Lecture 10 - Convergence Technology

TMX 1010 End-User Computing
Lecture 8: Database Management
Tomorrows Hardware: Smaller, Faster, Cheaper, Connected

Nanotechnology The art of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular scale especially to build microscopic devices Biochip Like a computer chip that processes biological instructions
Moores Law & Metcalfes Law

Moores Law Microprocessors and miniature circuitry will double in circuit density every 18 to 24 months Metcalfes Law The value of a computer network grows in proportion to the square of the number of people connected to it
The Short Term

The Typical Personal Computer: 1999 and 2007 Short Term Prediction
Component RAM Processor Speed (instructions per second) Circuit Density (number of transistors) Hard Disk Capacity Average Internet Connection Speed 1999 64 MB 400 million 7.5 million 8 GB 56,000 bps 2007 2 GB 14 billion 250 million 270 GB 2 million bps
Computers Everywhere
Automated Highway Systems (AHS) Information is passed between vehicles and highways to prevent collision
Digital Forensics Computers used to fight cybercrime and computer crime
Biological Feedback Devices Translate eye movements, body movements, and brain waves into computer input
Virtual Reality Immersive 3D environments that are computer generated
Virtual Reality
Users can use helmets and sensor-equipped gloves to experience VR
Virtual Reality
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)
Projects stereoscopic images onto walls to create a virtual environment
Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)

Creates virtual environments online
Chemical Detectors Computers used to detect traces of explosives
Tactile Displays
Haptics sense of touch Tactile displays simulate skin to generate a sensation of contact
Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine?
Artificial intelligence is the ability to endow computers with intelligence

It has only been partially successful due to the obstacles encountered Programs cannot function intelligently outside the context for which they are designed
Defining Intelligence

No clear consensus on what intelligence really is Intelligence involves some or all of the following abilities: Learn and retain the learned knowledge Reason on the basis of this knowledge Adapt to new circumstances Plan (develop strategies) Communicate Recognize patterns
Defining Intelligence
Compared to the human brain, computers accept smaller amounts of input and have poorer pattern recognition skills, but calculate and output faster than humans
The Turing Test
British computer scientist Alan Turing propositioned that a computer is intelligent if a group of unbiased judges cannot tell the difference between computer-generated and human output
Many believe the test is too simplistic

Programmers have created programs to trick the judges
Neural Networks
Computers that mimic the structure of the human brain

Computers composed of hundreds of thousands of tiny, interconnected processors
Pattern Recognition
Using a digital camera, pattern recognition software processes what is being seen and then draws connections between the patterns perceived and patterns stored in a database Used to recognize suspicious movement in buildings
Intelligent Agents
Agents are automatic programs that help the user The programs communicate with the user, understand their needs, and offer assistance Microsofts Office Assistant is an example
Machine Translation
Machine translation is using computers to translate foreign text automatically Resolving ambiguities is problematic One program can translate 300,000 words per hour but results contain many errors
Genetic Algorithms
Genetic algorithms involve creating artificial intelligence by developing laboratory conditions in which the most intelligent programs survive Based on biologys evolutionary theories that organisms try to survive Algorithms are placed in a computer environment and allowed to mutate; one algorithm emerges as the best at tackling the problem
Strong Artificial Intelligence

Area of research based on the conviction that computers will achieve artificial intelligence equal to that of humans
CYC - to create a computer that knows as
much as a 12 year old

COG
- insect-like humanoid robot
Kismet
sociable humanoid robot that can learn and interact with humans
Robots
A robot is a computer-based device programmed to perform motions that can accomplish useful tasks
Japanese-made Partner-type Personal Robot (PaPeRo) responds to human interactions
Robots
Industrial robots are performing tasks such as assembly, welding, material handling, and material transport
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Lecture 10 - Convergence Technology

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TMX 1010 End-User Computing

Lecture 8: Database Management

Tomorrows Hardware: Smaller, Faster, Cheaper, Connected

Moores Law & Metcalfes Law

The Short Term

Digital Forensics Computers used to fight cybercrime and computer crime

Users can use helmets and sensor-equipped gloves to experience VR

Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)

Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine?

Artificial intelligence is the ability to endow computers with intelligence

The Turing Test

Many believe the test is too simplistic

Computers that mimic the structure of the human brain

Strong Artificial Intelligence

CYC - to create a computer that knows as

much as a 12 year old

- insect-like humanoid robot

Japanese-made Partner-type Personal Robot (PaPeRo) responds to human interactions

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