Introduction To Civil Engineering Works

AN INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS

Civil engineering is a broad field of engineering dealing with the planning, design, construction, maintenance and management of physical infrastructure networks.
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS (contd)

This includes fixed structures, or public works, as they are related to earth, water, or civilization and their processes. Most civil engineering today deals with power plants, bridges, roads, railways, structures, water supply, irrigation, the natural environment, sewer, flood control, transportation and traffic. WIKIPEDIA

Engineering has developed from observations of the ways natural and constructed systems react and from the development of empirical equations that provide bases for design.

Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields, partly because it is the oldest of all engineering fields. In fact, engineering was once divided into only two fields - military and civil. Civil engineering was defined to distinguish it from military engineering.

The beginnings of civil engineering as a separate discipline may be seen in the foundation in France 1716 John Smeaton, the first man to call himself a civil engineer, began as an instrument maker.

1.1 General engineering 1.2 Structural engineering 1.3 Fire protection engineering 1.4 Geotechnical engineering 1.5 Transportation engineering 1.6 Environmental engineering 1.7 Hydraulic engineering 1.8 Water resources engineering 1.9 Construction engineering 1.10 Materials science 1.11 Surveying
GENERAL ENGINEERING
General civil engineering is concerned with the overall interface of human created fixed projects with the greater world. General civil engineers work closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers to fit and serve fixed projects within their given site, community and terrain by designing grading, drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service, electric and communications supply and land (real property) divisions.
GENERAL ENGINEERING (contd)

General engineers spend much of their time visiting project sites, developing community/neighborhood consensus, and preparing construction plans.

General Civil Engineering is also referred to as Site/Civil Engineering; a branch of Civil Engineering that primarily focuses on converting a tract of land from one usage to another.

Site/Civil Engineers typically apply the principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Transportation Engineering and Construction Engineering to residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects of all sizes and levels of construction.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of buildings, bridges, and other structures. This involves calculating the stresses and forces that act upon or arise within a structure, and designing the structure to successfully resist those forces and stresses.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING (contd)

Resistance to wind and seismic loadings, especially performance near resonant frequencies, which affect the overall stability of a structure, are major design concerns. Other factors such as durability and cost are also considered. In addition to design of new buildings, structural engineers may design a seismic retrofit for an existing structure to mitigate undesirable performance during earthquakes.
FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING

Fire protection engineering, also called 'fire safety engineering' is the practice of application of science and engineering principles and experience to protect people and their environments from the destructive effects of fire. The underlying branches of science are fire science, fire dynamics and chemistry.
FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING (contd)

Fire protection engineers, often civil engineers by training, typically design safeguards that aid in fighting fires, such as alarm, sprinkler, and smoke control systems. They are also involved at the design stage where structural design work is being done, and they provide expert advice on materials choices and in the protection of structural members.
FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING (contd)

They are also employed as fire investigators, including such very largescale cases as the analysis of the mechanism of the collapse of the World Trade Center. NASA uses fire protection engineers on its space program to ensure safety.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Geotechnical engineering is primarily concerned with the interaction of structures with earth materials, and structures constructed from earth materials. Geotechnical engineers analyse site conditions and design foundations and earthworks.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING (contd)

Geotechnical engineers deal with soil properties, soil mechanics, compression and swelling of soils, seepage, slopes, embankments, retaining walls, ground and rock anchors, use of synthetic tensile materials in soil structures, soil-structure interaction, and soil dynamics.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Transportation engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining transportation infrastructure which includes streets, canals, highways, rail systems, airports, ports, and mass transit.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (contd)

It includes areas such as transportation design, transportation planning, traffic engineering, urban engineering, queueing theory, pavement engineering, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), and infrastructure management.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Environmental engineering deals with the treatment of chemical, biological, and/or thermal waste, the purification of water and air, and the remediation of contaminated sites, due to prior waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, sewage treatment, and hazardous waste management.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (contd)

Environmental engineers can be involved with pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology. Environmental engineering also deals with the gathering of information on the environmental consequences of proposed actions and the assessment of effects of proposed actions for the purpose of assisting society and policy makers in the decision making process.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (contd)

Environmental engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering, though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by the term environmental engineering. Some other terms in use are public health engineering and environmental health engineering
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of pipelines, water distribution systems, drainage facilities (including bridges, dams, channels, culverts, levees, storm sewers), and canals. Hydraulic engineers design these facilities using the concepts of fluid pressure, fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and hydraulics, among others
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water (as a natural resource). As a discipline it therefore combines hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, geology, conservation, and resource management.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING (contd)

This area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground (aquifers) and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING (contd)

Water resource engineers analyze and model very small to very large areas of the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, through, or out of a facility. Although the actual design of the facility may be left to other engineers.
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
Construction engineering involves planning and execution of the designs from transportation, site development, hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical engineers.
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING (contd)

As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types of civil engineering firms, many construction engineers tend to take on a role that is more business-like in nature: drafting and reviewing contracts, evaluating logistical operations, and closely-monitoring prices of necessary supplies.
MATERIALS SCIENCE
Civil engineering also includes elements of materials science. Construction materials with broad applications in civil engineering include ceramics such as Portland cement concrete (PCC) and hot mix asphalt concrete, metals such as aluminum and steel, and polymers such as polymethylaccrylate (PMMA) and carbon fibers. Current research in these areas focus around increased strength, durability, workability, and reduced cost.
SURVEYING
Surveying is the process by which a surveyor measures certain dimensions that generally occur on the surface of the Earth. Modern surveying equipment, such as EDM's, Total Stations, GPS Surveying and Laser Scanning, allow for remarkably accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances.
SURVEYING (contd)
This information is crucial to convert the data into a graphical representation of the Earth's surface, in the form a map. This information is then used by Civil Engineers, Contractors and even realtors to design from, build on, and trade, respectively.
SURVEYING (contd)
Elements of a building or structure must be correctly sized and positioned in relation to each other and to site boundaries and adjacent structures. Civil engineers are trained in the methods of surveying and may seek Professional Land Surveyor status.
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS

Introduction To Civil Engineering Works

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AN INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS (contd)

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS (contd)

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS (contd)

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS (contd)

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS (contd)

GENERAL ENGINEERING (contd)

GENERAL ENGINEERING (contd)

GENERAL ENGINEERING (contd)

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING (contd)

FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING

FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING (contd)

FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING (contd)

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING (contd)

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (contd)

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (contd)

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (contd)

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING (contd)

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING (contd)

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING (contd)

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS

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