Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 127 views

    12.elastic Constants

    Uploaded by

    aderanc
    1. The document discusses four elastic constants - modulus of elasticity (E), Poisson's ratio (ν), shear modulus (G), and bulk modulus (K) - that are used to characterize the elastic behavior of isotropic materials. 2. The relationships between the constants are defined, with E and ν being the two independent constants, and relationships given to define G and K in terms of E and ν. 3. Examples are given of how to determine E and ν from a simple tension test, and the typical ranges of values for the constants in common materials like metals, ceramics, and polymers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    12.elastic Constants

    Uploaded by

    aderanc
    127 views18 pages
    1. The document discusses four elastic constants - modulus of elasticity (E), Poisson's ratio (ν), shear modulus (G), and bulk modulus (K) - that are used to characterize the elastic behavior of isotropic materials. 2. The relationships between the constants are defined, with E and ν being the two independent constants, and relationships given to define G and K in terms of E and ν. 3. Examples are given of how to determine E and ν from a simple tension test, and the typical ranges of values for the constants in common materials like metals, ceramics, and polymers.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    12.Elastic Constants

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1. The document discusses four elastic constants - modulus of elasticity (E), Poisson's ratio (ν), shear modulus (G), and bulk modulus (K) - that are used to characterize the elastic behavior of isotropic materials. 2. The relationships between the constants are defined, with E and ν being the two independent constants, and relationships given to define G and K in terms of E and ν. 3. Examples are given of how to determine E and ν from a simple tension test, and the typical ranges of values for the constants in common materials like metals, ceramics, and polymers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    127 views18 pages

    12.elastic Constants

    Uploaded by

    aderanc
    1. The document discusses four elastic constants - modulus of elasticity (E), Poisson's ratio (ν), shear modulus (G), and bulk modulus (K) - that are used to characterize the elastic behavior of isotropic materials. 2. The relationships between the constants are defined, with E and ν being the two independent constants, and relationships given to define G and K in terms of E and ν. 3. Examples are given of how to determine E and ν from a simple tension test, and the typical ranges of values for the constants in common materials like metals, ceramics, and polymers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    ELASTIC CONSTANTS IN ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

    1. Elasticity Modulus (E) 2. Poissons Ratio (n) 3. Shear Modulus (G) 4. Bulk Modulus (K)

    1. Modulus of Elasticity, E (Youngs Modulus)


    s E e
    Linearelastic

    F
    simple tension test

    s=Ee

    Units: E: [GPa]

    Slope of stress strain plot (which is proportional to the elastic modulus) depends on bond strength of metal

    E=

    Adapted from Fig. 6.7, Callister 7e.

    2. Poisson's ratio, n
    eT
    n is the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in the direction of stretching force. Either transverse strain or longitudional strain is negative, is positive

    F
    simple eL tension test

    n eT n=eL eT : Transverse Strain eL : Longitudional Strain


    Units: n: dimensionless

    Virtually all common materials undergo a transverse contraction when stretched in one direction and a transverse expansion when compressed. In an isotropic material the allowable (theoretical) range of Poisson's ratio is from -1.0 to +0.5, based on the theory of elasticity.
    metals: n ~ 0.33 ceramics: n ~ 0.25 polymers: n ~ 0.40

    3. Shear Modulus, G
    t G t=Gg

    M
    simple torsion test

    Units: G: [GPa]

    4. Bulk Modulus, K
    Initial Volume = V0 Volume Change = DV
    savg = K
    DV Vo

    P P

    P
    savg
    DV K Vo
    Units: K: [GPa]

    avg is the average of three stresses applied along three principal directions.

    Elastic Constants
    s= E t= G e g DV Vo

    Normal
    Shear Volumetric

    savg = K

    Stresses

    Strains

    Example:
    Uniaxial Loading of a Prismatic Specimen
    P=1000 kgf 10 cm 9.9 cm

    10 cm

    10.4 cm

    Determine E and n

    10 cm

    9.9 cm

    Before

    After

    P=1000 kgf d/2=0.05cm l/2=0.2cm

    1000 = 10kgf/cm2 P=1000kgf = 10*10 E= long= 10 = 250 kgf/cm2 = 0.04 l l0 d d0 =-

    10cm

    0.4 10

    =0.04

    10cm 1000 kgf

    lat=

    -0.1 10

    = -0.01 = 0.25

    -0.01 0.04

    For an isotropic material the stress-strain

    relations are as follows:

    RELATION B/W K & E

    Consider a cube with a unit volume


    D 1

    causes an elongation in the direction CD and contraction in the directions AB & BC.

    1 A 1 B

    The new dimensions of the cube is :


    CD direction is 1+ BC direction is 1- AB direction is 1-

    V0 = 1

    Final volume Vf of the cube is now:

    (1+) (1-) (1-) = (1+) (1-2+22) = 1 - 2 + 22 + -22 + 23 = 1 + - 2 - 22 + 22 + 23


    is small, 2 & 3 are smaller and can be neglected.

    Vf = 1+ - 2 V = Vf - V0 = (1-2)
    If equal tensile stresses are applied to each

    of the other two pairs of faces of the cube than the total change in volume will be : V = 3 (1-2)

    +
    (1-2)

    +
    + (1-2)

    SV = 3 (1-2) =

    (1-2)

    K=

    savg DV/V0

    (++)/3 3 (1-2)

    3 (1-2)

    E 3 (1-2)

    K=

    E
    3 (1-2)

    The relation between

    K and E is :

    K=

    E 3 (1-2)

    Moreover the relation

    between G and E is :

    G=

    E
    2 (1+)

    The relation between

    G, E and K is :

    1 E

    1 1 + 9K 3G

    Therefore, out of the four elastic constants only two of them are independent.

    For very soft materials such as pastes, gels,

    putties, K is very large

    Note that as K 0.5 & E 3G If K is very large V/V0 0 *No volume

    change
    For materials like metals, fibers & certain

    plastics K must be considered.

    Modulus of Elasticity : High in covalent compounds such as diamond

    Lower in metallic and ionic crystals


    Lowest in molecular amorphous solids such

    as plastics and rubber.

    Elastic Constants of Some Materials


    E(psi)x106 (GPa) G(psi)x106 (GPa) Cast Iron Steel Aluminum Concrete 16 110 7.4 50 (-) 0.17

    30
    10 1.5-5.5 Long 1.81 Tang 0.10

    205
    70

    11.8
    3.6

    80
    25 4-15 0.7 0.2

    0.26
    0.33 0.2

    10-40 0.62-2.30 12 0.7 0.11 0.03

    Wood

    You might also like