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    Anaphylactic Shock

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    HIND
    This document provides information about anaphylactic shock, including its pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms, nursing assessment, and treatment. Anaphylactic shock is a severe and potentially fatal allergic reaction that can progress rapidly. It results from an excessive immune response triggered by antigens like foods, drugs, insect bites, which causes histamine release. This leads to airway constriction, low blood pressure, nausea and other symptoms. Rapid nursing assessment and treatment with epinephrine is needed to reverse the effects and prevent death.

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    Anaphylactic Shock

    Uploaded by

    HIND
    3K views29 pages
    This document provides information about anaphylactic shock, including its pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms, nursing assessment, and treatment. Anaphylactic shock is a severe and potentially fatal allergic reaction that can progress rapidly. It results from an excessive immune response triggered by antigens like foods, drugs, insect bites, which causes histamine release. This leads to airway constriction, low blood pressure, nausea and other symptoms. Rapid nursing assessment and treatment with epinephrine is needed to reverse the effects and prevent death.

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    Anaphylactic shock

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    This document provides information about anaphylactic shock, including its pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms, nursing assessment, and treatment. Anaphylactic shock is a severe and potentially fatal allergic reaction that can progress rapidly. It results from an excessive immune response triggered by antigens like foods, drugs, insect bites, which causes histamine release. This leads to airway constriction, low blood pressure, nausea and other symptoms. Rapid nursing assessment and treatment with epinephrine is needed to reverse the effects and prevent death.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    3K views29 pages

    Anaphylactic Shock

    Uploaded by

    HIND
    This document provides information about anaphylactic shock, including its pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms, nursing assessment, and treatment. Anaphylactic shock is a severe and potentially fatal allergic reaction that can progress rapidly. It results from an excessive immune response triggered by antigens like foods, drugs, insect bites, which causes histamine release. This leads to airway constriction, low blood pressure, nausea and other symptoms. Rapid nursing assessment and treatment with epinephrine is needed to reverse the effects and prevent death.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 29
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are the pathophysiology, causes, signs and symptoms, assessment, diagnosis and treatment of anaphylactic shock.

    Anaphylactic shock can be caused by allergic reactions to foods, medications, insect bites and other allergens. It occurs when a person has been previously sensitized or exposed to an antigen.

    Signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock include throat tightness, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, rash and swelling of the face, lips and tongue.

    Anaphylactic Shock

    April 2nd, 2013

    Edited by: Hind Al-Suwais Nurse Intern Ward 13

    Objective
    At the end of this presentation I hope you will be able to: Remember the pathophysiology of the anaphylactic shock. Understand the causes of allergic reactions Recognize the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions. Modify patient physical assessment Identify nursing intervention and management based on the assessment.

    Anaphylactic Shock is the most severe type of allergic reaction, and is commonly seen in the pre hospital setting.

    THIS IS A TRUE MEDICAL EMERGENCY

    Introduction
    Anaphylactic is a serious allergic reaction, whole-body allergic response in which a substance causes a chemical reaction that can rapidly develop into a life threatening medical condition.

    Anaphylactic shock accounts for 400-800 deaths per year. Approximately 3 percent of all cases of anaphylactic shock are fatal.
    One of the most dangerous aspects of this type of allergic reaction is the speed with which it progresses. The onset of life threatening complications can be from seconds to minutes. Emphasis must be placed on rapid, aggressive pre hospital intervention to prevent death.

    PHYSIOLOGY
    The body has a protective mechanism called the IMMUNE SYSTEM
    This system protects the body from foreign substances that have entered the body by releasing chemicals that bond with the foreign substance to facilitate its removal.

    Agents That May Cause Anaphylaxis


    Antibiotics and other drugs. Foods (nuts, eggs, shellfish) Allergen extracts (allergy shots) Hymenoptera stings (bees, wasps) Hormones (insulin) Aspirin Blood products Preservatives (sulfiting agents)

    Antigen
    The medical term for a foreign substance. When antigens enter the body they cause the release of protective proteins from the immune system.

    When the introduction of an antigen causes a violent reaction it can be called an allergen.

    ANTIBODY
    A general term for the protective proteins that are released from the immune system when a foreign substance (antigen) enters the body.

    When the body releases antibodies in response to an invading antigen, this is called an Antigen/Antibody reaction.
    This reaction occurs everyday as a standard component of the immune system. Antigen/Antibody reactions vary in intensity depending on the substance that has entered the body and whether the body has had previous exposure to the substance.

    Anaphylactic Shock occurs when a patient becomes sensitized to a substance from previous exposures.
    The immune system reacts more violently because of the familiarity to the substance.

    The violent reaction can be described as an excessive release of antibodies, thus any symptoms normally accompanying the release of these antibodies will be exaggerated.

    When we speak about anaphylactic shock and antibody release, we are mostly concerned with the Immunoglobulin IgE and the antibody protein known as HISTAMINE

    Histamines
    When released in elevated amounts due to sensitivity to a substance, histamines are responsible for the symptoms of anaphylactic shock.

    Summary of the effects of Histamine

    Respiratory System

    Difficulty breathing due to smooth muscle spasm and swelling

    Summary of the effects of Histamine

    Cardiovascular

    Tachycardia with hypotension and arrythmias.

    Gastrointestinal Neurological

    Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and cramping Anxiety, dizziness, weakness and seizures Angioedema, edema, urticarial (hives), pruritus (itching) and tearing

    Cutaneous

    Signs and symptoms

    Nursing care plan


    Patient assessment
    Always start with a Primary Assessment
    Many times in the management of Anaphylactic Shock, therapeutic interventions will be needed immediately after the primary survey is completed to correct life threatening airway conditions.

    Patient Assessment cont.


    The airway portion of the primary survey should be assessed for laryngeal edema, tongue swelling, stridor or barking cough. All these abnormalities are warnings of impending complete airway obstruction.

    Secondary Assessment

    A complete head to toe survey must be completed, paying special attention to the early and frequent assessment of vital signs. The patients neck and face should be continually assessed for swelling, hives (uticaria), and redness (erythemia). Ongoing assessment of lung sounds is of primary importance due to the rapid onset of bronchospasm.

    Nursing Diagnosis
    Ineffective airway clearance related to laryngeal edema and bronchospasm. Deficient knowledge about allergy and the recommended modification in lifestyle and self care practice. Ineffective individual coping with chronicity of condition and need for environmental modification.

    Intervention
    The treatment for anaphylactic shock is EPINEPHRINE
    Epinephrine has the ability to reverse many of the effects of histamine release. This is accomplished by:
    Bronchodilation Vasoconstriction Increased cardiac output

    Treating anaphylactic shock (ALS)

    The first step is maintenance of the airway Give 100% Oxygen Give Epinephrine 1: 1,000 0.5 mg SQ

    Research
    There are ongoing efforts to develop sublingual epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis. Subcutaneous injection of the anti-IgE antibody omalizumab is being studied as a method of preventing recurrence, but it is not yet recommended.

    Conclusion
    The process of anaphylaxis can be quite complicated, but understanding it can help an individual to recognize the signs and symptoms of a reaction and possibly save a life. Anaphylactic shock is a life-threatening response that can rapidly develop if medical attention is not received right away. It is important for parents, teachers and medical professionals to be prepared for these types of instances.

    References
    http://www.emsworld.com/article/10324669/anaphylacticand-anaphylactoid- reactions?page=2 http://www.csaci.ca/include/files/WAO_Anaphylaxis_Gui delines_2011.pdf http://www.emedicinehealth.com/severe_allergic_reaction _anaphylactic_shock/article_em.htm http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anaphylaxis/DS00009

    Questions???

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