs for coupled moored structures.
d. Calculation of significant motions and tensions for the system due to wave frequency excitation.
e. Calculation of significant motions and tensions for the system due to drift frequency excitation.
f. Calculation of significant motions and tensions for the system due to wave frequency and drift
frequency excitation combined.

All the above are controlled by user options and may be requested in any combination.
Note that the calculation of free floating RAOs and free floating natural frequencies is considered an
integral part of the data checking process, which is automatically carried out and printed unless the user
specifically requests that this should not be included.

5.2 RESTART STAGES
All programs in the AQWA suite have the facility of running one or more stages of the analysis separately.
These stages are referred to in the documentation as RESTART STAGES (see AQWA Reference Manual
Section 2.2).
Use of the restart process implies that information is available on a backing file from a previous AQWA
suite program run and not via the normal card image file. This process is also used to transfer information
from one program to another program in the AQWA suite.

These stages are :

Stage 1 - Geometric definition and static environment;
Stage 2 - Input of the diffraction/radiation analysis parameters;
Stage 3 - The diffraction/radiation analysis;
Stage 4 - Input of the analysis environment;
Stage 5 - Motion analysis;

As Stage 3 has no direct calculations in programs other than AQWA-LINE, the programs will 'correct' a
request to finish at Stage 2 to one to finish at Stage 3. This remains transparent and requires no action by the
user.

5.3 STAGES OF ANALYSIS
An analysis using AQWA-FER independently requires the following steps (1-7) to replace the calculation
and data input in AQWA-LINE.
1. Select a consistent set of units.
2. Identify the geometric and material data for the body or bodies.
3. List all relevant co-ordinates.
4. Specify one or more point masses to represent the mass and mass inertia of each of the structures.
5. Specify the hydrostatic stiffness together with the position at which the sum of the gravity and
hydrostatic forces is zero.
6. Specify the wave diffraction/radiation coefficients and the frequencies and directions at which they
are defined for each structure.
7. Specify the wave drift coefficients if drift motions are significant for each structure. The following
preparation (8-14) is required for AQWA-FER used independently or as a post processor to
AQWA-LINE.
8. Determine mooring line properties.
9. Prepare coefficients for wind and current drag for each structure.
10. Specify the wave damping and added mass applicable to low frequency motion for each structure.
11. Specify equilibrium positions for each spectrum and mooring line combinations.
12. Create a data file.
13. Perform a DATA run (i.e. with the DATA option switched on) which will provide preliminary checks
on the card image data file.
14. After a successful DATA run, select mode of analysis on the first card of the data file (wave
motion/drift motion/both) and re-run with the restart option (restart Stage 5).
AQWAFER User Manual 02 Data Requirement and Preparation

CHAPTER 6 - DATA REQUIREMENT AND PREPARATION
This chapter describes the form in which data is expected by the program and is intended as a detailed list of
the data requirements and general format for each type of analysis that may be performed when running
AQWA-FER. The detailed format may be found in the AQWA Reference Manual. It also uses the concept
of the card image deck which is a section of two or more records into which the card image input is divided.
It assumes that the user is familiar with this concept, details of which may also be found in the AQWA
Reference Manual.
A summary of all possible data that may be input is listed together with a summary for various forms of
analysis. In this latter case, an input data summary is given where the more unusual facilities have been
omitted.
Most data requirements listed are optional unless specified otherwise and if not input the program defaults
are used. These defaults may be found together with the detailed format description in the AQWA
Reference Manual.

6.0 ADMINISTRATION CONTROL - DECK 0 - PRELIMINARY DECK
This deck is always required when performing AQWA program analysis runs. The information input relates
directly to the administration of the job being performed and the control of the AQWA program being used.
Program Control has the following functions:
- identification of the program to be used within the AQWA suite
- the type of program analysis to be performed (if choice exists)
- the analysis stage to be performed (i.e. restart stages)
Administration of the analysis being performed:
- user title identification given to the analysis;
- choice of output required from program run (i.e. program options).
The above information is input to the program through the following cards contained in Deck 0:
JOB Card - This contains information stating the program to be used, the type of program
analysis to be undertaken and the user identifier for the run in question.
TITLE Card - This lets the user prescribe a title for the run.
OPTIONS Card - Various program options are available within the AQWA suite which are common
to all programs while others are for use with specific programs. The options within
AQWA-FER control the type of output required from the program and the restart
stages of analysis to be performed (see Appendix A).
RESTART Card - If the restart option is used, then the start and finish stages of the analysis must be
prescribed via the restart card.
For complete details of the above card formats, see the AQWA Reference Manual. For a list of options for
use within AQWA-FER, see Appendix A.
One option commonly used is the DATA option and it is worth noting its purpose. The DATA option
performs Stages 1 to 4 of an AQWA-FER analysis. This means that all information relating to the analysis is
read in, allowing all data checking to be performed. After the user is satisfied with the data then the motion
analysis can be undertaken by restarting the program at Stage 5.

6.1 STAGE 1 - DECKS 1 TO 5 GEOMETRIC DEFINITION AND STATIC ENVIRONMENT
Input to Stage 1 of the analysis is only necessary if the restart stage at which the analysis begins is Stage 1
(see Chapter 5 for details). If the restart stage is greater than Stage 1, there is no input for Stage 1 of the
analysis.
6.1.1 Description Summary of Physical Parameters Input
The data input in these decks relates to the description of each structure and the environment, which
normally remains unchanged throughout the analysis. This includes any point referenced on or surrounding
the structure, the mass inertia, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic model and the (constant) water depth, i.e.
- the coordinates of any point on the structure or its surrounding referenced by any other deck
- point mass element description of the mass distribution - a table of masses associated with each point
mass
- a table of inertias associated with each point mass - the depth and density of the water and
acceleration due to gravity
The data requirements of each program are not the same and may also be dependent on the type of analysis
performed. These requirements are listed in detail in the later sections of this chapter.
6.1.2 Description of General Format
The input format of these decks is designed to provide checking on the data for the average user and outputs
a suitable message to inform the user if the instructions for data preparation have been misinterpreted or are
unusual. When running data for the first time, it is recommended that the PRCE (PRint Card Echo) option is
used (see Appendix A), as the data input in these decks (1-5) is not echoed automatically. The user may then
check the results before proceeding to Stage 2 of the analysis.

6.1.3 Data Input Summary for Decks 1 to 5

The above information is required before an AQWA-FER frequency domain calculation can be performed.
The format of the information contained within Decks 1 to 5 may be found in the AQWA Reference
Manual.

Deck 1 - The coordinates of points describing elements
- The coordinates of the mooring line attachment points
- The coordinates of any points whose position or motions are requested by the user
specified options
Deck 2 - Elements used to model mass distribution of body
Deck 3 - A table of masses associated with each point mass
Deck 4 - A table of inertias associated with each point mass
Deck 5 - Static environmental parameters i.e. the depth and density of the water and
acceleration due to gravity

6.2 STAGE 2 - DECKS 6 TO 8 - THE DIFFRACTION/RADIATION ANALYSIS
PARAMETERS
Input to Stage 2 of the analysis is only necessary if the restart stage at which the analysis begins is Stage 1 or
2 (see Chapter 5). If the restart stage is greater than Stage 2 there is NO INPUT for Stage 2 of the analysis.
6.2.1 Description Summary of Physical Parameters Input
The data input in these decks relate, for a range of frequencies and directions, to the equation of motion of a
diffracting structure in regular waves, namely:

The parameters in the equation of motion are:
K = Linear stiffness matrix with associated values of the buoyancy force at equilibrium and
the depth below the still water level of the centre of gravity at equilibrium
and, for each frequency
*

M(a) = Added mass matrix
C = Radiation damping matrix
and, for each frequency and each direction
X = Response (RAOs)
F(d) = Diffraction forces
F(k) = Froude Krylov forces
F(2) = Drift forces
*
Note that the drift added mass/damping is input in Stage 4.

6.2.2 Description of General Format
The input format and restrictions in these decks are designed to provide maximum cross-checking on the
data input when the more advanced facilities are used. This ensures that the program is able to output a
suitable message to inform the user that the instructions for data preparation have been misinterpreted. In
any event, the interpretation of the data input in these decks is output automatically, in order that the user
may check the results before proceeding to the next stage of the analysis.
For AQWA-FER, these parameters are read from backing file automatically or may be input manually. In
the latter case, the range of frequencies and directions specified are those at which these parameters are to be
input within these decks.
6.2.3 Total Data Input Summary for Decks 6 to 8
Deck 6 - A range of frequencies
- A range of directions
- Details relating to alterations of the results of a previous run
Deck 7 (all the data in deck 7 are optional if the relevant values are imported from other source)
- Linear hydrostatic stiffness matrix
- Additional stiffness matrix (usually not required)
- The buoyancy force at equilibrium
- Added mass matrix
- Additional mass matrix (usually not required)
- Radiation damping matrix
- Additional linear damping matrix (usually not required)
- Diffraction forces
- Froude Krylov forces
- Response motions (RAOs. For checking only)
Deck 8 (all the data in deck 8 are optional if the relevant values are imported from other source)
- Second order drift forces

It is unusual for all the data above to be required for any particular analysis in which case the user simply
omits the data which is not applicable. The following sections show the required data input for the available
modes of analysis.

6.2.4 Input for AQWA-FER Using the Results of a Previous AQWA-LINE Run
If there are no changes to the results from a previous AQWA-LINE run, all the data is read automatically
from the backing file and this stage is completely omitted, i.e. these decks are not required at all and must be
removed from the card image data deck as the analysis is restarted at the beginning of Stage 4.
Deck 6 to 8 -No input required
6.2.5 Input for AQWA-FER With Results from a Source Other than AQWA-LINE
Although the parameters calculated by AQWA-LINE can be transferred automatically to other programs in
the AQWA suite, this is NOT mandatory. This means that if the backing file produced by an AQWA-LINE
run is NOT available, e.g. the user wishes to input values from a source other than AQWA-LINE he may do
so in these decks.
All data appropriate to the analysis summarised in Section 6.2.3 may then be input in card image format.
The exact input will depend on the type of analysis and the particular structure analysed.
Typically, input data required is as follows:
(a) For a run analysing the wave frequency motion only
Deck 7 - Linear stiffness matrix
- Added mass matrix
Deck 8 - No input required, enter NONE for the deck header
(b) For a run analysing the drift motions only

Deck 8 - Second order drift forces

(c) For a run analysing both wave frequency and drift motions
- Added mass matrix
Deck 8 - Second order drift forces

6.2.6 Input for AQWA-FER with Results from a Previous AQWA-LINE Run and a Source
Other than AQWA-LINE
The new user is advised to ignore this facility
If the user wishes to APPEND to or CHANGE the parameters calculated by a previous AQWA-LINE run
for the present analysis, this is achieved by simply using the card image input as described in the previous
section, in addition to reading the results from a previous AQWA-LINE run. As the program does not
expect a backing file from AQWA-LINE to exist at Stage 2 of the analysis, the ALDB option must be used
in the options list (see Appendix A) to indicate that it exists and must be read. Using this option means that
Decks 6 though 8 are read twice, once from the AQWA-line backing file, and once from the card
image deck.
Alternatively, use FILE/CSTR/CPDB cards in deck 6 to copy the hydrodynamic data from a backing file
(*.HYD) from a previous run in order to DUPLICATE the data base for the structure indicated by the
deck header (see AQWA-Reference 4.6.7).
To APPEND to the parameters calculated in a previous run, additional frequencies which differ from those
existing may be input in Deck 6 together with values of the appropriate frequency-dependent parameters in
Decks 7 and 8 at these additional frequencies. Note that as all parameters are defined for a unique range of
directions, these directions may not be re-defined.
To CHANGE the parameters calculated in a previous run, these parameters are simply input in Decks 7 and
8 and, depending on the type of input, (see individual deck sections in the AQWA Reference Manual), the
parameters will be either overwritten with the input values or become the sum of input values and original
values.
6.3 STAGE 3 - NO INPUT DATA - DIFFRACTION/RADIATION ANALYSIS
There is no input for Stage 3 in AQWA-FER, as this stage corresponds to the diffraction/radiation analysis,
which has either been performed in AQWA-LINE or the values have been input by the user from a source
other than AQWA-LINE, i.e. when the program is used independently.

6.4 STAGE 4 - DECKS 9 to 18 - INPUT OF THE ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENT
Input for Stage 4 of the analysis is only necessary if the restart stage at which the analysis begins is Stage 1
to 4 (see Chapter 5). If the restart stage is greater than Stage 4 there is NO INPUT for Stage 4 of the analysis.
6.4.1 Description of Parameters Input
The data input in these decks relates to the description of the analysis environment and the structure
coefficients associated with the environment.

Drift frequency added mass and damping If drift motions are required from the analysis, it is
mandatory to input the added mass and damping
associated with the low frequency motion, which is
assumed constant. These coefficients should also be input
for wave frequency analysis (see Section 4.9)

Wind and current loading coefficients These coefficients, which are defined at the directions
specified in Deck 6 are associated with the hull forces
proportional to the square of the wind and current
velocity. They are required even though a steady force has
no direct effect on motions. These coefficients contribute
indirectly to the stiffness matrix (i.e. rate of change of
wind and current force with yaw). Wind damping also has
a significant effect on drift motions. Current damping is
ignored (see Section 4.10).

Constraints Degrees of freedom can be deactivated by specifying the
structure and freedom. This sets the relevant d.o.f to zero
displacement. Structures can be connected by articulated
joints. These do not permit relative translation of the two
structures, but allow relative rotational movement in an
number of ways that can be defined by the user.

Wave spectra, wind and current The sea state is defined by a wave spectrum together with
its wind and current (see Section 4.14).

Mooring lines The physical characteristics and attachment points of
mooring lines, hawsers and tethers may be input if
required (see Section 4.15).

Equilibrium positions The position of each structure must be specified for each
mooring line and spectrum combination required to be
analysed. The position may input directly or it is possible
to automatically transfer the equilibrium position from a
previous AQWA-LIBRIUM analysis, using the RDEP
option.


Additional output items There is a default set of results output by AQWA-FER<
but additional results can be requested.


6.4.2 AQWA-FER data input summary for Decks 9 to 18
Deck 9 - Low frequency added mass
Low frequency damping

Deck 10 - Wind loading coefficients
Current loading coefficients

Deck 11 - Constant wind and current. Not used in AQWA-FER.

Deck 12 - Degrees of freedom of structure which are to be deactivated. Constraints between
structures.

Deck 13 - Wind speed and direction for each wave spectrum
Current speed and direction for each wave spectrum
Description of the wave and/or wind spectra

Deck 14 - Description of each mooring line combination

Deck 15 - Equilibrium positions for each spectrum and mooring line combination required to
be analysed

Deck 16 - No input required

Deck 17 - No input required

Deck 18 - Node numbers of those positions for which the significant motions are required

It is unusual for all the data above to be required for any particular analysis, in which case the user simply
omits the data which is not applicable. Note also that other data may not be required as a consequence of
omissions e.g. current loading coefficients are not required if the current speed is omitted or input as zero.
6.5 STAGE 5 - NO INPUT DATA - MOTION ANALYSIS
Stage 5 is the motion analysis stage only and therefore requires no data.

AQWAFER User Manual 02 Description of Output

CHAPTER 7 - DESCRIPTION OF OUTPUT
This chapter describes the comprehensive program output provided by AQWA-FER. The various program
stages perform different types of analyses and the output for each stage of analysis is described in detail in
the following sections.

7.1 STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION OF BODY CHARACTERISTICS
This information is only output when starting at Stage 1, or when the PRDL option is used to print the
information from the backing file.
7.1.1 Coordinates and Mass Distribution Elements
Note that the body's surface geometry is not used in AQWA-FER. Only the mass characteristics are input.
These, together with coordinates referenced by later decks, are input in Decks 1 to 4 (see Section 6.1). These
data decks define the following parameters (see AQWA Reference Manual):

- Node numbers and positions
- Elements used to model the body
- Material properties of the various elements
- Geometry group properties of the elements

The information received by AQWA-FER to define the mass distribution body characteristics is output for
checking and the body's resultant centre of mass and inertia matrix are also output. The nodal coordinates
are output in the Fixed Reference Axes and the format is shown in Figure 7.1.

Figure 7.1 - Nodal Coordinate Output
* * * * C O O R D I N A T E D A T A * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

INPUT NODE

SEQUENCE NO. X Y Z
----------------------------------------------

1 1 45.000 -45.000 0.000
2 2 22.500 -45.000 0.000
3 3 0.000 -45.000 0.000
4 11 45.000 -45.000 -20.000
5 12 22.500 -45.000 -20.000
6 13 0.000 -45.000 -20.000
7 21 45.000 -45.000 -40.000


Following the nodal coordinates, each point mass's topology is output as seen in Figure 7.2. Each structure
is numbered 1, 2, 3 etc, which corresponds to the order in which they are input, which appears in the title of
the output.
It is also worth noting that this element topology output may be enhanced by more detailed information.
This is obtained by using the PPEL program option (i.e. Print Properties of ELements).

Figure 7.2 -Element Topology Output
The body topology output references the material group number which has a mass or density value
associated with it. The material group numbers are output as shown in Figure 7.3.

Figure 7.3 - Material Property Output

* * * * E L E M E N T T O P O L O G Y F O R S T R U C T U R E 1 * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

E L E M E N T NODE NODE NODE NODE MATERIAL GEOMETRY

NUMBER TYPE NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 QPPL 1 2 12 11 0 0
2 QPPL 11 12 22 21 0 0
3 QPPL 21 22 32 31 0 0
4 QPPL 31 32 42 41 0 0

16 PMAS 999 0 0 0 1 1

* * * * M A T E R I A L P R O P E R T I E S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

MATERIAL
GROUP
NUMBER DENSITY/PARAM 1 PARAM 2 PARAM 3
-----------------------------------------------------
1 3.3210E+08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

The topology output also references the geometry group numbers used by the user. Each geometry group
has an inertia tensor associated with it. The geometry group numbers and the inertias specified for each
group are output as shown in Figure 7.4. Here the point mass element has six geometric parameters which
are the prescribed inertia values. It is also seen that the localised element drag and added mass coefficients
are also printed. This is in anticipation of the inclusion of other elements which will be implemented in the
future.

Figure 7.4 - Geometric Property Output
* * * * G E O M E T R I C P R O P E R T I E S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

GEOMETRY

INPUT GROUP ELEMENT G E O M E T R I C P A R A M E T E R N U M B E R
SEQUENCE NO. TYPE 1 2 3 4

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 1 PMAS 3.6253E+11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.4199E+11

(output line continued below)

DRAG ADDED MASS

COEFFICIENT COEFFICIENT

5 6 C C
D A
--------------------------------------------------

0.0000E+00 3.5991E+11 0.00 0.00

The program, having accepted the user prescribed point mass description of the structure, now outputs the
total resultant mass and inertia characteristics of the first body being modelled. An example of output is
shown in Figure 7.5. The coordinates of the centre of gravity are with respect to the Fixed Reference Axes
used in defining the body and the inertia matrix is about the centre of gravity of the particular body. The
types and total number of elements used to model the structure are output.

Figure 7.5 - Resultant Mass and Inertia

* * * * * MASS AND INERTIA PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURE 1 * * * * *
---------------------------------------------------

NUMBER
OF
ELEMENT TYPE ELEMENTS MASS WEIGHT
------------ -------- ---- ------

PMAS 1 3.3210E+08 3.2566E+09

QPPL 60 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

------------------------------------------------------------------

T O T A L 61 3.3210E+08 3.2566E+09

------------------------------------------------------------------

X Y Z
------------------------------------

CENTRE OF GRAVITY 0.000 0.000 -10.620

INERTIA MATRIX 3.625E+11 0.000E+00 0.000E+00

0.000E+00 3.420E+11 0.000E+00

0.000E+00 0.000E+00 3.599E+11

7.2 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
The environmental parameters within AQWA-FER consist only of fluid depth and density information
relating to the regular waves. The static environment is output as shown in Figure 7.6 and is seen to contain
the fluid depth and density. Note that the gravitational acceleration is also output.
This information is only output when starting at Stage 1, or when the PRDL option is used to echo the
information from the restart file.

Figure 7.6 - Global Parameters
The wave environment is now to be output and AQWA-FER may have up to ten wave frequencies/periods
and ten associated wave directions for each body in the analysis. The output summary of wave frequencies
and directions is shown for Structure 1 in Figure 7.7.
The output also shows details of other wave related parameters:

- Wave number, i.e. 2.0 * B/(wavelength)
- Maximum element size (applicable to AQWA-LINE/NAUT)
- Depth ratio

The final piece of information given in Figure 7.7 relates to the frequency dependent parameters (i.e. added
mass, etc). If these parameters have not already been input for certain frequencies, then these frequencies
are listed as having undefined parameters.
* * * * G L O B A L P A R A M E T E R S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

WATER DEPTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = 250.000

DENSITY OF WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . = 1025.000

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY . . . . . . . . = 9.806

This information is only output when starting at Stage 1 or 2, or when the PRDL option is used to
echo the information from the restart file.

Figure 7.7 - Wave Parameters
* * * * W A V E F R E Q U E N C I E S / P E R I O D S A N D D I R E C T I O N S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STRUCTURE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY PERIOD WAVE WAVE MAX ELEM DEPTH RATIO PARAMETERS
(RAD/SEC) (HERTZ) (SECONDS) NUMBER LENGTH SIZE D/L K*D
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 0.34907 0.05556 18.00 0.01247 503.68 71.96 0.50 3.12
2 0.36960 0.05882 17.00 0.01396 450.19 64.31 0.56 3.49
3 0.38080 0.06061 16.50 0.01481 424.38 60.63 0.59 3.70
4 0.39270 0.06250 16.00 0.01574 399.23 57.03 0.63 3.93
5 0.41888 0.06667 15.00 0.01790 351.06 50.15 0.71 4.47
6 0.44880 0.07143 14.00 0.02054 305.87 43.70 0.82 5.14
7 0.52360 0.08333 12.00 0.02796 224.74 32.11 1.11 6.99
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DIRECTIONS 1 2 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.00 45.00 90.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7.3 DESCRIPTION OF FLUID LOADINGS
The output detailing the various fluid loadings will now be described and this is done by way of the different
categories of loading.
This information is only output when starting at Stage 1 or 2, or when the PRDL option is used to echo the
information from the restart file.
7.3.1 Hydrostatic Stiffness
The hydrostatic stiffness matrix output by AQWA-FER when printing from backing file is in the analysis
position used in AQWA-LINE for the diffraction/radiation analysis. If used independently, the stiffness
matrix output is the sum of the (hydrostatic) stiffness and the additional stiffness input by the user.
7.3.2 Added Mass and Wave Damping
The added mass and wave damping are functions of wave frequency and are therefore output for all
specified values of frequency or period. The added mass and wave damping are expressed in matrix form
and Figure 7.8 shows a typical added mass matrix for body 1 at a single frequency. (Wave damping is output
in a similar fashion). Summary tables of variation of added mass and wave damping with wave
frequency/period are also output.

Figure 7.8 - Added Mass Matrix Output
* * * * H Y D R O D Y N A M I C P A R A M E T E R S F O R S T R U C T U R E 1 * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

WAVE PERIOD = 12.000 WAVE FREQUENCY = 0.5236

ADDED MASS
-----------

X Y Z RX RY RZ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

X 1.3627E+08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -8.1404E+08 0.0000E+00

Y 0.0000E+00 1.3627E+08 0.0000E+00 8.1404E+08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

Z 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.2293E+08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RX 0.0000E+00 7.8353E+08 0.0000E+00 8.6014E+10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RY -7.8353E+08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.6014E+10 0.0000E+00

RZ 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.3341E+11

7.3.3 Oscillatory Wave Excitation Forces
The wave loading output from AQWA-LINE is presented in tabular form for all the directions and
frequencies specified by the user. The output gives the variation of wave force/moment with frequency for
each direction (see Figure 7.9). Output is also given with the wave force/moment varying with direction for
each frequency.
The wave forces/moments are output in terms of amplitude and phase. The phase is related to the incident
wave form (see Section 4.3.2 and the AQWA Reference Manual). The wave forces/moments are divided
into their various components and output in terms of the following:
- Froude-Krylov forces/moments
- Diffraction forces/moments
- Total wave forces/moments
(Figure 7.9 shows only the Froude-Krylov component)



Figure 7.9 - Froude Krylov Forces/Moments
* * * * H Y D R O D Y N A M I C P A R A M E T E R S F O R S T R U C T U R E 1
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

FROUDE KRYLOV FORCES-VARIATION WITH WAVE PERIOD/FREQUENCY
---------------------------------------------------------
PERIOD FREQ DIRECTION X Y Z
------ ----- --------- ------------------------------------------------------
( SECS)(RAD/S)(DEGREES) AMP PHASE AMP PHASE AMP PHASE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

18.00 0.349 0.00 3.03E+07 -90.00 1.25E+00 4.29 4.72E+07 0.00
17.00 0.370 3.25E+07 -90.00 5.74E-01 -150.64 4.38E+07 0.00
16.50 0.381 3.36E+07 -90.00 7.50E-01 180.00 4.20E+07 0.00
16.00 0.393 3.48E+07 -90.00 2.01E+00 4.47 4.01E+07 0.00
15.00 0.419 3.71E+07 -90.00 7.50E-01 0.00 3.59E+07 0.00
14.00 0.449 3.91E+07 -90.00 6.73E-01 -111.80 3.12E+07 0.00
12.00 0.524 4.09E+07 -90.00 5.59E-01 26.57 2.05E+07 0.00

18.00 0.349 45.00 2.15E+07 -90.00 2.15E+07 -90.00 4.72E+07 0.00
17.00 0.370 2.30E+07 -90.00 2.30E+07 -90.00 4.39E+07 0.00
16.50 0.381 2.38E+07 -90.00 2.38E+07 -90.00 4.20E+07 0.00
16.00 0.393 2.47E+07 -90.00 2.47E+07 -90.00 4.01E+07 0.00
15.00 0.419 2.63E+07 -90.00 2.63E+07 -90.00 3.59E+07 0.00
14.00 0.449 2.78E+07 -90.00 2.78E+07 -90.00 3.13E+07 0.00
12.00 0.524 2.94E+07 -90.00 2.94E+07 -90.00 2.06E+07 0.00

RX RY RZ
-----------------------------------------------------
AMP PHASE AMP PHASE AMP PHASE
-----------------------------------------------------

1.22E+01 -170.54 1.34E+08 -90.00 2.24E+01 -26.57
4.00E+01 -0.72 1.39E+08 -90.00 1.41E+01 81.87
1.00E+01 -36.87 1.41E+08 -90.00 1.72E+01 125.54
6.18E+00 -165.96 1.42E+08 -90.00 2.60E+01 157.38
4.00E+00 90.00 1.44E+08 -90.00 8.94E+00 -153.43
7.81E+00 140.19 1.44E+08 -90.00 3.26E+01 -137.49
1.03E+01 -165.96 1.38E+08 -90.00 5.00E+00 -53.13

9.16E+07 90.00 9.16E+07 -90.00 4.39E+01 43.15
9.36E+07 90.00 9.36E+07 -90.00 2.72E+01 17.10
9.44E+07 90.00 9.44E+07 -90.00 1.41E+01 98.13
9.44E+07 90.00 9.44E+07 -90.00 5.81E+01 -176.05
9.41E+07 90.00 9.41E+07 -90.00 2.16E+01 56.31
9.16E+07 90.00 9.16E+07 -90.00 1.50E+01 143.13
7.80E+07 90.00 7.80E+07 -90.00 1.70E+01 90.00


7.3.4 Mean Wave Drift Forces
The mean wave drift forces and moments, expressed as functions of wave period and direction, are output as
shown in Figure 7.10. It is seen that they are given for each body and for the range of user specified
frequencies.
Note that the mean wave drift forces are a function of wave amplitude squared and are given for unit wave
amplitude.

Figure 7.10 - Mean Wave Drift Forces/Moments
* * * W A V E - D R I F T L O A D S F O R U N I T W A V E A M P L I T U D E * * 2 * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

* * * * F O R S T R U C T U R E 1 * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

FORCES FREQUENCY DIRECTION (DEGREES)
------ --------- -------------------
DUE TO (RADIANS/SEC) 0.0 45.0 90.0
------ ------------- --------------------------
DRIFT
-----
SURGE(X)
0.349 5.13E+04 3.58E+04 -2.05E-03
0.370 2.80E+05 1.97E+05 -9.08E-03
0.381 5.88E+05 4.14E+05 -5.33E-02
0.393 6.45E+05 4.54E+05 -1.01E-01
0.419 3.35E+05 2.33E+05 -5.61E-02
0.449 2.43E+05 1.60E+05 -4.76E-02
0.524 3.42E+05 1.50E+05 -6.79E-02
SWAY(Y)
0.349 -1.68E-03 3.58E+04 5.12E+04
0.370 1.40E-02 1.97E+05 2.80E+05
0.381 -4.96E-02 4.14E+05 5.88E+05
0.393 2.43E-02 4.54E+05 6.45E+05
0.419 -1.88E-02 2.33E+05 3.35E+05
0.449 2.25E-02 1.60E+05 2.43E+05
0.524 3.22E-02 1.50E+05 3.42E+05
YAW(RZ)
0.349 1.71E-01 -4.71E+03 -1.62E-02
0.370 -3.77E-01 -3.04E+03 8.05E-02
0.381 -6.28E-01 -2.40E+03 2.06E+00
0.393 -8.06E-01 -1.80E+03 -2.69E+00
0.419 -1.17E+00 -9.31E+02 -1.57E+00
0.449 -4.46E-01 -3.05E+02 -1.66E+00
0.524 -2.85E-01 4.08E+02 -1.70E+00

7.4 FREE FLOATING NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND RESPONSE AMPLITUDE
OPERATORS
7.4.1 Natural Frequencies/Periods
AQWA-FER calculates the uncoupled natural frequencies/periods for each body at each user specified
wave frequency (added mass being a function of wave frequency).
The damping values of the body motions are compared with and expressed as a percentage of critical
damping values (see Figure 7.11).

Figure 7.11 - Natural Frequencies/Periods
* * * N A T U R A L F R E Q U E N C I E S / P E R I O D S F O R S T R U C T U R E 1 * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

N.B. THESE NATURAL FREQUENCIES DO *NOT* INCLUDE STIFFNESS DUE TO MOORING LINES.

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY UNDAMPED NATURAL FREQUENCIES(RADIANS/SECOND)

NUMBER (RAD/S) SURGE(X) SWAY(Y) HEAVE(Z) ROLL(RX) PITCH(RY) YAW(RZ)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 0.349 0.000 0.000 0.380 0.233 0.239 0.000
2 0.370 0.000 0.000 0.381 0.233 0.239 0.000
3 0.381 0.000 0.000 0.382 0.233 0.239 0.000
4 0.393 0.000 0.000 0.383 0.233 0.239 0.000
5 0.419 0.000 0.000 0.384 0.233 0.239 0.000
6 0.449 0.000 0.000 0.384 0.233 0.239 0.000
7 0.524 0.000 0.000 0.383 0.233 0.239 0.000

PERIOD PERIOD UNDAMPED NATURAL PERIOD(SECONDS)

NUMBER (SECONDS) SURGE(X) SWAY(Y) HEAVE(Z) ROLL(RX) PITCH(RY) YAW(RZ)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 18.00 0.00 0.00 16.54 26.93 26.30 0.00
2 17.00 0.00 0.00 16.47 26.93 26.30 0.00
3 16.50 0.00 0.00 16.44 26.93 26.30 0.00
4 16.00 0.00 0.00 16.42 26.93 26.31 0.00
5 15.00 0.00 0.00 16.38 26.93 26.31 0.00
6 14.00 0.00 0.00 16.36 26.94 26.31 0.00
7 12.00 0.00 0.00 16.41 26.93 26.31 0.00

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY APPROXIMATE PERCENTAGE CRITICAL DAMPING

NUMBER (RAD/S) SURGE(X) SWAY(Y) HEAVE(Z) ROLL(RX) PITCH(RY) YAW(RZ)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 0.349 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.370 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 0.381 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
4 0.393 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 0 419 0 0 0 0 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0


7.4 BODY RESPONSE AMPLITUDE OPERATORS AND NATURAL FREQUENCIES
7.4.2 Response Amplitude Operators
The response amplitude operators, which are not required to calculate the wave/drift frequency motion, will
be output as zero if the user has not specified them in Deck 7, unless the user has used the CRNM option
(Calculate RAOs with No Moorings). If they are printed from an AQWA-LINE backing file, they will those
calculated in AQWA-LINE.
The output gives the variation of RAOs with frequency, for each direction. (see Figure 7.12). Output is also
given with the RAOs varying with direction, for each frequency.
The RAOs are output in terms of amplitude and phase. The phase is related to the incident wave form (see
Section 4.3.2 and the AQWA Reference Manual). All RAOs are given for unit wave amplitude.
N.B. These RAOs, which do not include the stiffness due to the mooring lines specified in Deck 14, are
labelled as 'R.A.O.S - VARIATION WITH WAVE PERIOD/ FREQUENCY' (see Figure 7.12). If
the user has used the CRAO option (Calculate RAOs) then the RAOs are appropriate to each
structure in turn with other structures held stationary and are labelled as 'RECALCULATED
R.A.O.S - VARIATION WITH WAVE PERIOD/ FREQUENCY'. This is because, in general, the
frequencies and directions for each structure are not the same and are therefore incompatible with
output in this format. RAOs for the fully coupled system are output for one direction associated with
a particular spectrum and are described in Section 7.6.



Figure 7.12 - Response Amplitude Operators
* * * H Y D R O D Y N A M I C P A R A M E T E R S F O R S T R U C T U R E 1 * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

R.A.O.S-VARIATION WITH WAVE PERIOD/FREQUENCY
--------------------------------------------
PERIOD FREQ DIRECTION X Y Z
------ ----- --------- -----------------------------------------------------
(SECS)(RAD/S)(DEGREES) AMP PHASE AMP PHASE AMP PHASE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

18.00 0.349 0.00 0.6997 88.98 0.0000 175.75 2.0823 13.11
17.00 0.370 0.6585 88.53 0.0000 12.69 3.0661 36.08
16.50 0.381 0.6357 88.22 0.0000 -14.06 3.4840 64.07
16.00 0.393 0.6114 87.83 0.0000 170.60 2.8281 97.27

18.00 0.349 45.00 0.5048 89.02 0.5046 89.02 2.0826 13.09
17.00 0.370 0.4780 88.59 0.4779 88.60 3.0668 36.06
16.50 0.381 0.4633 88.31 0.4632 88.31 3.4851 64.05
16.00 0.393 0.4479 87.96 0.4478 87.96 2.8293 97.24

18.00 0.349 90.00 0.0000 85.39 0.6994 88.98 2.0823 13.11
17.00 0.370 0.0000 69.03 0.6583 88.53 3.0661 36.08
16.50 0.381 0.0000 71.38 0.6355 88.22 3.4840 64.07
16.00 0.393 0.0000 85.57 0.6113 87.83 2.8281 97.27

RX RY RZ
----------------------------------------------------
AMP PHASE AMP PHASE AMP PHASE
----------------------------------------------------
0.0000 11.22 0.1511 89.14 0.0000 153.44
0.0000 178.82 0.1136 88.80 0.0000 -98.13
0.0000 143.56 0.0978 88.60 0.0000 -54.46
0.0000 11.27 0.0821 88.33 0.0000 -22.62

0.0877 -90.95 0.0956 89.05 0.0000 -155.11
0.0631 -91.38 0.0683 88.62 0.0000 -169.61
0.0525 -91.68 0.0567 88.32 0.0000 -166.51
0.0418 -92.11 0.0450 87.89 0.0000 10.14

0.1385 -90.86 0.0000 -9.62 0.0000 -1.87
0.1049 -91.19 0.0000 -99.12 0.0000 -173.22
0.0906 -91.40 0.0000 26.01 0.0000 -173.47
0.0762 -91.67 0.0000 -11.13 0.0000 -24.88

7.5 COUPLED NATURAL FREQUENCIES FOR THE MOORED STRUCTURE
The natural frequencies for the total system of coupled structures are output only for the first spectrum of
each mooring line combination, unless the user has specified the PRRP option (PRint Recalculated
Parameters) in which case they are printed for all spectra as, in general, the natural frequencies do not vary
substantially with different spectra. Note also that the undamped natural frequencies are only output within
the wave frequency range, and that the natural frequencies are different for each frequency/period as the
added mass and damping are frequency dependent.
Results are output for natural frequencies (see Figures) and also for natural periods.
7.5.1 Undamped Natural Frequencies
The undamped natural frequencies, as previously stated, are for the whole system of structures, including
mooring lines, and correspond to a common frequency set (that of Structure 1 is used) and common
orientation of the matrices in the equations of motion. As values of the matrices are interpolated for these
frequencies and a particular orientation, the values of undamped natural frequencies will, in general, not be
the same as those described in Section 7.4.1, even if no mooring lines are present.
The MODE numbers in Figure 7.13 will not always correspond to the freedoms of motion, i.e. modes
1,2,3,4,5,6 will not ALWAYS be surge (X), sway (Y), heave (Z), roll (RX), pitch (RY) and yaw (RZ).
However, if the freedoms are largely uncoupled in the equilibrium positions specified, a one to one
correspondence would be expected. Zero value for natural frequency means that no natural frequency exists
for that mode, e.g. when there is no stiffness.



Figure 7.13 - Undamped Natural Frequencies for the Coupled System
* * * * U N D A M P E D N A T U R A L F R E Q U E N C I E S / P E R I O D S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

N.B. THESE NATURAL FREQUENCIES ARE FOR THE FULL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM (THIS INCLUDES MOORING LINES)
THEY ARE CALCULATED AT THE FREQUENCIES OF THE FIRST STRUCTURE

SPECTRUM NUMBER 1
------------------

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY UNDAMPED NATURAL FREQUENCIES(RADIANS/SECOND)

NUMBER (RAD/S) MODE 1 MODE 2 MODE 3 MODE 4 MODE 5 MODE 6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 0.349 0.068 0.068 0.380 0.237 0.242 0.025
2 0.370 0.068 0.068 0.382 0.237 0.242 0.025
3 0.381 0.068 0.068 0.382 0.237 0.242 0.025
4 0.393 0.069 0.069 0.383 0.237 0.242 0.025
5 0.419 0.070 0.070 0.384 0.237 0.242 0.024
6 0.449 0.072 0.072 0.384 0.237 0.242 0.024
7 0.524 0.079 0.079 0.383 0.237 0.242 0.024

PERIOD PERIOD UNDAMPED NATURAL PERIOD(SECONDS)

NUMBER (SECONDS) MODE 1 MODE 2 MODE 3 MODE 4 MODE 5 MODE 6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 18.00 92.56 92.52 16.53 26.53 25.96 255.80
2 17.00 92.31 92.26 16.47 26.53 25.96 256.00
3 16.50 91.95 91.90 16.44 26.53 25.96 256.12
4 16.00 91.40 91.35 16.41 26.53 25.96 256.26
5 15.00 89.61 89.57 16.37 26.52 25.95 256.60
6 14.00 86.88 86.84 16.36 26.52 25.95 257.06
7 12.00 79.69 79.66 16.40 26.51 25.95 258.75

7.5.2 Damped Natural Frequencies
The damped natural frequencies, as previously stated, are for the whole system of structures including
mooring lines, and correspond to a common frequency set (that of Structure 1 is used) and common
orientation of the matrices in the equations of motion. As the damping has been included, these will not be
identical to the undamped natural frequencies.
These natural frequencies, although not used per se in the integration of the response spectrum, are derived
from the same equations which are used in the integration. The frequencies at which values are given are
those at which the spectrum is evaluated. Note that the spacing is finer close to the natural frequencies, thus
improving the modelling of the peak in the motion transfer function.
The damped natural frequency for low frequency (drift) motions is unique, as the added mass and damping
are not frequency-dependent. This is always frequency number 1 in Figure 7.14. The frequency in the
second column, at which the natural frequency is evaluated, is the centre of the low frequency range. Note
that in Figure 7.14 frequency number 1 is omitted, as it is taken from an analysis where drift motions are not
requested.
The NAT/FREQ numbers in Figure 7.14 do not correspond to any particular freedom, as they are sorted in
ascending order. If the user wishes to know which mode of motion corresponds to which natural
frequencies, the undamped natural frequencies should be compared with these frequencies. However, if no
clear correspondence can be found, the user must refer to the dynamic stability analysis in
AQWA-LIBRIUM, where the full eigenvectors of each mode are output. Note that only natural frequencies
greater than 0.001745 (period 1 hour) are output.



Figure 7.14 - Damped Natural Frequencies for the Coupled System
* * * * D A M P E D N A T U R A L F R E Q U E N C I E S / P E R I O D S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

N.B. THESE FREQUENCIES ARE SORTED IN ASCENDING ORDER. DAMPING GIVEN IS PERCENTAGE CRITICAL

SPECTRUM NUMBER 1
------------------

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY NAT/FREQ 1 NAT/FREQ 2 NAT/FREQ 3 NAT/FREQ 4

NUMBER (RAD/S) FREQ DAMPING FREQ DAMPING FREQ DAMPING FREQ DAMPING
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 0.013 0.0247 0.0 0.0679 0.1 0.0679 0.1 0.2368 0.0
2 0.038 0.0247 0.0 0.0679 0.5 0.0679 0.5 0.2368 0.0
3 0.063 0.0247 0.0 0.0679 1.3 0.0679 1.3 0.2368 0.0
4 0.088 0.0247 0.0 0.0679 2.5 0.0679 2.5 0.2368 0.0
5 0.112 0.0247 0.0 0.0678 4.1 0.0678 4.1 0.2368 0.0

6 0.138 0.0247 0.0 0.0678 6.2 0.0678 6.1 0.2368 0.0
7 0.163 0.0247 0.0 0.0676 8.6 0.0676 8.6 0.2368 0.0
8 0.188 0.0247 0.0 0.0674 11.4 0.0674 11.4 0.2368 0.0
9 0.213 0.0247 0.0 0.0671 14.7 0.0672 14.6 0.2368 0.0
10 0.238 0.0247 0.0 0.0667 18.3 0.0667 18.3 0.2368 0.0

11 0.263 0.0247 0.0 0.0662 22.4 0.0662 22.3 0.2368 0.0
12 0.288 0.0247 0.0 0.0654 26.8 0.0654 26.8 0.2368 0.1
13 0.313 0.0247 0.0 0.0644 31.7 0.0644 31.7 0.2368 0.1
14 0.338 0.0247 0.0 0.0631 37.0 0.0631 36.9 0.2368 0.1
15 0.363 0.0246 0.0 0.0594 48.6 0.0595 48.6 0.2368 0.1

16 0.388 0.0246 0.0 0.0509 67.0 0.0509 67.0 0.2368 0.1
17 0.413 0.0246 0.0 0.0348 86.7 0.0348 86.7 0.2368 0.1
18 0.438 0.0245 0.0 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3837 3.5
19 0.464 0.0245 0.2 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3837 3.0
20 0.492 0.0244 0.5 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3834 2.5

21 0.521 0.0244 0.8 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9
22 0.553 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9
23 0.586 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9
24 0.621 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9
25 0.658 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9

26 0.698 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9
27 0.740 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9
28 0.784 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9
29 0.831 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9
30 0.881 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9

31 0.934 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9
32 0.990 0.0244 0.9 0.2368 0.0 0.2420 0.0 0.3831 1.9

7.6 PARAMETERS AT THE SPECTRUM INTEGRATION POINTS
Greater insight into the dynamic response of a system of structures may be obtained if more information is
available about the system throughout the frequency range. Option controlled output is therefore available
for the force spectral density, transfer matrix, response spectrum and RAOs at the frequencies at which
AQWA-FER evaluates these functions, in order to integrate the response spectrum to obtain the significant
motions and tensions in the mooring lines.
The frequencies at which these parameters are output are calculated by the program and cannot be altered by
the user. They are referred to as the Spectral Integration Points (SIP) in this section.
7.6.1 Force Spectral Density Matrix
The force spectral density at the SIP is output for all six degrees of freedom for each structure (only 3 are
illustrated). The forces are referenced at the centre of gravity of each structure in a axis system parallel to the
Fixed Reference Axis (FRA), and not in the local axis system. The phase is referenced to the origin of the
FRA.
Figure 7.15 shows the format of the output when the PRFS (PRint Force Spectrum) option is used. This
output is the leading diagonal of the matrix and hence gives no information about the relative phase of the
force between freedoms.
Note that the force spectrum is that appropriate to the direction of the corresponding wave spectrum.



Figure 7.15 - Force Spectral Density Matrix of the Centre of Gravity
* * * * F O R C E S P E C T R A L D E N S I T Y M A T R I X * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

N.B.THE LEADING DIAGONAL PRINTED BELOW DOES NOT CONTAIN THE PHASE INFORMATION FOR COUPLED FREEDOMS

SPECTRUM NUMBER 1
-------------------

FREQUENCY SPECTRAL SURGE(X) SWAY(Y) HEAVE(Z)

(RAD/S) ORDINATE AMP PHASE AMP PHASE AMP PHASE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

1 0.0021 3.87E+01 0.0 2.22E+12 0.0 1.41E+05 0.0
2 0.0094 3.85E+01 0.0 2.18E+12 0.0 1.39E+05 0.0
3 0.0166 3.83E+01 0.0 2.14E+12 0.0 1.36E+05 0.0
4 0.0192 3.82E+01 0.0 2.10E+12 0.0 1.34E+05 0.0
5 0.0211 3.81E+01 0.0 2.08E+12 0.0 1.33E+05 0.0

6 0.0229 3.80E+01 0.0 2.06E+12 0.0 1.31E+05 0.0
7 0.0235 3.80E+01 0.0 2.06E+12 0.0 1.31E+05 0.0
8 0.0240 3.80E+01 0.0 2.05E+12 0.0 1.31E+05 0.0
9 0.0244 3.80E+01 0.0 2.05E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0
10 0.0246 3.80E+01 0.0 2.05E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0

11 0.0247 3.80E+01 0.0 2.05E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0
12 0.0248 3.80E+01 0.0 2.04E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0
13 0.0249 3.80E+01 0.0 2.04E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0
14 0.0250 3.79E+01 0.0 2.04E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0
15 0.0252 3.79E+01 0.0 2.04E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0

16 0.0253 3.79E+01 0.0 2.04E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0
17 0.0255 3.79E+01 0.0 2.04E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0
18 0.0258 3.79E+01 0.0 2.04E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0
19 0.0260 3.79E+01 0.0 2.03E+12 0.0 1.30E+05 0.0
20 0.0264 3.79E+01 0.0 2.03E+12 0.0 1.29E+05 0.0

21 0.0269 3.79E+01 0.0 2.03E+12 0.0 1.29E+05 0.0
22 0.0272 3.79E+01 0.0 2.02E+12 0.0 1.29E+05 0.0
23 0.0280 3.78E+01 0.0 2.02E+12 0.0 1.29E+05 0.0
24 0.0287 3.78E+01 0.0 2.01E+12 0.0 1.28E+05 0.0
25 0.0294 3.77E+01 0.0 2.00E+12 0.0 1.28E+05 0.0

26 0.0307 3.77E+01 0.0 1.98E+12 0.0 1.26E+05 0.0
27 0.0320 3.76E+01 0.0 1.97E+12 0.0 1.25E+05 0.0
28 0.0331 3.75E+01 0.0 1.95E+12 0.0 1.24E+05 0.0
29 0.0355 3.74E+01 0.0 1.93E+12 0.0 1.23E+05 0.0
30 0.0378 3.73E+01 0.0 1.90E+12 0.0 1.21E+05 0.0

31 0.0397 3.72E+01 0.0 1.88E+12 0.0 1.20E+05 0.0
32 0.0438 3.70E+01 0.0 1.84E+12 0.0 1.17E+05 0.0
33 0.0479 3.68E+01 0.0 1.80E+12 0.0 1.14E+05 0.0
34 0.0509 3.66E+01 0.0 1.77E+12 0.0 1.12E+05 0.0

7.6.2 The Transfer or Receptance Matrix
The transfer or receptance matrix at the SIP is output for all six degrees of freedom for each structure and is
in the same format as the force spectral density (Figure 7.15). The reference point is the centre of gravity of
each structure in an axis system parallel to the Fixed Reference Axis (FRA), and not in the local axis system.
The phase is referenced to the origin of the FRA.
Figure 7.15 shows the output FORMAT when the PRTI (PRint Transfer matrix at spectral Integration
points) option is used. This output will be the leading diagonal of the matrix and hence gives no information
about the relative phase of the transfer function between freedoms.
The transfer matrix is independent of the direction of the wave spectrum but will vary with each spectrum,
wave and current which affect the stiffness and damping.
7.6.3 The RAOs at Spectrum Integration Points
The response amplitude operators (RAOs) at the SIP are output for all six degrees of freedom for each
structure and are in the same format as the force spectral density (Figure 7.15). The reference point is the
centre of gravity of each structure in a axis system parallel to the Fixed Reference Axis (FRA), and not in
the local axis system. The phase is referenced to the origin of the FRA.
N.B. The force spectrum is that appropriate to the direction of the corresponding wave spectrum.
7.6.4 The Response Spectral Density
The response spectral density at the SIP is output for all six degrees of freedom for each structure (Figure
7.16). The reference point is the centre of gravity of each structure in an axis system parallel to the Fixed
Reference Axis (FRA), and not in the local axis system. Phase information is not applicable.
Figure 7.16 shows the format of the output when the PRRS (PRint Response Spectrum) option is used. This
output is the leading diagonal of the matrix and hence gives no information about the relative phase of the
response spectrum between freedoms..



Figure 7.16 - Response Spectrum for the Centre of Gravity

* * * * R E S P O N S E S P E C T R U M * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

SPECTRUM NUMBER 1
-------------------

FREQUENCY SPECTRAL SURGE(X) SWAY(Y) HEAVE(Z) ROLL(RX) PITCH(RY) YAW(RZ)
(RAD/S) ORDINATE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 0.0021 0.000 0.259 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000
2 0.0094 0.000 0.263 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000
3 0.0166 0.000 0.281 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
4 0.0192 0.000 0.289 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
5 0.0211 0.000 0.296 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000

6 0.0229 0.000 0.305 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
7 0.0235 0.000 0.309 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
8 0.0240 0.000 0.311 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.001
9 0.0244 0.000 0.313 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.009
10 0.0246 0.000 0.314 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.043

11 0.0247 0.000 0.318 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.043
12 0.0248 0.000 0.319 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.015
13 0.0249 0.000 0.319 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.008
14 0.0250 0.000 0.319 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.003
15 0.0252 0.000 0.320 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.002

16 0.0253 0.000 0.320 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.001
17 0.0255 0.000 0.322 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.001
18 0.0258 0.000 0.324 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
19 0.0260 0.000 0.325 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
20 0.0264 0.000 0.328 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000

21 0.0269 0.000 0.332 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
22 0.0272 0.000 0.334 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
23 0.0280 0.000 0.341 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
24 0.0287 0.000 0.347 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
25 0.0294 0.000 0.353 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000

26 0.0307 0.000 0.365 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
27 0.0320 0.000 0.379 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
28 0.0331 0.000 0.391 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000


7.7 SIGNIFICANT MOTIONS AND TENSIONS
The significant motions and tensions described in the following sections are given in term of amplitude i.e.
significant peak-to-peak motions are twice the values output.
The spectrum numbers are simply the user input sequence and range from 1 to 20 (maximum). Three spectra
are illustrated in the figures.
7.7.1 Significant Motions of the Centre of Gravity
Note that these motions (shown in Figure 7.17) are in the local axis system, e.g. if a structure is yawed by 30
degrees, then the surge motions given are at 30 degrees to the X-axis of the Fixed Reference Axis system
and the sway is at 30 degrees to the Y axis. Similarly, the roll motion referred to is about an axis at an angle
of 30 degrees to the X axis of the Fixed Reference Axis system.
Six degrees of freedom are printed on each page of output.
Note that these values must be added to the mean motion to obtain the total motion of the centre of gravity.

Figure 7.17 - Significant Motions of Centre of Gravity
* * * * S I G N I F I C A N T M O T I O N S O F C E N T R E O F G R A V I T Y * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
* * * * I N L O C A L V E S S E L A X I S S Y S T E M * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

HAWSER COMBINATION NUMBER 1
-----------------------------

STRUCTURE SPECTRUM SURGE SWAY HEAVE ROLL PITCH YAW
NUMBER NUMBER AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE (DEGREES) (DEGREES) (DEGREES)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 1 0.000 1.904 2.751 0.250 0.000 0.008

2 2.461 2.491 4.128 0.281 0.290 0.013

3 6.742 0.000 5.504 0.000 0.750 0.000

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


7.7.2 Significant Motions of Specified Points
The significant motions of specified points are given in the Fixed Reference Axis system, i.e. if a node at the
centre of gravity is a specified point, then the motions of this point will not, in general, be the same as the
motions of the centre of gravity, output as in Figure 7.17.
In the line labelled NODE NUMBERS (Figure 7.18), when two node numbers are given (viz. 4 and 2), then
this denotes that there were two node numbers specified by the user in Deck 18 and refers to the differential
motion between the two points.
Up to 3 nodes are printed (9 motions) on each page of output (only two are illustrated).
Note that these values must be added to the mean motion to obtain the total motion of a point.

Figure 7.18 - Significant Motions of Specified Positions
* * * S I G N I F I C A N T M O T I O N S O F S P E C I F I E D P O S I T I O N S * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

MOORING COMBINATION NUMBER 1
-----------------------------
(MOTIONS GIVEN ARE AMPLITUDE)
-----------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT SEQUENCE - 1 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPECTRUM NODE NUMBERS - 11 4 AND 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER FREEDOM TYPE - X Y Z X Y Z
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 0.006 1.910 2.826 0.003 0.003 0.098

2 2.478 2.509 4.123 0.005 0.005 0.221

3 6.815 0.000 5.377 0.000 0.000 0.295

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7.7.3 Significant Tensions in Mooring Lines
In the lines labelled FROM NODE and TO NODE (Figure 7.19), two node numbers are given. These nodes
are at the attachment points of each end of a mooring line. The number in brackets refers to the structure
number which, if zero, signifies that the node is not connected to a structure but is fixed and therefore has no
motion.
Up to 10 tensions are printed on each page of output (only 4 are illustrated).
N.B. These values must be added to the mean tension to obtain the maximum tension of a mooring line.

Figure 7.19 - Significant Tensions in the Mooring Lines
* * * S I G N I F I C A N T T E N S I O N S I N T H E M O O R I N G L I N E S * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-----------------------------
(TENSIONS GIVEN ARE AMPLITUDE.UNITS - FORCE)

------------------------------------------------------------------
MOORING LINE NUMBER 1 2 3 4
------------------------------------------------------------------
SPECTRUM FROM NODE - 501( 1) 502( 1) 503( 1) 504( 1)
------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER TO NODE - 511( 0) 512( 0) 513( 0) 514( 0)
------------------------------------------------------------------

1 4.6015E+04 2.7923E+06 5.2024E+04 2.7926E+06

2 3.5843E+06 3.6225E+06 3.6039E+06 3.6462E+06

3 9.8008E+06 1.5210E+05 9.8032E+06 1.5210E+05

------------------------------------------------------------------
AQWAFER User Manual 02 Example of Program Use

CHAPTER 8 -EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM USE
In this chapter, an example problem using AQWA-FER is illustrated. The problem is one in which
AQWA-LINE has been used to perform the analysis Stages 1 to 3. AQWA-LIBRIUM has then been run for
stages 4 and 5 to obtain an equilibrium position of the structure. All steps in the subsequent analysis
procedure are clearly shown, from the problem definition, through the data preparation, to the final analysis
run itself. The method used in this chapter can be easily followed by the user and, if so desired, the user can
repeat the whole procedure, using the same data as used here, to obtain the same results. In this manner, the
new user can quickly obtain confidence in using the program.

8.1 BOX STRUCTURE
8.1.1 General Discussion
Although, in general concept, the response of a structure in irregular waves is quite straightforward, errors
are often encountered due to the failure to perform simple preliminary calculations to estimate the order of
magnitude of the expected results. It is clearly not desirable or necessary to repeat the complicated
calculations performed by AQWA-FER. However, certain preliminary calculations, which are shown in
this example, are ESSENTIAL in order to:
-Minimise input data errors -Minimise misinterpretation of the input data requirements -Enable the user to
predict and isolate areas of interest in the analysis -Enable intelligent interpretation of the results of the
analysis
The Significant Response Amplitude (SGA) of a structure is given by:
Response = 2
*
sqrt (Area Under the Response Spectrum)
In turn, the values of the response spectrum are given by the product of the force spectral density and the
transfer function.
The magnitude of the force spectral density is governed by the wave forces per unit wave height, calculated
by a diffraction/radiation analysis, and the spectrum input. Assuming that the frequencies chosen, at which
to calculate the wave loading coefficients, adequately describe their variation with frequency/period, and
the wave spectrum together with the current and wind is known, then the force spectrum is straight forward
and preliminary calculations may only involve checking the peak value of the spectrum.
However, the form of the transfer function is governed by the natural frequencies and corresponding
damping of the system, and should be checked wherever possible. Preliminary calculations will also show
whether drift motions are important and may also avoid the necessity to perform a complete analysis.
Particular attention should therefore be paid to Section 8.1.3.

8.1.2 Problem Definition
The first example is a rectangular box structure for which the analysis has been run using AQWA-LINE for
Stages 1 to 3. The is the simplest and most common form of analysis, i.e. an AQWA-LINE run of Stages 1
to 3 followed by several AQWA-LIBRIUM and AQWA-FER runs. It is assumed that the user is familiar
with the box structure example in AQWA-LINE.
The characteristics of the body are as follows:
Length = 90.0 metres
Breadth = 90.0 metres
Depth = 55.0 metres
Draught = 40.0 metres
Mass of the body = 3.321E8 kg = 3.321E5 tonnes
Mass inertia I
xx
= 3.6253E11 kgm
2

I
yy
= 3.4199E11 kgm
2

I
zz
= 3.5991E11 kgm
2

The centre of gravity position vector is (0.0, 0.0, -10.62) measured with respect to the FRA.
The environmental parameters may be defined as:
Water depth = 250.0 metres
Water density = 1025.0 kg/metre
3
Wave periods = 12 to 18 seconds
Wave directions = 0.0, 45.0 and 90.0 degrees
The box structure is moored by horizontal soft moorings attached to the mid-sides of the box at the water
line as shown in Figure 8.1.
Unstretched length of each mooring line = 100.0 metres
Stiffness of each mooring line = 1.471E6 N/m
In addition, a thruster force acts on the vessel side in the X direction, as shown in Figure 8.1.
Structure thruster force, F
T
= 2.0E6 Newtons
It is required to obtain the response of the box in irregular waves for three given sea states. Both wave
frequency and drift frequency motions are of interest. Note that the analysis is performed using SI units.

Figure 8.1 - Mooring Lines


8.1.3 Natural Frequencies
The first stage of preparing the data for AQWA-FER is always to inspect the natural frequencies of the
structure to find where in the frequency range responses are likely to be significant.
At a frequency of 0.349 rad/sec (period 18 secs) the heave terms on the leading diagonal of the added mass
and stiffness matrices are:
Heave added mass = 2.30*10
8
kg
Heave stiffness = 8.14*10
7
N/m
The natural frequency squared is therefore 8.14
*
10
7
/(3.32
*
10
8
+2.30
*
10
8
) giving an uncoupled natural
frequency as 0.380 radians/sec (natural period 16.5 seconds). This is the same as that output by
AQWA-LINE as the heave freedom is not coupled with any other freedom due to the four-fold symmetry of
the structure, which only has surge-pitch and sway-roll coupling. For a structure with only two-fold
symmetry, sway-yaw and heave-pitch are normally coupled as well as surge-heave and roll-yaw. As the
added variation is small, this is a good estimate of the natural frequency of 0.382 which is shown by
AQWA-LINE. Note that the natural frequency is only meaningful when the values of added mass and
damping are used at that natural frequency i.e. when the natural frequency and the frequency at which it is
calculated are the same.
At a frequency of 0.349 rad/sec (period 18 secs) the pitch terms on the leading diagonal of the added mass
Pitch added mass inertia = 8.92
*
10
10
kgm
2
Pitch stiffness = 2.44
*
10
10
Nm/rad (neglecting the mooring lines)
*
10
10
/ (3.42
*
10
11
+ 8.92
*
10
10
) giving an uncoupled
natural frequency of 0.238 rad/sec (natural period 26.4 secs). This is the same as that output by
AQWA-LINE, as the pitch freedom is only lightly coupled with surge. Little response at this frequency
would be expected as there is little energy in most sea states at this frequency.
This means that all freedoms are essentially uncoupled and each freedom may be treated for checking
purposes as a single degree of freedom system to a good approximation.

In the horizontal freedoms (surge, sway and yaw) AQWA-LINE gives no natural frequencies as the
hydrostatic stiffness in these freedoms is zero. With the addition of the four mooring lines in this
AQWA-FER analysis, all these freedoms will have stiffness and corresponding natural frequencies.
At a frequency of 0.349 rad/sec (period 18 secs) the surge terms on the leading diagonal of the added mass
Surge added mass inertia = 3.02
*
10
8
kg
Surge stiffness = 2.94
*
10
6
N/m (2 lines each of 1.472
*
10
6
)
*
10
6
/ (3.32
*
10
8
+ 3.02
*
10
8
) giving a freedom uncoupled
natural frequency of 0.0681 rad/sec (natural period 92.2 secs).
At a frequency of 0.349 rad/sec (period 18 secs) the yaw terms on the leading diagonal of the added mass
Yaw added mass inertia = 1.27
*
10
11
kgm
2
Yaw stiffness = 3.84
*
10
8
Nm/rad
The yaw stiffness due to each line is given by:
K = T d (1+d/L)
where
T = tension
d = distance between CG and attachment point
L = line length
Total yaw stiffness = 4
*
1.47
*
10
6
*
45(1+45/100) = 3.84
*
10
8
Nm/rad
*
10
8
/ (3.60
*
10
11
+ 1.27
*
10
11
) giving an uncoupled
natural frequency of 0.0281 rad/sec (natural period 224 secs).
The added mass at low or drift frequency will not generally be the same as that at the lowest frequency, but
is sufficiently accurate for the purpose of the calculations above.
At these frequencies of 0.0681 and 0.0281 rad/sec, drift motions may be significant and are therefore
requested to be output by AQWA-FER.

8.1.4 Drift Frequency Added Mass and Damping
Added Mass
It may be assumed that, at drift frequencies, the added mass remains constant, because values of drift added
mass for the horizontal freedoms asymptote to finite values at low frequency. The values often used are
those of the lowest wave frequency input in AQWA-LINE. This is normally a good approximation and by
default AQWA-FER will use the added mass at the lowest AQWA-LINE frequency. The values for the
vertical freedoms are also used because no motion at low frequency is expected.

Damping
However, there is no default for damping, and empirical values may be input, based on either experience of
the user or experimental results. These values are entered as FREQUENCY INDEPENDENT damping
using the FIDD card. For this example, nominal values are entered.
8.1.5 Hull and Superstructure Loading Coefficients
Data for the hull and superstructure loading coefficients for wind and current in this example are based on
the projected area through the centroid in the 3 directions specified in Deck 6.
Forces due to the current at 0, 90 degree headings in the X and Y directions respectively (for unit velocity)
are:
Force = 0.5
*
Density
*
Area
*
Drag coefficient
*
cos(heading)
= 0.5
*
1025.0
*
(40.0
*
90.0)
*
1.6
*
cos (0 ) = 2.95E6 Ns
2
/m
2
At 45 degrees, in both the X and Y directions, the forces are:
= 0.5
*
1025.0
*
(40.0
*
127.0)
*
1.3
*
cos (45) = 2.40E6 Ns
2
/m
2
The corresponding moments at the centre of gravity (10.62 metres below the waterline, centre of area at Z =
-20.0) are 2.95E6
*
9.38 and 2.40E6
*
9.38 i.e.:
At a heading of 0, Moment = 2.77E7 (-ve in Y, zero in the X direction)
At a heading of 45, Moment = 2.25E7 (-ve in Y, +ve in the X direction)
At a heading of 90, Moment = 2.77E7 (zero in Y, +ve in the X direction)
The units for the moment coefficients are Ns
2
/m.
Similarly, the forces on the superstructure due to the wind at 0, 90 degree headings in the X and Y directions
respectively (for unit velocity) are:
Force = 0.5
*
1.22
*
15.0
*
90.0
*
1.6 ( cos (0 ) = 1.32E3 Ns
2
At 45 degrees, in both the X and Y directions, the forces are:
/m

= 0.5
*
1.22
*
15.0
*
127.0
*
1.3
*
cos (45) = 1.07E3 Ns
2
8.1.6 Sea Spectra, Current and Wind
/m
The corresponding moments at the centre of gravity (10.62 metres below the waterline, centre of area at Z =
+7.5) are 1.32E3
*
18.1 and 1.07E3
*
18.1, i.e.
At a heading of 0, Moment = 2.39E4 (+ve in Y, zero in the X direction)
At a heading of 45, Moment = 1.94E4 (+ve in Y, -ve in the X direction)
At a heading of 90, Moment = 2.39E4 (zero in Y, -ve in the X direction)
The following three wave spectra and their associated directions were used in this example:

The wind and current speeds and directions were the same for each spectrum as follows:
Wind speed = 15.0 m/s
Wind direction = 0.0 degrees
Current speed = 0.8 m/s
Current direction = 0.0 degrees
8.1.7 Specification of the Mooring Lines
The mooring lines are simple linear elastic hawsers and therefore require one line of input data for each
mooring line. Each line contains the stiffness, unstretched length, and the structure numbers and node
numbers of the two attachments points. For a line joining a structure to a fixed point, the structure number
corresponding to the fixed point should be set to zero. The node numbers and their positions, to which the
mooring lines are attached, must be input in coordinate Deck 1. Each mooring line of unstretched length 100
metres has a stiffness of 1.471E6 newtons per metre.
Each mooring line is pretensioned to 1.471E6 newtons (i.e. extended by 1 metre) to give the structure a
significant yaw stiffness.
Spectrum Type Frequency Range
(radians/sec)
Significant
Wave Height
Zero Crossing
Period
Spectrum 1 Pierson-Moskowitz 0.30 - 1.00 4.0m 11.0 sec


8.1.8 Equilibrium Position for Analysis
The equilibrium positions used to position the structure for each analysis are normally obtained from
AQWA-LIBRIUM. In simple cases, the equilibrium positions may be calculated manually. Note that the
equilibrium position only affects the significant motions indirectly through the change in any in non-linear
systems. The equilibrium positions given by AQWA-LIBRIUM may be imported automatically using the
RDEP option, in which case no further data is needed in Deck 15.

8.1.9 Input Preparation For Data Run
AQWA-LINE and AQWA-LIBRIUM runs (see AQWA-LINE and AQWA-LIBRIUM examples) have
been performed and the following information is contained on the RESTART backing file produced by
AQWA-LIBRIUM.
- input of the node coordinate data
- input of the model's element topology with associated material and geometry properties
- input of the static environment
- the detailed properties of elements used in each body - the final mass and inertia properties of each
body
- the preliminary diffraction modelling checks
- the wave periods and directions
- the analysis position of each body
- the secondary diffraction modelling checks
- hydrostatic calculations for each body
- diffraction radiation analysis giving wave loading coefficients
In addition the equilibrium position and articulation reactions (if any) are contained in the .EQP file
produced by AQWA-LIBRIUM
The input decks for the AQWA-FER DATA run are shown in Figure 8.2 and the input may be described as
follows:
Note that the program RESTART which starts at the beginning of Stage 4 and finishes at the end of Stage 4
is equivalent to the DATA option.

- JOB card provides identifier program, and type of analysis to be used
- TITLE card prescribes a title header for the run
- OPTIONS card contains the selected options:
REST - indicates that a restart run is required and gives the filename to read
DATA - selects performance of up to Stage 4 only
RDEP - indicates that the starting position is read from a .EQP file.
END - indicates the end of the options list
- RESTART card contains the start and finish stages
Note that the current run, which starts at the beginning of Stage 4 and finishes at the end of Stage 4, is
equivalent to running with the DATA option.
- Deck 9
Low frequency or drift added mass and damping (values of these at the lowest wave frequency are
used)
- Deck 10
Wind and current loading coefficients
- Deck 11
This deck has no input and so has a NONE deck header
- Deck 12
- Deck 13
Description of the wave spectra
Wind speed and direction for the spectra
Current speed and direction for the spectra
- Deck 14
Description of each mooring line property and combination
- Deck 15
Because the RDEP option is used this deck has no input and so has a NONE deck header.
- Deck 16
- Deck 17

- Deck 18
Additional output requests concerning the motions of specified nodes.



Figure 8.2 - Input for Data Run on Box Structure
JOB T001 FER
TITLE TEST RUN NUMBER 20 (FLOATING BOX 40M DRAUGHT 48 FACETS)
OPTIONS REST DATA RDEP END
RESTART 4 4 ABBOX21
09 DRM1
09FIDD 1.0E+07 1.0E+07 1.0E+07 5.0E+07 5.0E+07 5.0E07
END
10 HLD1
10CUFX 1 3 2.9500E6 2.4000E6 0.0000E0
10CUFY 1 3 0.0000E0 2.4000E6 2.9500E6
10CURX 1 3 0.0000E0 2.2500E7 2.7700E7
10CURY 1 3 -2.7700E7 -2.2500E7 0.0000E0
10WIFX 1 3 1.3200E3 1.0700E3 0.0000E0
10WIFY 1 3 0.0000E0 1.0700E3 1.3200E3
10WIRX 1 3 0.0000E4 -1.9400E4 -2.3900E4
10WIRY 1 3 2.3900E4 1.9400E4 0.0000E4
END10THRS 15 -2.0000E6
11 NONE
12 NONE
13 SPEC
13CURR 0.8 0.0
13WIND 15.0 0.0
13SPDN 90.0
13PSMZ 0.3 1.0 4.0 11.0
13SPDN 45.0
13PSMZ 0.3 1.0 6.0 11.0
13SPDN 0.0
END13PSMZ 0.3 1.0 8.0 11.0
14 MOOR
14LINE 1 501 0 511 1.4715E6 100.0
14LINE 1 502 0 512 1.4715E6 100.0
14LINE 1 503 0 513 1.4715E6 100.0
END14LINE 1 504 0 514 1.4715E6 100.0
15 NONE
16 NONE
17 NONE
18 PROP
18NODE 1 11
18NODE 1 4 1 2
END

8.1.10 Information Supplied by Data Run
The DATA run produces the following form of output and is shown in Figures 8.3 to 8.12.
Figure 8.3 AQWA-FER Header Page used for Identification
Also gives: the time and date of the analysis
which backing files have been copied for the present run

Figure 8.4 Card echo (mandatory) for Decks 9 to 18
This is used to check data input
Figure 8.5 Drift Frequency Added Mass and Damping
An echo of the data input in Deck 9, or the default
Figure 8.6 Frequency Independent Added Mass and Damping
An echo of the data input in Deck 9
Figure 8.7 Wind/Current Loads and Thruster Forces
A tabulation of the data input in Deck 10.
Figure 8.8 Constraints
The table shows all freedoms to be active
Figure 8.9 Formulated Spectra
The wave spectrum and current and wind conditions input in Deck 13 are tabulated
showing also the number of spectral lines by default (the number of rasters is not at
present applicable to an AQWA-FER analysis)
Figure 8.10 Cable/Mooring Line Configurations
Tabulation of the mooring lines in put in Deck 14 (Note that the cable group number is
only applicable to non-linear mooring lines)
Figure 8.11 Initial Equilibrium Positions of the Centre of Gravity
Tabulation of the equilibrium position input in Deck 15 or read from the specified .EQP
file.
Figure 8.12 Position of User-Requested Nodes
Tabulation of the nodes and their positions input in Deck 18 (Note that the positions
shown are those in the last analysis position input in Deck 15)



Figure 8.3 - AQWA-FER Header Page Used for Identification

DATE:03/12/08 TIME:10:06:07

JOB T001 FER


OPTIONS REST DATA RDEP END

RESTART 4 4 ABBOX21
**** INFORMATION **** AFBOX20.RES copied from ABBOX21.RES
**** INFORMATION **** AFBOX20.EQP copied from ABBOX21.EQP

AQWA-FER VERSION 12.0.00

AAAAAA QQQQQQ WW WW AAAAAA FFFFFFFF EEEEEEEE RRRRRR
AAAAAAAA QQQQQQQQ WW WW AAAAAAAA FFFFFFFF EEEEEEEE RRRRRRRR
AA AA QQ QQ WW WW AA AA FF EE RR RR
AA AA QQ QQ WW WW AA AA FF EE RR RR
AAAAAAAA QQ QQ WW WW AAAAAAAA IIII FFFFF EEEEE RRRRRRRR
AAAAAAAA QQ QQ WW WW WW AAAAAAAA IIII FFFFF EEEEE RRRRRRRR
AA AA QQ QQ WW WW WW AA AA FF EE RRRRR
AA AA QQ QQ QQ WW WW WW AA AA FF EE RR RRR
AA AA QQQQQQQQ WWWWWWWWWW AA AA FF EEEEEEEE RR RRR
AA AA QQQQQQ WWWWWWWW AA AA FF EEEEEEEE RR RRR
QQ

***************************************************************
* AQWA 12.0 LEGAL NOTICES *
***************************************************************
* *
* COPYRIGHT AND TRADEMARK INFORMATION *
* *
* Copyright 2008 Ansys, Inc. All rights reserved. *
* Unauthorized use, distribution or duplication is prohibited.*
* *
* See the AQWA manuals for the complete Legal Notice. *
* *
***************************************************************

JOB TITLE : TEST RUN NUMBER 20 (FLOATING BOX 40M DRAUGHT 48 FACETS)


Figure 8.4 - Card Echo for Decks 9 to 10
DECK 9.1
---------

09FIDD 0 0 1.00E+07 1.00E+07 1.00E+07 5.00E+07 5.00E+07 5.00E+07
END

DECK 10.1
---------

10CUFX 1 3 2.950E+06 2.400E+06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
10CUFY 1 3 0.000E+00 2.400E+06 2.950E+06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
10CURX 1 3 0.000E+00 2.250E+07 2.770E+07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
10CURY 1 3-2.770E+07-2.250E+07 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
10WIFX 1 3 1.320E+03 1.070E+03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
10WIFY 1 3 0.000E+00 1.070E+03 1.320E+03 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
10WIRX 1 3 0.000E+00-1.940E+04-2.390E+04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
10WIRY 1 3 2.390E+04 1.940E+04 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
END10THRS 0 15-2.000E+06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00

DECK 11
-------

DECK 12
-------

DECK 13
-------

13CURR 0 0 0.800 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
13WIND 0 0 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
**** INFORMATION **** UNIFORM WIND SPEED IS USED
13SPDN 0 0 90.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
13PSMZ 0 0 0.300 1.000 4.000 11.000 0.000 0.000
13SPDN 0 0 45.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
13PSMZ 0 0 0.300 1.000 6.000 11.000 0.000 0.000
13SPDN 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
END13PSMZ 0 0 0.300 1.000 8.000 11.000 0.000 0.000

DECK 14
-------

14LINE 1 501 0 511 1.472E+06 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
14LINE 1 502 0 512 1.472E+06 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
14LINE 1 503 0 513 1.472E+06 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
END14LINE 1 504 0 514 1.472E+06 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00

DECK 15
-------

DECK 16
-------

DECK 17
-------

DECK 18
-------

18NODE 1 11
18NODE 1 4 1 2
END


Figure 8.5 - Drift Added Mass and Damping
* * * * H Y D R O D Y N A M I C P A R A M E T E R S F O R S T R U C T U R E 1 * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

ADDED MASS AT DRIFT FREQUENCY
-----------------------------

X Y Z RX RY RZ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

X 3.0092E+08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -8.7459E+08 0.0000E+00

Y 0.0000E+00 3.0092E+08 0.0000E+00 8.7459E+08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

Z 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.3199E+08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RX 0.0000E+00 8.7036E+08 0.0000E+00 8.5698E+10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RY -8.7036E+08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.5698E+10 0.0000E+00

RZ 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.2209E+11

DAMPING AT DRIFT FREQUENCY
--------------------------

X Y Z RX RY RZ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

X 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

Y 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

Z 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RX 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RY 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RZ 0 0000E+00 0 0000E+00 0 0000E+00 0 0000E+00 0 0000E+00 0 0000E+00


Figure 8.6 Frequency Independent Added Mass and Damping

* * * * H Y D R O D Y N A M I C P A R A M E T E R S F O R S T R U C T U R E 1 * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

FREQUENCY INDEPENDENT ADDED MASS
----------------

X Y Z RX RY RZ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

X 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

Y 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

Z 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RX 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RY 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RZ 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

FREQUENCY INDEPENDENT DAMPING
----------------

X Y Z RX RY RZ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

X 1.0000E+07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

Y 0.0000E+00 1.0000E+07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

Z 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.0000E+07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RX 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.0000E+07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

RY 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.0000E+07 0.0000E+00

RZ 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.0000E+07


Figure 8.7 - Wind/Current Loads and Thruster Forces
* * * * W I N D / C U R R E N T L O A D S F O R U N I T A M P L I T U D E / V E L O C I T Y * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
* * * * A N D T H R U S T E R F O R C E S F O R S T R U C T U R E 1 * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

THRUSTER FORCES
----------------

THRUSTER NODE POSITION OF THRUSTER (FRA) LOCAL THRUSTER FORCES IN
NUMBER NUMBER X Y Z SURGE(X) SWAY(Y) HEAVE(Z)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 15 45.000 0.000 -20.000 -2.000E+06 0.000E+00 0.000E+00

FORCES FREQUENCY DIRECTION (DEGREES)
------ --------- --------------------------
DUE TO (RADIANS/SEC) 0.0 45.0 90.0
------ ------------- --------------------------

WIND
----

SURGE(X) 1.32E+03 1.07E+03 0.00E+00

SWAY(Y) 0.00E+00 1.07E+03 1.32E+03

HEAVE(Z) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

ROLL(RX) 0.00E+00 -1.94E+04 -2.39E+04

PITCH(RY) 2.39E+04 1.94E+04 0.00E+00

YAW(RZ) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

CURRENT
-------

SURGE(X) 2.95E+06 2.40E+06 0.00E+00

SWAY(Y) 0.00E+00 2.40E+06 2.95E+06

HEAVE(Z) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

ROLL(RX) 0.00E+00 2.25E+07 2.77E+07



Figure 8.8 - Constraints


Figure 8.9 - Formulated Spectra



Figure 8.10 - Cable/Mooring Line Configurations

* * * * C A B L E / M O O R I N G L I N E C O N F I G U R A T I O N S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

+
CABLE ATTACHMENTS( STRUCTURE - 0 - IS GROUND)
---------------------------------------------

COMBINATION CABLE CABLE ATTACHED TO @NODE LINKED TO @NODE UNSTRETCHED STIFFNESS WINCH FRICTION
+ FORCE OR
NO. NO. GROUP TYPE STRUCT/ELEM NO. STRUCTURE NO. LENGTH TENSION WIND-IN PAY-OUT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 0 LIN ELASTIC 1 501 0 511 100.000 1.472E+06
2 0 LIN ELASTIC 1 502 0 512 100.000 1.472E+06
3 0 LIN ELASTIC 1 503 0 513 100.000 1.472E+06
4 0 LIN ELASTIC 1 504 0 514 100.000 1.472E+06


Figure 8.11 - Initial Equilibrium Positions of the Centre of Gravity

* * * * I N I T I A L E Q U I L I B R I U M P O S I T I O N S O F T H E * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
* * * * C E N T R E O F G R A V I T Y * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

HAWS. COMB STRUCTURE SPECTRUM TRANSLATIONAL POSITION(FRA) ROTATION ABOUT AXES(FRA)
NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER X Y Z RX RY RZ
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 1 1 0.060 0.205 -10.620 0.014 0.010 0.001

2 0.323 0.263 -10.620 0.019 -0.008 0.000

3 0.881 0.000 -10.620 0.000 -0.048 0.000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Figure 8.12 - Position of User-Requested Nodes

* * * * P O S I T I O N O F U S E R - R E Q U E S T E D N O D E S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

STRUCTURE NODE WITH RESPECT TO THE FIXED REFERENCE AXES RELATIVE TO THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY

NUMBER NUMBER X Y Z X Y Z
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 11 POSITION 45.000 -45.000 -20.000 45.000 -45.000 -9.380

1 4 POSITION 45.000 -22.500 0.000 45.000 -22.500 10.620
1 2 POSITION 22.500 -45.000 0.000 22.500 -45.000 10.620
DIFFERENCE -22.500 -22.500 0.000
(SECOND - FIRST NODE)

8.1.11 The Motion Analysis Run
Once the user is satisfied that the data input in Decks 8 to 18 are correct, the motion analysis stage can then
be performed.
As a program restart is being performed, the RESTART file is used to supply the program with the
information contained within Decks 1 to 18 previously input, except for the equilibrium positions which are
contained in the EQUILIBRIUM POSITION FILE.
The only data required to be input is in the preliminary deck. This contains only the information to indicate
that a Stage 5 analysis is required as shown below in Figure 8.13.

Figure 8.13 - Data Input for Stage 5 in Box Example

JOB T001 FER
OPTIONS REST RDEP END
RESTART 5 5 AFBOX20.EQP

8.1.12 Output from the Motion Analysis Run
The output relating to the motion analysis stage (i.e. Stage 5) contains the following information, which is
shown in Figures 8.14 to 8.18.

Figure 8.14 - Undamped Natural Frequencies/Periods
These are given only at the values of frequency input in Deck 6 of the
AQWA-LINE data file. The natural frequencies for the vertical freedoms are very
similar to those output by AQWA-LINE. This is because:
- The box is input in the same orientation as the analysis position in
AQWA-LINE
- No other structures are coupled to the box. The mooring line stiffness is
small compared to the hydrostatic stiffness
As the stiffness in the horizontal freedoms is now non-zero, natural frequencies are
also given for these freedoms.

Note also that in this example modes 1 to 6 correspond directly to the translational
followed by rotation X,Y,Z freedoms.

Figure 8.15 - Damped Natural Frequencies/Periods
These are given at the spectrum integration points, which are chosen by
AQWA-FER to give an accurate discretisation of the transfer function and
spectrum.

These frequencies are sorted in ascending order, as the order of output from an
eigenvalue solution of the equations of motions for a coupled system of equations
is somewhat arbitrary, and in general not related to the order of the freedoms input.

Note that the high damping in the surge and sway freedoms reduces the values of
the natural frequencies more as the frequency increases and eventually eliminates
them. This phenomenon is, however, of academic interest, as the natural frequency
itself is in the drift frequency range.

Figure 8.16 - Significant Motions of Centre of Gravity
These motions are given in the local vessel axis system.


These motions are given in the Fixed Reference Axis System.


Figure 8.14 - Undamped Natural Frequencies/Periods



Figure 8.15 - Damped Natural Frequencies
* * * * D A M P E D N A T U R A L F R E Q U E N C I E S / P E R I O D S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

N.B. THESE FREQUENCIES ARE SORTED IN ASCENDING ORDER. DAMPING GIVEN IS PERCENTAGE CRITICAL

SPECTRUM NUMBER 1
------------------

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY NAT/FREQ 1 NAT/FREQ 2 NAT/FREQ 3 NAT/FREQ 4 NAT/FREQ 5 NAT/FREQ 6

NUMBER (RAD/S) FREQ DAMPING FREQ DAMPING FREQ DAMPING FREQ DAMPING FREQ DAMPING FREQ DAMPING
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 0.013 0.0247 0.2 0.0674 11.7 0.0674 11.6 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3799 2.3
2 0.038 0.0247 0.2 0.0674 12.1 0.0674 12.0 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3799 2.4
3 0.063 0.0247 0.2 0.0673 12.9 0.0673 12.8 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3799 2.5
4 0.088 0.0247 0.2 0.0672 14.1 0.0672 14.0 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3799 2.6
5 0.112 0.0247 0.2 0.0670 15.7 0.0670 15.7 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3799 2.8

6 0.138 0.0247 0.2 0.0668 17.7 0.0668 17.7 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3799 3.1
7 0.163 0.0247 0.2 0.0665 20.2 0.0665 20.1 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3798 3.4
8 0.188 0.0247 0.2 0.0661 23.0 0.0661 23.0 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3798 3.7
9 0.213 0.0247 0.2 0.0655 26.3 0.0655 26.2 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3797 4.1
10 0.238 0.0247 0.2 0.0648 29.9 0.0648 29.9 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3796 4.6

11 0.263 0.0247 0.2 0.0639 34.0 0.0639 33.9 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3796 5.1
12 0.288 0.0247 0.2 0.0627 38.4 0.0627 38.4 0.2367 0.1 0.2419 0.1 0.3794 5.6
13 0.313 0.0247 0.2 0.0612 43.3 0.0612 43.2 0.2367 0.1 0.2419 0.1 0.3793 6.2
14 0.338 0.0247 0.2 0.0594 48.6 0.0594 48.5 0.2367 0.1 0.2419 0.1 0.3791 6.9
15 0.363 0.0246 0.2 0.0543 60.2 0.0543 60.2 0.2367 0.1 0.2419 0.1 0.3801 7.0

16 0.388 0.0246 0.2 0.0423 78.7 0.0424 78.7 0.2367 0.1 0.2419 0.1 0.3817 6.7
17 0.413 0.0115 98.6 0.0117 98.6 0.0246 0.2 0.2367 0.1 0.2419 0.1 0.3828 6.3
18 0.438 0.0245 0.2 0.2367 0.1 0.2419 0.1 0.3833 5.8
19 0.464 0.0245 0.4 0.2367 0.1 0.2419 0.1 0.3834 5.3
20 0.492 0.0244 0.7 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3831 4.8

21 0.521 0.0244 1.0 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3828 4.3
22 0.553 0.0244 1.1 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3828 4.2
23 0.586 0.0244 1.1 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3828 4.2
24 0.621 0.0244 1.1 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3828 4.2
25 0.658 0.0244 1.1 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3828 4.2

26 0.698 0.0244 1.1 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3828 4.2
27 0.740 0.0244 1.1 0.2368 0.1 0.2420 0.1 0.3828 4.2



Figure 8.16 - Significant Motions of the Centre of Gravity

* * * * S I G N I F I C A N T M O T I O N S O F C E N T R E O F G R A V I T Y * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
* * * * I N L O C A L V E S S E L A X I S S Y S T E M * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

HAWSER COMBINATION NUMBER 1
-----------------------------

STRUCTURE SPECTRUM SURGE SWAY HEAVE ROLL PITCH YAW
NUMBER NUMBER AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE (DEGREES) (DEGREES) (DEGREES)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 1 0.000 1.112 2.115 0.233 0.000 0.010

2 1.327 1.327 3.174 0.245 0.255 0.017

3 2.955 0.000 4.233 0.000 0.658 0.000

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



* * * * S I G N I F I C A N T M O T I O N S O F S P E C I F I E D P O S I T I O N S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-----------------------------
(MOTIONS GIVEN ARE AMPLITUDE)
-----------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT SEQUENCE - 1 2 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPECTRUM NODE NUMBERS - 11 4 AND 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER FREEDOM TYPE - X Y Z X Y Z X Y Z
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 0.008 1.093 2.205 0.004 0.004 0.092

2 1.313 1.315 3.172 0.007 0.007 0.179

3 2.942 0.000 4.075 0.000 0.000 0.258

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



* * * * S I G N I F I C A N T T E N S I O N S I N T H E M O O R I N G L I N E S * * * *
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-----------------------------
(TENSIONS GIVEN ARE AMPLITUDE.UNITS - FORCE)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOORING LINE NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPECTRUM FROM NODE - 501( 1) 502( 1) 503( 1) 504( 1)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER TO NODE - 511( 0) 512( 0) 513( 0) 514( 0)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 3.2971E+04 1.6707E+06 3.7315E+04 1.6708E+06

2 1.9723E+06 1.9685E+06 1.9832E+06 1.9817E+06

3 4.3776E+06 8.4584E+04 4.3789E+06 8.4584E+04

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AQWAFER User Manual 02 Running the Program

CHAPTER 9 - RUNNING THE PROGRAM
9.1 Running AQWA-FER on the PC
This chapter is written for the following systems and is NOT applicable to any others.
-MS-Windows PC
9.1.1 File Naming Convention for AQWA Files
The user is recommended to adopt the following convention of naming the files to be used by the AQWA
programs.
Every file name consists of three parts:
the file prefix a two character string used to identify a particular AQWA program. The file
prefixes are as follows:
Program
the run identifer a name (up to 26 characters) to identify a particular run. All the filenames
associated with the run will contain the same run identifier in their names.
Prefix
AQWA-LINE al
AQWA-LIBRIUM ab
AQWA-FER af
AQWA-DRIFT ad
AQWA-NAUT an
AQWA-WAVE aw
the file extension a three character string to identify the type of the AQWA file (restart file,
hydrodynamics file, etc.). The file extension is separated from the rest of the
filename by a . character.
Example
The filename alvlcc.dat consists of:
the prefix al (short for AQWA-LINE)
the run identifier vlcc (e.g. name of vessel)
the extension .dat (input data file)

9.1.2 AQWA File Organisation
Every run of an AQWA program involves the use of a number of specially named input, output and backing
files. The following files are used by AQWA-FER:
(.res) file -restart file - backing file
The restart file is used to store all information relating to the structures being analysed. This information can
easily be retrieved on the next run of the analysis sequence, so the input data for the next run can be
considerably simplified. This file is an unformatted binary file.
(.hyd) file -hydrodynamics database file - backing file
This file is used by AQWA-FER and contains a subset of the restart file. It is read if the ALDB option is
used or if the FILE card is used in Deck 6.
(.plt) file -graphics file - backing file
This file is created by the program and contains RAOs, force and response spectra and other results. It is
used by the AQWA Graphical Supervisor to produce graph plots.
(.dat) file -input data file
The input data file contains all the AQWA format data decks needed for the current stage of analysis
(Information from previous stages of analysis may be supplied from the restart file.) The input data file is
the only readable input file used in the AQWA suite. It is a normal ASCII text file.
(.lis) file -output data file - listing file
The output data file receives the main results from a program run. It is a normal ASCII text file. Note that
this file contains Fortran carriage control characters - a '1' character in the first column to designate the top
of a new page.
(.mes) file -message file
This file contains warning and error messages output by the program. It is a normal ASCII text file.

(.eqp) file equilibrium positions file input file
This file is created by AQWA-LIBRIUM and contains the equilibrium position. It is an unformatted binary
file.

9.1.3 Program Size Requirements
Not applicable for the PC


9.1.4 Running the Programs
Running from the Windows Start Menu
After installation the AQWA programs appear on the Start Menu under ANSYS 12.0. AQWA runs the
batch programs and AQWAGS starts the AQWA Graphical Supervisor (AGS). They can be run from
here or the user can create icons on the desktop.

Clicking on AQWAGS starts the AGS directly. Clicking on AQWA brings up a dialog box that
allows you to browse to an input file.

If a desktop icon is created for AQWA analyses can be run by dropping a .DAT file from Windows
Explorer onto the icon.

Running from a Command Prompt

It is also possible to run AQWA by issuing a command at a command prompt. If the file is installed in the
default location the command will be:-

C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc\v120\aqwa\bin\win32\aqwa.exe [/option] FileName

where [/option] is an optional command line option and FileName is the name of the .dat file. Possible
command line options are:-

/STD tells AQWA to accept commands from an AQWA command file. In this case FileName will
be the name of the command file.

/NOWIND will automatically close all progress and message windows, allowing AQWA to be run from
a conventional DOS batch file without user intervention.

The AQWA command file

The commands available in the command file are listed below. They are very similar to standard DOS
commands.

! comment line
REM
ECHO
END
RUNDIR
RUN
COPY
RENAME
MOVE
DELETE

Below is an example of running AQWA using a command file. The run command could be:-

C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc\v120\aqwa\bin\win32\aqwa.exe /STD test.com

The file test.com could be

REM Example of a command file for multiple AQWA analyses
REM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RUN alt0001
echo "T0001L AQWA-LINE test complete"
copy alt0001.res abt0001.res
RUN abt0001
RUN adt0001
RUNDIR C:\AQWA\Projects\Tests\MODEL2
echo "Change directory to path C:\AQWA\ Projects\Tests \MODEL2 "
RUN alt0002
END ALL RUNS COMPLETE

AQWAFER User Manual 02 Appendix A

APPENDIX A - AQWA-FER PROGRAM OPTIONS LIST
The options listed below may be used when running the program AQWA-FER. They should appear on the
options card, which follows the job identification card in Administration Deck 0 (see Section 6.0).

REST - RESTART Option
This option is used when the program is being restarted at any stage greater than the first (see Section
5.2). A restart card must follow the options list when the restart option is used. This card indicates the
stage at which the program is to continue and the stage at which the program is to stop (see AQWA
Reference Manual).
DATA - DATA Option
This option is used to check the data input to the program. This option is equivalent to performing the
first two stages of the program analysis (see Sections 6.1 and 6.2). If the data proved to be correct,
then the program would be restarted at Stage 3 of the AQWA-LINE analysis by using the RESTART
option.
CRNM - CALCULATE RAOs WITH NO MOORINGS
This option instigates the calculation of RAOs for a body using the values of Added Mass, Wave
Damping, Stiffness and Wave forcing specified by the user but does NOT include the stiffness from
mooring lines. These RAOs may then be used to compare with those WITH mooring lines to ascertain
the effect of the mooring lines on the response. The RAOs are then written into the database.
PPEL - PRINT PROPERTIES of Each Element on Each Structure
This option allows the user to output the complete details of each element used in the body modelling.
All important details of the body elements are output together with the resultant properties of the
bodies. It is only used when running AQWA-FER as an independent program and, until further
elements are available, is of limited usefulness.
ALDB - READ AQWA-LINE DATABASE
Read the hydrodynamics database from the hydrodynamics (.HYD) file created by a previous
AQWA-LINE run. This option is used:
(i) if the user wishes to modify the hydrodynamic data calculated in a previous AQWA-LINE run,
without having to re-run the AQWA-LINE radiation/ diffraction analysis.
(ii) if the user is setting up an analysis with several structures, and wishes to pick up the
hydrodynamic data for one or more structures, calculated in a previous AQWA-LINE run.
Note: Very often, there is data for only one structure in the hydrodynamics file, in which case the data
is associated with Structure 1 in the new run. The RDDB option may also be used if the
hydrodynamics file contains more than one structure, provided that all the structures appear, in
the same order, in the new run.

RDDB - READ DATABASE
Read the hydrodynamics database from the restart (.RES) file created by a previous AQWA-LINE
run.
This option is used if the user wishes to modify the hydrodynamic data calculated in a previous
AQWA-LINE run, without having to re-run the AQWA-LINE radiation/ diffraction analysis.
Note: Normally, this would be done using the option ALDB (see above). The RDDB option is only
needed if the hydrodynamics file from the previous AQWA-LINE run has been accidentally
deleted.
Note that, as the model definition has to be read from the restart file before the hydrodynamics can be
read, there is no possibility to change the model definition, when using this option (use ALDB
instead).
PRDL - PRINT DATA LIST FROM RESTART FILE
This option reads the data contained within the restart backing file and outputs it to the user.
Typically, all body modelling information is output together with environmental wave loading
details.
CRAO - Calculate RAOs
Informs AQWA-FER to calculate and output the RAOs for each structure INCLUDING the mooring
lines but assuming each body is independently moving. These may be used to assess the effect of the
coupling of the complete system, by comparing these RAOs with those for the fully coupled system
(see OPTION PRRI). This is done for the first spectrum of each mooring line combination only unless
the PRRP option is used.
PRRP - PRINT RECALCULATED PARAMETERS
Informs AQWA-FER to print certain parameters where they are recalculated FOR EACH
SPECTRUM. At present, this applies to the:
(i) Calculation of RAOs (CRAO option)
(ii) Undamped and damped natural frequencies (output by default for the first spectrum
automatically)

PRRI - PRINT RAOS AT SPECTRA INTEGRATION POINTS
This option is used to output the FULLY COUPLED RAOs which are used to calculate the response
spectrum. The peak values will not generally be contained in the output, as this is not necessary for
accurate integration of the response spectra, which is achieved in AQWA-FER within one percent.
However, the peak value will never exceed the values output by more than 80 percent, provided the
damping exceeds one half percent critical at low frequencies and one and a half percent critical at
wave frequency.

Note that these RAOs are calculated for the direction of the corresponding spectra in the fixed
reference axis system.
PRTI - PRINT TRANSFER MATRIX AT SPECTRA INTEGRATION POINT
This option is used to output the transfer matrix at the integration points of the response spectra for the
FULLY COUPLED system of the equations of motion. By default, this option only outputs the
leading diagonal of this matrix, which therefore omits the information relating to the phase between
the freedoms the structures. DO NOT use this option if the information is not required, as the
computing costs are substantially increased during integration of the wave frequency motions.
The complete matrix may be output by using the PRCS option in addition to this option.
PRFS - PRINT FORCE SPECTRAL DENSITY MATRIX AT SPECTRA
INTEGRATION POINTS
This option is used to output the wave force spectra for both drift and wave frequency, at the
integration points of the response spectra, for the direction the corresponding spectra. By default, this
option only outputs the leading diagonal of this matrix, which therefore omits the information relating
to the phase between the freedoms the structures.
N.B. The forces are in the fixed reference axis system.

PRRS - PRINT RESPONSE SPECTRUM AT SPECTRA INTEGRATION POINTS
This option is used to output the RESPONSE SPECTRUM at the integration points of the response
spectra for the FULLY COUPLED system of the equations of motion. By default, this option only
output the leading diagonal of this matrix, which therefore omits the information relating to the phase
between the freedoms the structures.
N.B. The response is in the fixed reference axis system.
PRCE - PRINT CARD ECHO FOR DECKS 1 TO 5
This option informs the program to output the input received by the program in reading Decks 1 to 5.
This is the body modelling data and the static environment (see Section 6.1).
END - This is used to indicate the end of the option list.


APPENDIX B - REFERENCES
1. H.O.Berteaux, 1976, Buoy Engineering, J Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. N.D.P. Barltrop, 1998, Floating Structures: a guide for design and analysis,

Lt d Oilfield Publicat ions
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