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    Esp Principle and Design

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    Brijraj Pandey
    The document provides information on electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) including: 1. It discusses the working principle of ESPs which involves corona generation, particle charging, particle collection, and removal of particles. 2. It outlines factors that affect ESP performance such as gas velocity, aspect ratio, and treatment time. Higher gas velocity and lower aspect ratio can reduce collection efficiency. 3. It provides design considerations for ESPs including the need for larger ESPs at higher inlet dust concentrations to achieve the same emission levels. ESP collection efficiency also increases significantly as the required efficiency increases from 90% to 99%.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Esp Principle and Design

    Uploaded by

    Brijraj Pandey
    157 views34 pages
    The document provides information on electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) including: 1. It discusses the working principle of ESPs which involves corona generation, particle charging, particle collection, and removal of particles. 2. It outlines factors that affect ESP performance such as gas velocity, aspect ratio, and treatment time. Higher gas velocity and lower aspect ratio can reduce collection efficiency. 3. It provides design considerations for ESPs including the need for larger ESPs at higher inlet dust concentrations to achieve the same emission levels. ESP collection efficiency also increases significantly as the required efficiency increases from 90% to 99%.

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    Esp Principle and Design[1]

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    The document provides information on electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) including: 1. It discusses the working principle of ESPs which involves corona generation, particle charging, particle collection, and removal of particles. 2. It outlines factors that affect ESP performance such as gas velocity, aspect ratio, and treatment time. Higher gas velocity and lower aspect ratio can reduce collection efficiency. 3. It provides design considerations for ESPs including the need for larger ESPs at higher inlet dust concentrations to achieve the same emission levels. ESP collection efficiency also increases significantly as the required efficiency increases from 90% to 99%.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    157 views34 pages

    Esp Principle and Design

    Uploaded by

    Brijraj Pandey
    The document provides information on electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) including: 1. It discusses the working principle of ESPs which involves corona generation, particle charging, particle collection, and removal of particles. 2. It outlines factors that affect ESP performance such as gas velocity, aspect ratio, and treatment time. Higher gas velocity and lower aspect ratio can reduce collection efficiency. 3. It provides design considerations for ESPs including the need for larger ESPs at higher inlet dust concentrations to achieve the same emission levels. ESP collection efficiency also increases significantly as the required efficiency increases from 90% to 99%.

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    Welcome to

    Electrostatic Precipitator

    EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

    GENERAL
    VISIBILITY REDUCTION DUE TO SCATTERING OF LIGHT FROM SURFACES OF AIR BORNE PARTICLES MATERIAL DAMAGE

    AGRICULTURAL DAMAGE DUE TO ASH DEPOSITION


    LOSS AND REDUCTION OF GREEN PLANT PIGMENT CALLED CHLOROPHYLL RESULTING IN YELLOWING AND EVEN DROPPING OF LEAVES.

    DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS, MONUMENTS OF MARBLE ETC.

    EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION HUMAN HEALTH


    OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DECEASE AFFECTS LUNGS - SILICOSIS FOR FOUNDRY WORKMEN RESPIRATORY CONDITION DUE TO TOXIC AGENTS
    ACUTE CONJUNCTIONS DUE TO CHEMICAL DUSTS, FUMES AND GASES

    DISORDER DUE TO PHYSICAL AGENTS - ENVIRONMENTAL HEAT OR LOW TEMPERATURE EYE IRRITATION, COUGH AND BREATHLESSNESS FORMATION OF CARBOXYL HEMOGLOBIN WHICH PREVENTS O2 CARRIAGE BY BLOOD

    GROWTH OF PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION

    Rapid economic growth Rapid industrialization and urbanization Increased industrial production Population explosion Growth in demand for power Increase in requirement for thermal power plants More number of old coal based power plants designed for high emission & low ash content coal High ash content or deterioration in quality of coal reserve

    TYPES OF DUST COLLECTING EQUIPMENTS


    Pressure Collection drop effieicny, mmWc %

    Sl. NO.

    Type of Dust collectors

    Remarks

    1.

    Gravity Settling 25-30 chamber

    30 to 40

    Less efficiency, more space required and not suitable for power plant Not for power plant Were widely used in power plants but can not satisfy the present day pollution control requirement

    2.

    Inertial Collectors Impact 30 40 Centrifugal 60-80 (cyclones)

    30 40 75 to 80

    TYPES OF DUST COLLECTING EQUIPMENTS


    Sl. NO. Type of Dust collectors Pressure Collection drop effieicny, mmWc % Remarks

    3.

    Scrubbers(wet)

    50 to 60

    80 to 90

    4.

    Electrostatic precipitators Fabric Filter

    15-25

    99.99

    125 to 150

    99.99

    Used mainly in process industries and can not satisfy the pollution control requirement Can meet any efficiency and mostly used in all power plants. Can meet any efficiency and used many power plants abroad. Gaining momentum in Indian Power plants also.

    PURPOSE OF POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT

    Recovery of material for economic reasons


    Pulp and Paper Industries (Sodium Sulphate)

    Removal of abrasive material in the dust to reduce wear and tear of the Fan components Removal of objectionable matter in the dust
    NO2 and SO2

    ADVANTAGES OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS

    Very high collection efficiency Low pressure drop capacity to collect sub-micron particles Robust construction - Longer life Less maintenance Adaptability

    ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR PRINCIPLE

    ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR WORKING PRINCIPLE

    The precipitation process involves 4 main functions Corona generation Particle charging Particle collection Removal of particles

    ESP - CORONA GENERATION

    Due to the ionisation of gas molecules, + ve ions, -ve ions and free electrons are generated.

    CORONA DISCHARGE IN SPIRAL ELECTRODE

    ESP - PARTICLE CHARGING

    The -ve charges of ions and free electrons travel towards +ve electrode and the +ve charges of ions travel towards -ve electrodes. When -ve ions travel towards +ve electrodes, the -ve charges get attached to the dust particles and thus the dust particles are electrically charged,

    ESP - PARTICLE COLLECTION

    ESP - REMOVAL OF PARTICLE

    ESP SIZING THEORY


    DEUTSCH - ANDERSON EQUATION
    Collection Efficiency = 1 - e - w. SCA where, w = SCA =

    Migration velocity Specific Collecting Area

    Migration Velocity
    The velocity which the dust particle travel towards the collecting electrode under the influence of electric field.

    Specific collecting area


    Amount of collecting area required to be provided to collect dust in gas flow rate of 1 m3/s.

    DEFINITIONS

    Flue gas velocity, m/s

    Flue gas flow in m3 ESP effective cross section m2 Effective length of ESP Collecting electrode height Effective length of ESP in m Flue gas velocity in m/s

    Aspect ratio

    Treatment time, sec

    DEFINITIONS

    EFFECT OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS

    Gas velocity velocity is decided by the gas flow and collection efficiency required Higher the gas velocity, higher the carryover of dust particles without collection - Re-entertainment Very poor velocity alters the flow distribution and effects settling of dust particles optimum velocity depends upon the application will improve the performance.

    EFFECT OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS

    Aspect ratio During the rapping, the falling of dust particle take a trajectory form Lower the aspect ratio, the trajectory dust travel along with gas flow without falling in to hoppers - Leads to re-entrainment loss. Higher the ratio, performance will be good optimum aspect ratio depends on allowable velocity, required collection efficiency and available space.

    EFFECT OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS

    Treatment time Time available for capturing the dust particle more treatment time at reasonable velocity improves the collection efficiency Probability of capturing the re-entrained partilces improves with time.

    ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS IN INDIA Prior to 1984 1974 water act 1977 water cess act 1981 air act The cost of compliance was more than that of non-compliance: 1986 Environmental Protection Act comprehensive act with command & control

    Future trend is to internalize the environmental improvement cost

    REVISED EMISSION STANDARD


    (GAZETTE NOTIFICATION BY MINISTRY OF E&F DATED 19 05 93)

    SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (SPM) STANDARD ALSO STATES THAT FOR POWER PLANTS CAPACITY LESS THAN 62.5 MW AND COMMISSIONED BEFORE 01 01 1982 FOR CEMENT PLANTS (TOTAL EMISSIONS) CAPACITY LESS THAN 200 TPD CAPACITY MORE THAN 200 TPD

    : < 150 mg/Nm3

    : 350 mg/Nm3

    : 400 mg/Nm3 : 250 mg/Nm3

    ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS TODAYS WORLD

    World Banks proposed guide lines For new thermal power plants (TPP) for capacities 50 MW Pollution control at project formulation level itself Site specific emission guide line Propose standard of 50 mg/Nm3 Aided projects are to abide by this Further implication on technical, economic & institutional

    Emission of various pollutants under the business-as-usual scenario Projection YEAR CO2 1996 2001 2006 2011 428.0 511.0 605.5 736.2 POLLUTANTS (MT) CO 16.162 17.9 19.6 22.0 SPM 0.30 259.1 338.0 434.0 NOX 1.34 1.75 2.19 2.82 SOX 0.049 0.089 0.125 0.158

    COMPARISON OF PARTICULATE EMISSION NORMS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

    Country USA Germany Europian community Australia Sweden India

    Mg/Nm3 36 50 50 250 56 150

    ppm 28 39 39 194 43

    DESIGN DATA REQUIRED FOR ESP


    Application Process data Gas composition Gas pressure Gas moisture Dust composition Particle size distribution Basic design data
    Gas flow rate Gas temperature Inlet dust concentration Environmental data Outlet emission

    FACTORSW CONSIDERED FOR ESP SELECTION


    Gas flow Gas temperature Inlet dust concentration Required outlet emission Required collection efficiency Moisture in gas Sulphur content in coal Ash resisitivity Particle size distribution No. of ESPs per boiler Minimum number of fields required Minimum Specific collecting area Maximum gas velocity Minimum aspect ratio Maximum area connected to one TR set Collecting electrode spacing

    ESP DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS HIGH INLET DUST REQUIRES LARGER ESP

    EM ISSION VS ESP EFFICIENCY FOR DIFFERENT DUST BURDEN

    EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENT - %

    100

    20g/Nm3 40 g/Nm3 60 g/Nm3 80 g/Nm3

    99.75 99.5

    99.25 25 50 75 100 125 150 EM ISSION REQUIREM ENTm g/Nm 3

    100 g/Nm3

    ESP DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

    ESP COLLECTION EFFICIENCY VS SIZE


    9

    COMPARATIVE ESP SIZE

    8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 90

    BASE : ESP SIZE FOR 90% = 1

    91

    92

    93 94 95 96 97 98 COLLECTION EFFICIENCY - %

    99

    100

    ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

    ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

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