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    Foundation

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    hamnahrico
    This document provides an overview of shallow foundations. It defines shallow foundations as those founded near the ground surface where the founding depth is less than the footing width and less than 3 meters. The three main types of shallow foundations are pad foundations, strip foundations, and raft foundations. Pad foundations support individual column loads, strip foundations support lines of column loads, and raft foundations spread loads over a large area, often the entire structure footprint. Key considerations for foundation selection include soil conditions, building loads, and surrounding environment. The document also discusses foundation design principles and procedures.

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    Foundation

    Uploaded by

    hamnahrico
    210 views41 pages
    This document provides an overview of shallow foundations. It defines shallow foundations as those founded near the ground surface where the founding depth is less than the footing width and less than 3 meters. The three main types of shallow foundations are pad foundations, strip foundations, and raft foundations. Pad foundations support individual column loads, strip foundations support lines of column loads, and raft foundations spread loads over a large area, often the entire structure footprint. Key considerations for foundation selection include soil conditions, building loads, and surrounding environment. The document also discusses foundation design principles and procedures.

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    This document provides an overview of shallow foundations. It defines shallow foundations as those founded near the ground surface where the founding depth is less than the footing width and less than 3 meters. The three main types of shallow foundations are pad foundations, strip foundations, and raft foundations. Pad foundations support individual column loads, strip foundations support lines of column loads, and raft foundations spread loads over a large area, often the entire structure footprint. Key considerations for foundation selection include soil conditions, building loads, and surrounding environment. The document also discusses foundation design principles and procedures.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    210 views41 pages

    Foundation

    Uploaded by

    hamnahrico
    This document provides an overview of shallow foundations. It defines shallow foundations as those founded near the ground surface where the founding depth is less than the footing width and less than 3 meters. The three main types of shallow foundations are pad foundations, strip foundations, and raft foundations. Pad foundations support individual column loads, strip foundations support lines of column loads, and raft foundations spread loads over a large area, often the entire structure footprint. Key considerations for foundation selection include soil conditions, building loads, and surrounding environment. The document also discusses foundation design principles and procedures.

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    of 41

    SHALLOW FOUNDATION

    COURSE OUTCOME
    1. UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES AND CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING FOUNDATIONS UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING FOUNDATIONS

    2.

    FOUNDATIONS
    CONTENTS: 1)INTRODUCTION 2)FUNCTIONS 3)NEEDS 4)FOUNDATION DESIGN PRINCIPLES 5)BASIC DESIGN PROCEDURE 6)FOUNDATION SELECTION FACTORS 7)WHAT TYPE OF LOADS MUST A FOUNDATION SUPPORT? 8)TYPES OF FOUNDATION

    1.0 INTRODUCTION
    What is Foundations?

    "The foundation is a system comprised of foundation wall, footings and soil. The prime purpose of an efficient structural foundation system is to transmit the building loads directly to the soil without exceeding the bearing capacity of the soil.

    2.0 FUNCTIONS
    To distribute building structural loads to the ground loads will not exceed soil bearing capacity. To uniformly distribute loads to the ground avoid differential settlement. To support the building frame will resist to strong wind load (especially for hi-rise building). To act as a platform for superstructure.

    Needs
    Located in the safe place and able to distribute loads (dead, live, imposed, etc) avoid unwanted movement and settlement and damage to adjacent building. Sufficient depth and well constructed. Able to cope with a sulphate attack or other chemical contents that might comes from the soil.

    Foundation Design Principles


    The main objectives of foundation design are to ensure that the structural loads are transmitted to the subsoil safely, economically and without any unacceptable movement during the construction period and throughout the anticipated life of the building or structure.

    Basic Design Procedure


    Assessment of site conditions in the context of the site and soil investigation report. Calculation of anticipated structural loading. Sizing the chosen foundation in the context of loading, ground bearing capacity and any likely future movements of the building or structure.

    Basic Design Procedure


    Choosing the foundation type taking into consideration: Soil conditions; nature of sub soil Type of structure; Economic factors; Time factors relative to the proposed contract period; Construction problems. Conditional of the site (location and sufficient work space) Layout of the structure (building/floor plan, positioning loads etc.) Materials used for the foundation

    Foundation Selection factors

    The ground condition and its strength. Building types Total building loads Surrounding environment

    What Type of Loads Must a Foundation Support?


    Dead load: Is the sum of all material loads from the frame, the floors, roof, walls, electrical and mechanical equipment and the foundation itself. Live load: Is the sum of the weight of the people, furniture and equipment that people use. Live loads also include snow ice and water that are on the roof. Wind load: Is the load form any direction; lateral, downward and uplift of the foundation

    What Type of Loads Must a Foundation Support?


    Pressure: Is the horizontal pressure of the earth and water against the basement walls. Thrust: In some buildings the horizontal thrusts from arches, rigid frames, domes, vaults or tensile structures. Buoyancy: In some cases the buoyant uplift from underground water. Seismic: Horizontal and vertical forces caused by the motion of the ground relative to the building.

    Types of Foundation
    Shallow foundations Deep foundations Shallow foundations (sometimes called 'spread footings') include pads ('isolated footings'), strip footings and rafts.

    Deep foundations include piles, pile walls, diaphragm walls and caissons.

    Shallow Foundation a type of foundation that is used when the earth directly beneath a structure has sufficient bearing capacity to sustain the loads from the structure Deep Foundation a type of foundation that is used when the soil near the ground surface is weak

    Shallow foundations

    Shallow foundations are those founded near to the finished ground surface; generally where the founding depth (Df) is less than the width of the footing and less than 3m.

    Shallow foundations
    Shallows foundations are used when surface soils are sufficiently strong and stiff to support the imposed loads; they are generally unsuitable in weak or highly compressible soils, such as poorlycompacted fill, peat, recent lacustrine and alluvial deposits, etc

    Shallow Foundation There are 3 types of shallow foundations: Pad foundations Strip foundations Raft foundations

    Pad Foundation
    Pad foundations are used to support an individual point load such as that due to a structural column. They may be circular, square or rectangular. They usually consist of a block or slab of uniform thickness, but they may be stepped or hunched if they are required to spread the load from a heavy column. Pad foundations are usually shallow, but deep pad foundations can also be used.

    Pad Foundation

    Pad foundation and Steel Grillage

    Rectangular Pad and Combined Column

    Strip Foundation
    Strip foundations are used to support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall, or if a line of columns need supporting where column positions are so close that individual pad foundations would be inappropriate. Suitable for most subsoils and light structural loadings such as those encountered in low to medium rise dwelling.

    Strip Foundation

    Traditional and Deep Strip

    RC Strip and Continuous Column

    Raft Foundation
    Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. They are used when column loads or other structural loads are close together and individual pad foundations would interact. A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab which extends over the entire loaded area. It may be stiffened by ribs or beams incorporated into the foundation.

    Solid Slab Raft Foundation

    Raft Foundation contd


    Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements between loading positions. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area.

    Beam and Slab Raft

    Thank You Class, THE END

    Soil Bearing
    The soil's bearing capacity is its ability to hold up a structure. It is the pressure that a structure imposes on to the mass of the earth without over stressing it. The soil's ultimate bearing capacity is the loading per square foot that will cause shear failure in the soil, which can lead to structural damage or even failure. It is necessary to determine the soil condition beneath the site prior to designing a foundation for any building

    Foundation Settlement
    All foundations settle once the soil adjusts to the applied loading of the structure. Often, differential settlement will occur which is when the building will settle is substantially different amounts, causing the frame of the building to become distorted, floors may slope, walls and glass may crack, and doors and windows may not open and close properly. "Accordingly, a primary objective in foundation design is to minimize differential settlement by loading the soil in such a way that equal settlement occurs under the various parts of the building."

    Differential settlement may cause due to.. Different ground layer Different structural load Large area of loading Different time of construction Different condition of the site

    Foundation settlement

    An apartment building in downtown Adapazari that has tilted due to differential settlement

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