Nursing Theory - King
Nursing Theory - King
Nursing Theory - King
Educational Background
Diploma, St. John's Hospital School of Nursing St. Louis, MO - 1945 BS in Nursing Education, St. Louis University - 1948 MSN, St. Louis University - 1957 Doctor of Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1961
Professional Background
began her academic career at St. Louis University spent several years at Loyola University in Chicago, then went to the University of South Florida, where she is now professor emeritus.
Honourably retired from assigned duties and retaining your title along with the additional title 'emeritus' as in 'professor emeritus'
In 1981 she refined her concepts into a nursing theory that consisted of the following basis:
1. An open systems framework as the basis of goal attainment. 2. Nursing as a major system within the health care system. 3. Nursing process emphasis on interpersonal processes.
Man as a reactive being is aware of other things; persons and events in the environment.
At various times this awareness makes the being respond to the environment based upon his perceptions, expectations and needs.
D. Body Image--The way a person perceive their body and the reaction of others to their body. Body image is subjective and changes as the person changes physically or emotionally. E. Space--is the immediate physical territory occupied by the person and person's behavior. F. Time--is the order of events and their relationship to each other.
D. Role--the expected behavior of a person in a specific position and the rules that govern the position and affect the interactions between two or more person. E. Stress--the exchange of energy that is either positive or negative between a person and the environment, object, events and persons can serve as stressors. F. Coping--was considered important by King but defined.
Social systems occur when interpersonal systems come together to form larger systems; such as families, religious groups, school, work, and peer groups.
Social roles, behaviors, and practices that are developed to maintain values and include organizations, authority, power, status, and decision making. Authority--is the seat of power or the individual who make decisions that guide other's actions. Power may be official or functional, and it may not exist in the same person. Status--the role one occupies within the system of status-position. Decision Making--comes from developing and acting on perceived choices to obtain goals.
It is not a point to be achieved, it is an ongoing fluid existence, rather than a static state.
The dynamic state of health occurs in the life cycle from conception to death. Illness is an interference in the continuation of the life cycle. There is no consideration of age group or point of time in King's definition of health.
All of society is involved in health, if a society is to be healthy, it must be at least partially composed of healthy individuals. The individual is constantly in adaption to meet the need of the internal and external environment. The individual's internal environment consist of the organs systems, cells, hormones, and inner thought processed. The external environment consist of things that impact the individual from the outside, sound air pollution, food, people.
Emphasis on client participation in goal setting and goal achievement is a major strength of this model. King's model is a useful framework for nurses whose social interactions with clients are a key focus of their practice.
B. Interaction
1. According to King, each individual brings to an interaction a different set of values, ideas, attitudes, and perceptions to exchange 2. Individuals come together for a purpose; each person makes a judgment, takes mental or physical action, and reacts to the other individuals and the situation
C. Perception
1. A person imports energy from the environment and transforms, processes, and stores it 2. The individual then exports this energy, as demonstrated by observable behaviors
D. Communication
1. A person provides information directly or indirectly to another person 2. The other person receives this information and processes it
E. Transaction
1. Two individuals mutually identify goals and the means to achieve them 2. They reach an agreement about how to attain these goals and then set about to realize them
F. Role
1. Each person occupies a position in a social system that has specific rules and obligations 2. Roles can be congruent (resulting in transactions) or in conflict (resulting in stress)
G. Stress
1. When an individual interacts with the environment, an energy response occurs to objects, events, and persons 2. The individual uses this energy response to maintain balance for growth, development, and performance
I. Time
1. A person experiences a sequence of events that move toward the future 2. As the individual moves forward, changes occur
J. Space
1. Each person has a designated physical area or territory that extends from the individual equally in all directions 2. Specific behaviors exist for the person occupying that space
SUMMARY:
The goal of nursing is to help individuals maintain health so that they can function in their roles.
The open systems framework consists of three interacting systems: personal, interpersonal, and social.
The Goal Attainment Theory addresses interaction, perception, time, space, communication, transaction, role, stress, and growth and development. King describes "person, as a social, sentient, rational, perceiving, controlling, purposeful, action-oriented, time-oriented being.