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    Demo Networking Devices

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    Mariecar Garcia
    This document summarizes the evolution of networking devices used in local area networks (LANs). It begins with network interface cards (NICs) and repeaters, which were used to connect the first computers in a LAN but could only support a few devices and had limited distance. Hubs were then introduced, allowing for multiple connections but sharing bandwidth and treating all traffic the same. Bridges were developed to filter traffic between segments using MAC addresses. Switches functioned similarly to bridges but supported more ports. Finally, routers were introduced to filter traffic using IP addresses and support routing between multiple network segments.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Demo Networking Devices

    Uploaded by

    Mariecar Garcia
    139 views26 pages
    This document summarizes the evolution of networking devices used in local area networks (LANs). It begins with network interface cards (NICs) and repeaters, which were used to connect the first computers in a LAN but could only support a few devices and had limited distance. Hubs were then introduced, allowing for multiple connections but sharing bandwidth and treating all traffic the same. Bridges were developed to filter traffic between segments using MAC addresses. Switches functioned similarly to bridges but supported more ports. Finally, routers were introduced to filter traffic using IP addresses and support routing between multiple network segments.

    Original Description:

    Introduction to Networking

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    This document summarizes the evolution of networking devices used in local area networks (LANs). It begins with network interface cards (NICs) and repeaters, which were used to connect the first computers in a LAN but could only support a few devices and had limited distance. Hubs were then introduced, allowing for multiple connections but sharing bandwidth and treating all traffic the same. Bridges were developed to filter traffic between segments using MAC addresses. Switches functioned similarly to bridges but supported more ports. Finally, routers were introduced to filter traffic using IP addresses and support routing between multiple network segments.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    139 views26 pages

    Demo Networking Devices

    Uploaded by

    Mariecar Garcia
    This document summarizes the evolution of networking devices used in local area networks (LANs). It begins with network interface cards (NICs) and repeaters, which were used to connect the first computers in a LAN but could only support a few devices and had limited distance. Hubs were then introduced, allowing for multiple connections but sharing bandwidth and treating all traffic the same. Bridges were developed to filter traffic between segments using MAC addresses. Switches functioned similarly to bridges but supported more ports. Finally, routers were introduced to filter traffic using IP addresses and support routing between multiple network segments.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Networking Devices

    Evolution of LAN Devices


    NICs, Repeaters, & Hubs Bridges Switches Routers

    NIC Specifics
    NICs provide hosts with access to media by using a MAC address. MAC stands for Media Access Control NICs operate at Layer 2 !!

    NICs, Repeaters, & Hubs


    The First LAN
    NIC NIC

    To connect two computers, you must... Install a NIC card in each. Attach computers NIC a crossover cable using

    NICs, Repeaters, & Hubs


    Repeaters can be used to increase the distance
    NIC NIC

    So what the we amplifythisdistance can maximum Repeaters use if and distance Whats 100 meters or approx. 300 feet is greater than 100 meters? retime signals

    for Cat 5 cable?

    NICs, Repeaters, & Hubs


    NIC NIC

    Using repeaters was fine as long as a business only needed two computers networked.
    NIC

    What if a business wanted a third computer attached? Or a fourth? What device would they need?

    NIC

    NICs, Repeaters, & Hubs


    A multi-port repeater! Also called a...
    NIC

    Hub

    NIC

    NIC

    NIC

    A Dilemma!
    NIC

    As businesses expanded their networks, they began to cascade hubs.

    NIC

    NIC

    NIC

    Whats The Problem?


    1) Hubs share bandwidth between all
    attached devices. 2) Hubs are stupid, Layer 1 devices. They cannot filter traffic. 3) Most LANs use a broadcast topology, so every device sees every packet sent down the media.
    Lets take a look at how broadcasting works

    Broadcasts

    In this picture, all hubs forward all traffic to all devices.

    Broadcasts
    1 2

    So, if Host 1 wants ping Host 2, all hosts see the ping. This is what we mean by a broadcast topology

    The red arrows show that all hosts receive the ping request. Only Host 2 will respond.

    Whats The Solution?


    We need a smarter hub! Whats a smarter hub called? A Bridge! Bridges filter network traffic based on MAC addresses. Lets take a look at how this works.

    Bridge

    To lessen the amount of LAN traffic, businesses began to use bridges to filter frames based on MAC addresses.

    Bridge
    1 2

    Now, if Host 1 pings Host 2, only the hosts on that LAN segment see the ping. The bridges stop the ping.

    Switch

    A switch (also know as a multi-port bridge), can effectively replace these four bridges.

    Switch

    Another benefit of a switch is that each LAN segment gets dedicated bandwidth.
    10 Mbps 10 Mbps
    The Cloud

    10 Mbps

    10 Mbps

    10 Mbps

    Switch
    1 2

    Since a switch is a multi-port destined But a switch cannot stop a pingbridge, we different LAN segment from for a know it will stop local pings from traveling all other LAN segments. traveling toto other network segments.

    Switch
    1

    For example, Host 1 pings Host 16. Since Host 16 is on another will solve this problem? will What device LAN segment, the switch flood the ping request out all ports.

    16

    Router
    1

    Routers filter traffic based on IP addresses. The IP address tells the router which LAN segment the ping belongs to.

    16

    Routers Two Main Functions

    Path Determination Packet Switching

    Routers Two Main Functions


    Path Determination is the process of evaluating a packets destination IP address so that the router can decide which port to send out the packet.

    Routers Two Main Functions


    In Packet Switching, the router reencapsulates the packet in the protocol needed for the specified port and then switches the packet out that port.

    Devices Function At Layers


    Know These!

    Devices Function At Layers


    Also know that each device not only works at its layer, but all layers below it.

    Devices Function At Layers


    For example, a router is a layer 3 device but also uses MAC addresses (layer 2) and repeats the signal (layer 1)

    Devices Function At Layers


    One last bit of information

    At what layers do ALL two operate? these 7 LAYERS!!


    The Cloud

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