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    Analgesics

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    Ivonnie Mae Mae
    This document discusses different types of analgesics and anesthesia. It describes non-opioid analgesics like salicylates, acetaminophen, and NSAIDs that work by inhibiting prostaglandin formation and pain receptor stimulation. Opioid analgesics like morphine bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system to alter pain perception. General anesthesia causes total loss of consciousness while regional anesthesia blocks pain in one region without unconsciousness. Inhalation anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, local anesthetics, and topical anesthetics are also reviewed along with their mechanisms of action and examples.

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    Analgesics

    Uploaded by

    Ivonnie Mae Mae
    105 views31 pages
    This document discusses different types of analgesics and anesthesia. It describes non-opioid analgesics like salicylates, acetaminophen, and NSAIDs that work by inhibiting prostaglandin formation and pain receptor stimulation. Opioid analgesics like morphine bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system to alter pain perception. General anesthesia causes total loss of consciousness while regional anesthesia blocks pain in one region without unconsciousness. Inhalation anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, local anesthetics, and topical anesthetics are also reviewed along with their mechanisms of action and examples.

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    This document discusses different types of analgesics and anesthesia. It describes non-opioid analgesics like salicylates, acetaminophen, and NSAIDs that work by inhibiting prostaglandin formation and pain receptor stimulation. Opioid analgesics like morphine bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system to alter pain perception. General anesthesia causes total loss of consciousness while regional anesthesia blocks pain in one region without unconsciousness. Inhalation anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, local anesthetics, and topical anesthetics are also reviewed along with their mechanisms of action and examples.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    105 views31 pages

    Analgesics

    Uploaded by

    Ivonnie Mae Mae
    This document discusses different types of analgesics and anesthesia. It describes non-opioid analgesics like salicylates, acetaminophen, and NSAIDs that work by inhibiting prostaglandin formation and pain receptor stimulation. Opioid analgesics like morphine bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system to alter pain perception. General anesthesia causes total loss of consciousness while regional anesthesia blocks pain in one region without unconsciousness. Inhalation anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, local anesthetics, and topical anesthetics are also reviewed along with their mechanisms of action and examples.

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    of 31

    ANALGESICS

    Samples

    NON-OPIOD ANLAGESICS

    It prevents prostaglandin formation in inflamed tissues


    Inhibits stimulation of pain receptors Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS to stimulate peripheral

    vasodilation

    to reduce fever

    TYPES
    Salicilates Acetomenophen Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) drugs

    SALICYLATES
    Absorbed in small intestine and stomach Found all over the body Metabolized by live and excreted via urine Examples: aspirin (ASA), salsalate (Disalcid)

    ACETAMINOPHEN
    Absorbed in GI tract and rectal mucosa Distributed in all body fluids and can pass placenta Metabolized by liver and excreted via the urine and breast milk Example: acetaminophen (Tylenol, Tempra)

    NSAIDS
    Absorbed in GI tract Distributed widely Metabolized by liver and excreted via the urine Examples: diclofenac (Cataflam), ibuprofen (Advil) ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol), mefenamic acid (Ponstel), naproxen sodium (Anaprox)

    COX-2
    Absorbed in the GI tract Distributed widely Metabolized by the liver and excreted by the urine and feces Example: celecoxib (Celebrex)

    WHEN TO USE
    Pain (mild to moderate) Arthritis and osteoarthritis (except MFA) Fever (acetomenophen, ASA and ibuprofen) Inflammation (ASA, naproxen) TIA and MI (ASA) Dysmenorrhoea (MFA, ibuprfen, naproxen, ketorolac)

    WHEN NOT TO USE


    Aspirin hypersensitivity Bleeding disorders Pregnancy Heart disease

    ADVERSE REACTIONS
    N and V Diarrhea Heartburn Dizziness Headache Tinnitus Rash Ulcer

    GI pain and upset

    NURSING ACTIONS
    Give drugs before meals and with meal for GI upset Salcicylates are NO-NO to influenza, varicella or viral illness Reyes Syndrome Monitor patients taking COX-2 for thromboembolic events

    OPIOD ANALGESICS

    Opium Poppy

    OPIOD ANALGESICS
    Binds with opioid receptors in the CNS to alter perception and emotional response to pain Examples: codeine, meperidine (Demerol), morphine sulfate, oxycodone (OxyContin)

    MIXED OPIOID AGONISTANTAGONIST


    Weakly antagonize the effects of opiates at the receptors Examples: butorphanol (stadol), nalbuphine (Nubain)

    WHEN TO USE
    Adjuncts to anesthesia Cough relief (codeine) Pain due to MI or pulmonary edema (morphine) Pain unresponsive to non-opioid analgesics

    WHEN NOT TO USE

    Opioid abuse

    ADVERSE REACTIONS
    Orthostatic hypotension RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION Psychological dependence Pupil constriction Neurotoxicity Seizures (meperidine)

    NURSING ACTIONS
    Asses patients vital signs specially RR Prolonged use can cause dependency and tolerance NALOXONE (Narcan) is the anti-dote for opioid overdose

    ANAESTHESIA

    Injection Sites

    Rapid Acting Hypnotics


    Stabilizes neuronal membranes to produce progressive, reversible CNS depression Anaesthesia extension, induction and maintenance Example: propofol (Diprivan), thiopental sodium (Penthotal)

    TYPES OF ANESTHESIA

    GENERAL Total loss of consciousness and sensation (can also cause AMNESIA)
    Intravenous Inhalation rectal

    HE ABOUT GENERAL ANESTHESIA


    Type of anaesthesia NPO 8 hours prior surgery Avoid CNS depressants ALCOHOL 24 hours prior Adverse reactions and S and S

    REGIONAL All painful sensations in one region without inducing unconsciousness


    Topical Local - Involves injection of a local anesthetic (numbing agent) directly into the surgical area to block pain sensations Field block Nerve blocks - A local anesthetic is injected near a specific nerve or group of nerves to block pain from the area of the body supplied by the nerve. Spinal and Epidural - A local anesthetic is injected near the spinal cord and nerves that connect to the spinal cord to block pain from an entire region of the body, such as the belly, hips, or legs. IV regional

    INHALATION ANAESTHETICS
    Depresses CNS to produce LOC, loss of responsiveness to sensory stimulation and muscle relaxation Example: enflurane (ethrane), halothane (Flouthane), isoflurane (Forane), nitrous oxide

    NURSING ACTIONS
    Keep ATROPINE available to reverse bradycardia Monitor temperature frequently hypothermia usually occurs with inhalation anaesthesia Shivering is common during recovery

    Use extra blankets/heat, administer O2

    INJECTABLE ANAESTHESIA
    Depresses CNS Usually used for PAIN Example: sufentanil (Sufenta)

    LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
    Provide analgesic relief by blocking the conduction of nerve impulses at the point of contact PAIN Examples: lidocaine HCL, bupivacaine HCL (Marcaine)

    TOPICAL ANAESTHESIA
    Blocks nerve impulse transmission Stimulate nerve endings and interfere with pain perception Causes surface numbing Examples: bezocaine, butamben, dyclonine, procaine, lidociane and tetracaine

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